Faculty Profiles - TAKIGAWA Masaharu

Papers - TAKIGAWA Masaharu

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Suppression of adipocyte differentiation by low‐intensity pulsed ultrasound via inhibition of insulin signaling and promotion of CCN family protein 2 Reviewed International journal

Takashi Nishida, Yurika Nagao, Satoko Hashitani, Nobuyasu Yamanaka, Masaharu Takigawa, Satoshi Kubota

Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 121 ( 12 ) 4724 - 4740 2020.12

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Wiley

Adipocyte differentiation is regulated by several transcription factors such as the CCAAT/enhancer-binding proteins (C/EBPs) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ). Here, we demonstrate that low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) suppressed differentiation into mature adipocytes via multiple signaling pathways. When C3H10T1/2, a mesenchymal stem cell line, was treated with LIPUS (3.0 MHz, 60 mW/cm2 ) for 20 minutes once a day for 4 days during adipogenesis, and both the number of lipid droplets and the gene expression of PPARγ and C/EBPα were significantly decreased. Furthermore, LIPUS treatment decreased the phosphorylation of the insulin receptor and also that of Akt and ERK1/2, which are located downstream of this receptor. Next, we showed that LIPUS suppressed the gene expression of angiotensinogen (AGT), which is an adipokine produced by mature adipocytes, as well as that of angiotensin-converting enzyme 1 (ACE1) and angiotensin receptor type 1 (AT1 R) during adipogenesis of pre-adipogenic 3T3-L1 cells. Next, the translocation of Yes-associated protein (YAP) into the nucleus of 3T3-L1 cells was promoted by LIPUS, leading to upregulation of CCN family protein 2 (CCN2), a cellular communication network factor. Moreover, forced expression of CCN2 in 3T3-L1 cells decreased PPARγ gene expression, but it did not increase alkaline phosphatase and osterix gene expression. Finally, gene silencing of CCN2 in C3H10T1/2 cells diminished the effect of LIPUS on the gene expression of PPARγ and C/EBPα. These findings suggest that LIPUS suppressed adipogenesis through inhibition of insulin signaling and decreased PPARγ expression via increased CCN2 production, resulting in a possible decrease of mature adipocytes.

DOI： 10.1002/jcb.29680

Other Link： https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full-xml/10.1002/jcb.29680

CCN3 (NOV) Drives Degradative Changes in Aging Articular Cartilage Reviewed International journal

Miho Kuwahara, Koichi Kadoya, Sei Kondo, Shanqi Fu, Yoshiko Miyake, Ayako Ogo, Mitsuaki Ono, Takayuki Furumatsu, Eiji Nakata, Takako Sasaki, Shogo Minagi, Masaharu Takigawa, Satoshi Kubota, Takako Hattori

International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21 ( 20 ) 7556 - 7556 2020.10

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：MDPI AG

Aging is a major risk factor of osteoarthritis, which is characterized by the degeneration of articular cartilage. CCN3, a member of the CCN family, is expressed in cartilage and has various physiological functions during chondrocyte development, differentiation, and regeneration. Here, we examine the role of CCN3 in cartilage maintenance. During aging, the expression of Ccn3 mRNA in mouse primary chondrocytes from knee cartilage increased and showed a positive correlation with p21 and p53 mRNA. Increased accumulation of CCN3 protein was confirmed. To analyze the effects of CCN3 in vitro, either primary cultured human articular chondrocytes or rat chondrosarcoma cell line (RCS) were used. Artificial senescence induced by H2O2 caused a dose-dependent increase in Ccn3 gene and CCN3 protein expression, along with enhanced expression of p21 and p53 mRNA and proteins, as well as SA-β gal activity. Overexpression of CCN3 also enhanced p21 promoter activity via p53. Accordingly, the addition of recombinant CCN3 protein to the culture increased the expression of p21 and p53 mRNAs. We have produced cartilage-specific CCN3-overexpressing transgenic mice, and found degradative changes in knee joints within two months. Inflammatory gene expression was found even in the rib chondrocytes of three-month-old transgenic mice. Similar results were observed in human knee articular chondrocytes from patients at both mRNA and protein levels. These results indicate that CCN3 is a new senescence marker of chondrocytes, and the overexpression of CCN3 in cartilage may in part promote chondrocyte senescence, leading to the degeneration of articular cartilage through the induction of p53 and p21.

