Faculty Profiles - TOYOOKA Shinichi

Papers - TOYOOKA Shinichi

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Risk assessments for broncho-pleural fistula and respiratory failure after lung cancer surgery by National Clinical Database Japan. Reviewed

Shunsuke Endo, Norihiko Ikeda, Takashi Kondo, Jun Nakajima, Haruhiko Kondo, Yoshihisa Shimada, Masami Sato, Shinichi Toyooka, Yoshinori Okada, Yukio Sato, Ichiro Yoshino, Morihito Okada, Meinoshin Okumura, Masayuki Chida, Eriko Fukuchi, Hiroaki Miyata

General thoracic and cardiovascular surgery 67 ( 3 ) 297 - 305 2019.3

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)

BACKGROUND: Broncho-pleural fistula (BPF) and respiratory failure (RF) are life-threatening complications after lung cancer surgery and can result in long-term hospitalization and decreased quality of life. Risk assessments for BPF and RF in addition to mortality and major morbidities are indispensable in surgical decision-making and perioperative care. METHODS: The characteristics and operative data of 80,095 patients who had undergone lung cancer surgery were derived from the 2014 and 2015 National Clinical Database (NCD) of Japan datasets. After excluding 1501 patients, risk models were developed from these data and validated by another dataset for 42,352 patients derived from the 2016 NCD dataset. Receiver operating characteristic curves were generated for postoperative BPF and RF development. The concordance-index was used to assess the discriminatory ability and validity of the model. RESULTS: BPF and RF occurred in 259 (0.3%) and 420 patients (0.5%), respectively, in the model development dataset and in 129 (0.3%) and 198 patients (0.5%), respectively, in the model validation dataset. Characteristic variables including types of surgery and comorbidities were identified as risk factors for BPF and RF, respectively. The concordance indexes of assessments for BPF and RF were 0.847 (p < 0.001) and 0.848 (p < 0.001), respectively, for the development dataset and 0.850 (p < 0.001) and 0.844 (p < 0.001), respectively, for the validation dataset. CONCLUSIONS: These models are satisfactory for predicting BPF and RF after lung cancer surgery in Japan and could guide preoperative assessment and optimal measures for preventing BPF and RF.

DOI： 10.1007/s11748-018-1022-y

Anti-tumor effect of neratinib against lung cancer cells harboring HER2 oncogene alterations. Reviewed International journal

Yusuke Ogoshi, Kazuhiko Shien, Takahiro Yoshioka, Hidejiro Torigoe, Hiroki Sato, Masakiyo Sakaguchi, Shuta Tomida, Kei Namba, Eisuke Kurihara, Yuta Takahashi, Ken Suzawa, Hiromasa Yamamoto, Junichi Soh, Shinichi Toyooka

Oncology letters 17 ( 3 ) 2729 - 2736 2019.3

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)

Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) is a member of the ErbB family of receptor tyrosine kinases. Numerous studies have reported the amplification and overexpression of HER2 in several types of cancer, including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, the benefits of HER2-targeted therapy have not been fully established. In the present study, the anti-tumor effect of neratinib, an irreversible pan-HER tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI), against NSCLC cells harboring HER2 alterations was investigated. The sensitivity of normal bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) ectopically overexpressing wild-type or mutant HER2 to neratinib was assessed. Furthermore, the anti-tumor activity of neratinib in several NSCLC cell lines harboring HER2 alterations was determined in vitro and in vivo, and the association between their genetic alterations and sensitivity to neratinib treatment was investigated