DOI： 10.3390/ijms21207556

Regulation of cellular communication network factor 2 (CCN2) in breast cancer cells via the cell-type dependent interplay between CCN2 and glycolysis Reviewed International journal

Sho Akashi, Takashi Nishida, Tomomi Mizukawa, Kazumi Kawata, Masaharu Takigawa, Seiji Iida, Satoshi Kubota

Journal of Oral Biosciences 62 ( 3 ) 280 - 288 2020.9

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Elsevier BV

OBJECTIVES: Anti-osteoclastic treatments for breast cancer occasionally cause medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw. Moreover, elevated glycolytic activity, which is known as the Warburg effect, is usually observed in these breast cancer cells. Previously, we found that cellular communication network factor 2 (CCN2) production and glycolysis enhanced each other in chondrocytes. Here, we evaluated the interplay between CCN2 and glycolysis in breast cancer cells, as we suspected a possible involvement of CCN2 in the Warburg effect in highly invasive breast cancer cells. METHODS: Two human breast cancer cell lines with a distinct phenotype were used. Glycolysis was inhibited by using 2 distinct compounds, and gene silencing was performed using siRNA. Glycolysis and the expression of relevant genes were monitored via colorimetric assays and quantitative RT-PCR, respectively. RESULTS: Although CCN2 expression was almost completely silenced when treating invasive breast cancer cells with a siRNA cocktail against CCN2, glycolytic activity was not affected. Notably, the expression of glycolytic enzyme genes, which was repressed by CCN2 deficiency in chondrocytes, tended to increase upon CCN2 silencing in breast cancer cells. Inhibition of glycolysis, which resulted in the repression of CCN2 expression in chondrocytic cells, did not alter or strongly enhanced CCN2 expression in the invasive and non-invasive breast cancer cells, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: High CCN2 expression levels play a critical role in the invasion and metastasis of breast cancer. Thus, a collapse in the intrinsic repressive machinery of CCN2 due to glycolysis may induce the acquisition of an invasive phenotype in breast cancer cells.

DOI： 10.1016/j.job.2020.07.001

Hypoxic induction of CCN2 mRNA through p38 MAP kinase activation in the human chondrosarcoma‐derived cell line, HCS‐2/8 Reviewed

Aya Yoshino, Shiho Hashiguchi, Ryosuke Mano, Seiji Kondo, Satoshi Kubota, Masaharu Takigawa

Oral Science International 2020.7

Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Wiley

© 2020 Japanese Stomatological Society CCN2/CTGF (cellular communication network factor 2/connective tissue growth factor) plays critical roles in cartilage development, maintenance, and regeneration. Hypoxia-induced expression of CCN2 mRNA is regulated post-transcriptionally in the human chondrosarcoma-derived cell line, HCS-2/8. In the present study, the hypoxia-induced increase in CCN2 mRNA expression was assessed with quantitative real-time PCR in HCS-2/8 cells in the presence of inhibitors of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). Subsequently, the stability of CCN2 mRNA in hypoxia was evaluated with mRNA degradation assays in the presence or absence of the selective p38 MAPK inhibitor, SB203580. We detected phosphorylation of p38 MAPK by immunoblot analysis within 30 minutes in hypoxia, and we observed ~twofold higher CCN2 mRNA levels in hypoxia compared to normoxia. Blockade of p38 MAPK activation with 10 µmol/L SB203580 abolished this CCN2 induction. Furthermore, we found that inhibition of p38 MAPK suppressed the elongation of CCN2 mRNA half-life in hypoxia. Taken together, these findings suggest that the molecular mechanism, by which CCN2 mRNA expression is increased in hypoxia, induces the activation of p38 MAPK leading to the post-transcriptional regulation of the stability of CCN2 mRNA.

DOI： 10.1002/osi2.1076

Other Link： https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full-xml/10.1002/osi2.1076

CTGF/CCN2 facilitates LRP4-mediated formation of the embryonic neuromuscular junction. Reviewed International journal

Bisei Ohkawara, Akinori Kobayakawa, Shunsuke Kanbara, Takako Hattori, Satoshi Kubota, Mikako Ito, Akio Masuda, Masaharu Takigawa, Karen M Lyons, Naoki Ishiguro, Kinji Ohno

EMBO reports 21 ( 8 ) e48462 2020.6

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)

At the neuromuscular junction (NMJ), lipoprotein-related receptor 4 (LRP4) mediates agrin-induced MuSK phosphorylation that leads to clustering of acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) in the postsynaptic region of the skeletal muscle. Additionally, the ectodomain of LRP4 is necessary for differentiation of the presynaptic nerve terminal. However, the molecules regulating LRP4 have not been fully elucidated yet. Here, we show that the CT domain of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF/CCN2) directly binds to the third beta-propeller domain of LRP4. CTGF/CCN2 enhances the binding of LRP4 to MuSK and facilitates the localization of LRP4 on the plasma membrane. CTGF/CCN2 enhances agrin-induced MuSK phosphorylation and AChR clustering in cultured myotubes. Ctgf-deficient mouse embryos (Ctgf-/- ) have small AChR clusters and abnormal dispersion of synaptic vesicles along the motor axon. Ultrastructurally, the presynaptic nerve terminals have reduced numbers of active zones and mitochondria. Functionally, Ctgf-/- embryos exhibit impaired NMJ signal transmission. These results indicate that CTGF/CCN2 interacts with LRP4 to facilitate clustering of AChRs at the motor endplate and the maturation of the nerve terminal.

DOI： 10.15252/embr.201948462

Selective Agonists of Nuclear Retinoic Acid Receptor Gamma Inhibit Growth of HCS‐2/8 Chondrosarcoma Cells Reviewed International journal

William P. Shield, Ashley Cellini, Hongying Tian, Kim Wilson, Yang Dan, Joshua M. Abzug, Sonia Garcia, Norifumi Moritani, Ivan Alferiev, Michael Chorny, Masaharu Takigawa, Vincent Y. Ng, Masahiro Iwamoto, Motomi Enomoto‐Iwamoto

Journal of Orthopaedic Research 38 ( 5 ) 1045 - 1051 2020.5

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Wiley

Chondrosarcoma is the second most common primary bone sarcoma. Treatment of chondrosarcoma is limited to surgery due to radiation and chemotherapy resistance of this cancer. An ideal treatment for chondrosarcoma would be a well-tolerated, minimally invasive local or systemic treatment modality to halt or slow tumor growth prior to resection of local, unresectable local, or metastatic disease. Palovarotene, an agonist of nuclear retinoic acid receptor γ (RARγ) has shown therapeutic action for treatment of heterotopic ossification and osteochondroma without serious adverse effects in animal models. We hypothesized that selective agonists of RARγ would have an inhibitory effect on chondrosarcoma. All human chondrosarcoma specimens expressed RARγ as determined by immunohistochemical staining. The ΗCS-2/8 chondrosarcoma cell line, established from low-grade human chondrosarcoma, was used to examine the actions of RARγ agonists. In ΗCS2/8 pellet cultures, RARγ agonist treatment reduced the mass size and significantly decreased total glycosaminoglycan, protein amounts, and gene expression levels of cartilage matrix molecules when compared with control groups. Systemic treatment with RARγ agonists significantly inhibited the growth of ΗCS-2/8 cell transplants in vivo. Furthermore, local injection of RARγ agonist-loaded poly-lactic acid nanoparticles induced regression of the mass size of the transplants. Histologic analysis demonstrated that RARγ agonist treatment inhibited cell proliferation activity and stimulated encapsulation of the tumor. These findings indicate that RARγ agonists, including palovarotene, may have an anti-tumor effect on low-grade chondrosarcomas. © 2019 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 38:1045-1051, 2020.

DOI： 10.1002/jor.24555

Other Link： https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full-xml/10.1002/jor.24555

Roles of Interaction between CCN2 and Rab14 in Aggrecan Production by Chondrocytes. Reviewed International journal

Mitsuhiro Hoshijima, Takako Hattori, Eriko Aoyama, Takashi Nishida, Satoshi Kubota, Hiroshi Kamioka, Masaharu Takigawa

International journal of molecular sciences 21 ( 8 ) 2020.4

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)

To identify proteins that cooperate with cellular communication network factor 2 (CCN2), we carried out GAL4-based yeast two-hybrid screening using a cDNA library derived from the chondrocytic cell line HCS-2/8. Rab14 GTPase (Rab14) polypeptide was selected as a CCN2-interactive protein. The interaction between CCN2 and Rab14 in HCS-2/8 cells was confirmed using the in situ proximity ligation assay. We also found that CCN2 interacted with Rab14 through its IGFBP-like domain among the four domains in CCN2 protein. To detect the colocalization between CCN2 and Rab14 in the cells in detail, CCN2, wild-type Rab14 (Rab14WT), a constitutive active form (Rab14CA), and a dominant negative form (Rab14DN) of Rab14 were overexpressed in monkey kidney-tissue derived COS7 cells. Ectopically overexpressed Rab14 showed a diffuse cytosolic distribution in COS7 cells; however, when Rab14WT was overexpressed with CCN2, the Rab14WT distribution changed to dots that were evenly distributed within the cytosol, and both Rab14 and CCN2 showed clear colocalization. When Rab14CA was overexpressed with CCN2, Rab14CA and CCN2 also showed good localization as dots, but their distribution was more widespread within cytosol. The coexpression of Rab14DN and CCN2 also showed a dotted codistribution but was more concentrated in the perinuclear area. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis revealed that the reduction in RAB14 or CCN2 mRNA by their respective siRNA significantly enhanced the expression of ER stress markers, BIP and CHOP mRNA in HCS-2/8 chondrocytic cells, suggesting that ER and Golgi stress were induced by the inhibition of membrane vesicle transfer via the suppression of CCN2 or Rab14. Moreover, to study the effect of the interaction between CCN2 and its interactive protein Rab14 on proteoglycan synthesis, we overexpressed Rab14WT or Rab14CA or Rab14DN in HCS-2/8 cells and found that the overexpression of Rab14DN decreased the extracellular proteoglycan accumulation more than the overexpression of Rab14WT/CA did in the chondrocytic cells. These results suggest that intracellular CCN2 is associated with Rab14 on proteoglycan-containing vesicles during their transport from the Golgi apparatus to endosomes in chondrocytes and that this association may play a role in proteoglycan secretion by chondrocytes.

DOI： 10.3390/ijms21082769

Extracellular Vesicles Enriched with Moonlighting Metalloproteinase Are Highly Transmissive, Pro-Tumorigenic, and Trans-Activates Cellular Communication Network Factor (CCN2/CTGF): CRISPR against Cancer Reviewed

Yuka Okusha, Takanori Eguchi, Manh T. Tran, Chiharu Sogawa, Kaya Yoshida, Mami Itagaki, Eman A. Taha, Kisho Ono, Eriko Aoyama, Hirohiko Okamura, Ken-ichi Kozaki, Stuart K. Calderwood, Masaharu Takigawa, Kuniaki Okamoto

Cancers 12 ( 4 ) 881 - 881 2020.4

Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：MDPI AG

Matrix metalloproteinase 3 (MMP3) plays multiple roles in extracellular proteolysis as well as intracellular transcription, prompting a new definition of moonlighting metalloproteinase (MMP), according to a definition of protein moonlighting (or gene sharing), a phenomenon by which a protein can perform more than one function. Indeed, connective tissue growth factor (CTGF, aka cellular communication network factor 2 (CCN2)) is transcriptionally induced as well as cleaved by MMP3. Moreover, several members of the MMP family have been found within tumor-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs). We here investigated the roles of MMP3-rich EVs in tumor progression, molecular transmission, and gene regulation. EVs derived from a rapidly metastatic cancer cell line (LuM1) were enriched in MMP3 and a C-terminal half fragment of CCN2/CTGF. MMP3-rich, LuM1-derived EVs were disseminated to multiple organs through body fluid and were pro-tumorigenic in an allograft mouse model, which prompted us to define LuM1-EVs as oncosomes in the present study. Oncosome-derived MMP3 was transferred into recipient cell nuclei and thereby trans-activated the CCN2/CTGF promoter, and induced CCN2/CTGF production in vitro. TRENDIC and other cis-elements in the CCN2/CTGF promoter were essential for the oncosomal responsivity. The CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout of MMP3 showed significant anti-tumor effects such as the inhibition of migration and invasion of tumor cells, and a reduction in CCN2/CTGF promoter activity and fragmentations in vitro. A high expression level of MMP3 or CCN2/CTGF mRNA was prognostic and unfavorable in particular types of cancers including head and neck, lung, pancreatic, cervical, stomach, and urothelial cancers. These data newly demonstrate that oncogenic EVs-derived MMP is a transmissive trans-activator for the cellular communication network gene and promotes tumorigenesis at distant sites.

DOI： 10.3390/cancers12040881

Antiparkinson Drug Benztropine Suppresses Tumor Growth, Circulating Tumor Cells, and Metastasis by Acting on SLC6A3/DAT and Reducing STAT3 Reviewed International journal

Chiharu Sogawa, Takanori Eguchi, Manh Tien Tran, Masayuki Ishige, Kilian Trin, Yuka Okusha, Eman Ahmed Taha, Yanyin Lu, Hotaka Kawai, Norio Sogawa, Masaharu Takigawa, Stuart K. Calderwood, Kuniaki Okamoto, Ken-ichi Kozaki

Cancers 12 ( 2 ) 523 - 523 2020.2

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：MDPI AG

Tumor growth, progression, and therapy resistance are crucial factors in the prognosis of cancer. The properties of three-dimensional (3D) tumor-like organoids (tumoroids) more closely resemble in vivo tumors compared to two-dimensionally cultured cells and are therefore effectively used for assays and drug screening. We here established a repurposed drug for novel anticancer research and therapeutics using a 3D tumoroid-based screening system. We screened six pharmacologically active compounds by using an original tumoroid-based multiplex phenotypic screening system with a matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) promoter-driven fluorescence reporter for the evaluation of both tumoroid formation and progression. The antiparkinson drug benztropine was the most effective compound uncovered by the screen. Benztropine significantly inhibited in vitro tumoroid formation, cancer cell survival, and MMP9 promoter activity. Benztropine also reduced the activity of oncogenic signaling transducers and trans-activators for MMP9, including STAT3, NF-κB, and β-catenin, and the properties of cancer stem cells/cancer-initiating cells. Benztropine and GBR-12935 directly targeted the dopamine transporter DAT/SLC6A3, whose genetic alterations such as amplification were correlated with poor prognosis for cancer patients. Benztropine also inhibited the tumor growth, circulating tumor cell (CTC) number, and rate of metastasis in a tumor allograft model in mice. In conclusion, we propose the repurposing of benztropine for anticancer research and therapeutics that can suppress tumor progression, CTC, and metastasis of aggressive cancers by reducing key pro-tumorigenic factors.

DOI： 10.3390/cancers12020523

Extracellular Oncosomes Rich in Moonlighting Metalloproteinase (MMP3) Are Transmissive, Pro-Tumorigenic, and Induces Cellular Communication Network Factor 2 (CCN2/CTGF): CRISPR against Cancer

Yuka Okusha, Takanori Eguchi, Manh Tien Tran, Chiharu Sogawa, Kaya Yoshida, Mami Itagaki, Eman Ahmed Taha, Kisho Ono, Eriko Aoyama, Hirohiko Okamura, Ken-ichi Kozaki, Stuart K. Calderwood, Masaharu Takigawa, Kuniaki Okamoto

Preprints doi: 10.20944/preprints202002.0281.v1 2020.2

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：MDPI AG

Matrix metalloproteinase 3 (MMP3) plays multiple roles in pro-tumorigenic proteolysis and in intracellular transcription. These include inducing connective tissue growth factor [CTGF, also known as cellular communication network factor 2 (CCN2)] and prompting a new definition of MMP3 as a moonlighting metalloproteinase. Members of the MMP family have been found within tumor-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) such as oncosomes or exosomes. We here investigated the roles of MMP3-rich oncosomes in tumor progression, molecular transmission, and gene regulation. MMP3 and CCN2/CTGF were significantly co-expressed in tumor samples derived from patients suffering from colorectal adenocarcinoma. We found that oncosomes derived from a rapidly metastatic colon cancer cells (LuM1) were enriched in MMP3 and a C-terminal half fragment of CCN2/CTGF. MMP3-rich oncosomes were highly transmissive into recipient cells and were pro-tumorigenic in an allograft mouse model. Oncosome-derived MMP3 was transmissive into recipient cell nuclei, trans-activated CCN2/CTGF promoter, and induced CCN2/CTGF production at 1 to 6 hours after the addition of oncosomes to culture media. In addition, CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout of MMP3 showed significant anti-tumor effects, including inhibition of migration and invasion of LuM1 cells in vitro, inhibition of tumor growth in vivo, and reduction of CCN2/CTGF and its promoter activity in vitro. These data newly demonstrate that the oncosome-derived moonlighting metalloproteinase promotes metastasis and is pro-tumorigenic at distant sites as well as a transmissive trans-activator for the cellular communication network gene.

DOI： 10.20944/preprints202002.0281.v1

Triple knockdown of CDC37, HSP90-alpha and HSP90-beta diminishes extracellular vesicles-driven malignancy events and macrophage M2 polarization in oral cancer Reviewed International journal

Kisho Ono, Chiharu Sogawa, Hotaka Kawai, Manh Tien Tran, Eman A. Taha, Yanyin Lu, May Wathone Oo, Yuka Okusha, Hirohiko Okamura, Soichiro Ibaragi, Masaharu Takigawa, Ken-Ichi Kozaki, Hitoshi Nagatsuka, Akira Sasaki, Kuniaki Okamoto, Stuart K. Calderwood, Takanori Eguchi

Journal of Extracellular Vesicles 9 ( 1 ) 1769373 - 1769373 2020.1

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Informa UK Limited

Evidence has been accumulating to indicate that extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes, released by cancer cells can foster tumour progression. The molecular chaperones - CDC37, HSP90α and HSP90β play key roles in cancer progression including epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), although their contribution to EVs-mediated cell-cell communication in tumour microenvironment has not been thoroughly examined. Here we show that triple depletion of the chaperone trio attenuates numerous cancer malignancy events exerted through EV release. Metastatic oral cancer-derived EVs (MEV) were enriched with HSP90α HSP90β and cancer-initiating cell marker CD326/EpCAM. Depletion of these chaperones individually induced compensatory increases in the other chaperones, whereas triple siRNA targeting of these molecules markedly diminished the levels of the chaperone trio and attenuated EMT. MEV were potent agents in initiating EMT in normal epithelial cells, a process that was attenuated by the triple chaperone depletion. The migration, invasion, and in vitro tumour initiation of oral cancer cells were significantly promoted by MEV, while triple depletion of CDC37/HSP90α/β reversed these MEV-driven malignancy events. In metastatic oral cancer patient-derived tumours, HSP90β was significantly accumulated in infiltrating tumour-associated macrophages (TAM) as compared to lower grade oral cancer cases. HSP90-enriched MEV-induced TAM polarization to an M2 phenotype, a transition known to support cancer progression, whereas the triple chaperone depletion attenuated this effect. Mechanistically, the triple chaperone depletion in metastatic oral cancer cells effectively reduced MEV transmission into macrophages. Hence, siRNA-mediated knockdown of the chaperone trio (CDC37/HSP90α/HSP90β) could potentially be a novel therapeutic strategy to attenuate several EV-driven malignancy events in the tumour microenvironment. Abbreviations: CDC37: cell division control 37; EMT: epithelial-mesenchymal transmission; EV: extracellular vesicles; HNSCC: head and neck squamous cell carcinoma; HSP90: heat shock protein 90; TAM: tumour-associated macrophage.

DOI： 10.1080/20013078.2020.1769373

Jiadifenolide induces expression of cellular communication network factor (CCN) genes, and CCN2 possesses neurotrophic activity in neuronal precursor cells derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells. Reviewed International journal

Shoji M, Ueda M, Nishioka M, Hiroki Minato, M, Kenichi Harada, Kubo M, Fukuyama Y, Suzuki Y, Aoyama E, Takigawa M, Kuzuhara T

Biochem Biophys Res Commun 519 ( 2 ) 309 - 315 2019.11

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)

Jiadifenolide has been reported to have neurotrophin-like activity in primary rat cortical neurons, and also possesses neurotrophic effects in neuronal precursor cells derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs), as we have previously reported. However, the molecular mechanisms by which jiadifenolide exerts its neurotrophic effects in rat and human neurons are unknown. Thus, we aimed to investigate the molecular mechanisms and pathways by which jiadifenolide promotes neurotrophic effects. Here, we found that jiadifenolide activated cellular communication network factor (CCN) signaling pathways by up-regulating mRNA level expression of CCN genes in human neuronal cells. We also found that CCN2 (also known as connective tissue growth factor, CTGF) protein promotes neurotrophic effects through activation of the p44/42 mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway. This is the first discovery which links neurotrophic activity with CCN signaling.

DOI： 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.09.003

Roles of matricellular CCN2 deposited by osteocytes in osteoclastogenesis and osteoblast differentiation. Reviewed

Nishida T, Kubota S, Yokoi H, Mukoyama, M, Takigawa M

Sci Rep 9 ( 1 ) 10913 2019.7

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP

In this study, we investigated the effect of CCN2 (cellular communication network factor 2), previously termed connective tissue growth factor, deposited in bone matrix on osteoclastogenesis and osteoblast differentiation. To mimic the bone matrix environment, osteocytic MLO-Y4 cells had been embedded in collagen-gel with recombinant CCN2 (rCCN2), and mouse macrophage-like RAW264.7 cells were inoculated on the gel and treated with receptor activator of NF-kappa B ligand (RANKL). NFATc1 and cathepsin K (CTSK) productions were more increased in the combination of RAW264.7 and MLO-Y4 cells treated with rCCN2 than the combination without rCCN2. Next, we isolated an osteocyte-enriched population of cells and osteoclast progenitor cells from wild type and tamoxifen-inducible Ccn2-deficient (KO) mice and performed similar analysis. NFATc1 and CTSK productions were decreased in the KO osteocyte-enriched population at 6 months after the tamoxifen injection, regardless of the origin of the osteoclast progenitor cells. Interestingly, CTSK production was rather increased in KO osteocytes at 1 year after the injection. Finally, the combination of osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 and MLO-Y4 cells in rCCN2-containing bone matrix revealed the up-regulation of osteoblastic marker genes. These findings suggest that CCN2 supplied by osteocytes regulates both osteoclastogenesis and osteoblast differentiation.

DOI： 10.1038/s41598-019-47285-3

Possible reparative effect of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) on injured meniscus. Reviewed International journal

Kamatsuki K, Aoyama E, Furumatsu T, Miyazawa S, Maehara A, Yamanaka N, Nishida T, Kubota S, Ozaki T, Takigawa M

J Cell Commun Signal 13 ( 2 ) 193 - 207 2019.6

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)

Menisci are a pair of crescent-shaped fibrocartilages, particularly of which their inner region of meniscus is an avascular tissue. It has characteristics similar to those of articular cartilage, and hence is inferior in healing. We previously reported that low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) treatment stimulates the production of CCN2/CTGF, a protein involved in repairing articular cartilage, and the gene expression of major cartilage matrices such as type II collagen and aggrecan in cultured chondrocytes. Therefore, in this present study, we investigated whether LIPUS has also favorable effect on meniscus cells and tissues. LIPUS applied with a 60 mW/cm2 intensity for 20 min stimulated the gene expression and protein production of CCN2 via ERK and p38 signaling pathways, as well as gene expression of SOX9, aggrecan, and collagen type II in human inner meniscus cells in culture, and slightly stimulated the gene expression of CCN2 and promoted the migration in human outer meniscus cells in culture. LIPUS also induced the expression of Ccn2, Sox9, Col2a1, and Vegf in rat intact meniscus. Furthermore, histological evaluations showed that LIPUS treatment for 1 to 4 weeks promoted healing of rat injured lateral meniscus, as evidenced by better and earlier angiogenesis and extracellular matrix synthesis. The data presented indicate that LIPUS treatment might prevent meniscus from degenerative change and exert a reparative effect on injured meniscus via up-regulation of repairing factors such as CCN2 and that it might thus be useful for treatment of an injured meniscus as a non-invasive therapy.

DOI： 10.1007/s12079-018-0496-9

CCN2/CTGF binds the small leucine rich proteoglycan protein Tsukushi Reviewed

Ohta K, Aoyama E, Ahmad SAI, Ito N, Anam MB, Kubota S, Takigawa M

J Cell Commun Signal. 13 ( 1 ) 113 - 118 2019.3

The BMP-2 mutant L51P: a BMP receptor IA binding-deficient inhibitor of noggin Reviewed

Hany Mohamed Khattab, Satoshi Kubota, Masaharu Takigawa, Takuo Kuboki, Walter Sebald

JOURNAL OF BONE AND MINERAL METABOLISM 37 ( 2 ) 199 - 205 2019.3

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：SPRINGER JAPAN KK

The antagonist-specific regulation in tissue engineering constitutes important attempts to achieve an improved and rapid bone regeneration by controlling the natural biological response of the natural body growth factors. L51P is molecularly engineered bone morphogentic protein-2 (BMP-2) variant with a substitution of the 51st leucine with a proline residue. L51P is deficient in BMP receptor binding, but maintains its structure and affinity for inhibitory proteins such as noggin, chordin, and gremlin. These modifications convert the BMP-2 variant L51P into a receptor-inactive inhibitor of BMP antagonists. This current approach may prevent the uncontrolled bone overgrowth using high concentration of BMPs and thus regulates the possible growth factor's high-dose side effects. Exploring of L51P biological functions is required to broad our understanding of BMP mutant biological functions and their potential clinical applications. The progress of L51P researches would hopefully lead to the development of multiple applications for using the L51P in bone and fracture healing disorders.

DOI： 10.1007/s00774-018-0925-0

A reporter system evaluates tumorigenesis, metastasis, β-catenin/MMP regulation, and druggability. Reviewed

Sogawa C, Eguchi T, Okusha Y, Ono K, Ohyama K, Iizuka M, Kawasaki R, Hamada Y, Takigawa M, Sogawa N, Okamoto K, Kozaki KI

Tissue Eng Part A 13 ( 2 ) 193 - 207 2019.2

Physiological role of urothelial cancer-associated one long noncoding RNA in human skeletogenic cell differentiation. Reviewed

Ishikawa T, Nishida T, Ono M, Takarada T, Nguyen HT, Kurihara S, Furumatsu T, Murase Y, Takigawa M, Oohashi T, Kamioka H, Kubota S

J Cell Physiol 233 ( 6 ) 4825 - 4840 2018.7

Depletion of Lipid Efflux Pump ABCG1 Triggers the Intracellular Accumulation of Extracellular Vesicles and Reduces Aggregation and Tumorigenesis of Metastatic Cancer Cells. Reviewed International journal

Yuri Namba, Chiharu Sogawa, Yuka Okusha, Hotaka Kawai, Mami Itagaki, Kisho Ono, Jun Murakami, Eriko Aoyama, Kazumi Ohyama, Jun-Ichi Asaumi, Masaharu Takigawa, Kuniaki Okamoto, Stuart K Calderwood, Ken-Ichi Kozaki, Takanori Eguchi

Frontiers in oncology 119 ( 6 ) 4352 - 4360 2018.6

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)

The ATP-binding cassette transporter G1 (ABCG1) is a cholesterol lipid efflux pump whose role in tumor growth has been largely unknown. Our transcriptomics revealed that ABCG1 was powerfully expressed in rapidly metastatic, aggregative colon cancer cells, in all the ABC transporter family members. Coincidently, genetic amplification of ABCG1 is found in 10-35% of clinical samples of metastatic cancer cases. Expression of ABCG1 was further elevated in three-dimensional tumoroids (tumor organoids) within stemness-enhancing tumor milieu, whereas depletion of ABCG1 lowered cellular aggregation and tumoroid growth in vitro as well as hypoxia-inducible factor 1α in cancer cells around the central necrotic areas in tumors in vivo. Notably, depletion of ABCG1 triggered the intracellular accumulation of extracellular vesicles (EVs) and regression of tumoroids. Collectively, these data suggest that ABCG1 plays a crucial role in tumorigenesis in metastatic cancer and that depletion of ABCG1 triggers tumor regression with the accumulation of EVs and their derivatives and cargos, implicating a novel ABCG1-targeting therapeutic strategy by which redundant and toxic substances may be accumulated in tumors leading to their regression.

DOI： 10.3389/fonc.2018.00376.

Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound stimulation promotes osteoblast differentiation through hedgehog signaling. Reviewed International journal

Kenichi Matsumoto, Tsuyoshi Shimo, Naito Kurio, Tatsuo Okui, Soichiro Ibaragi, Yuki Kunisada, Kyoichi Obata, Masanori Masui, Pang Pai, Yuu Horikiri, Nobuyuki Yamanaka, Masaharu Takigawa, Akira Sasaki

Journal of cellular biochemistry 119 ( 6 ) 4352 - 4360 2018.6

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)

Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) has been used as an adjunct to fracture healing therapies, but the mechanisms underlying its action are not known. We reported that sonic hedgehog (SHH) signaling was activated in osteoblasts at the dynamic remodeling site of a bone fracture. Mechanical stimulation is a crucial factor in bone remodeling, and it is related to the primary cilia as a sensor of hedgehog signaling. Here we observed that LIPUS promoted callus formation in accord with Gli2-positive cells after 14 days at the mouse femur fractured site compared with a control group. An immunofluorescence analysis showed that the numbers of primary cilia and cilia/osterix double-positive osteoblasts were increased at the fracture site by LIPUS. LIPUS stimulated not only the number and the length of primary cilia, but also the levels of ciliated protein, Ift88 mRNA, and SHH, Gli1, and Gli2 in MC3T3-E1 cells. Further experiments revealed that LIPUS stimulated osteogenic differentiation in the presence of smoothened agonist (SAG) treatment. These results indicate that LIPUS stimulates osteogenic differentiation and the maturation of osteoblasts by a primary cilium-mediated activation of hedgehog signaling.

DOI： 10.1002/jcb.26418

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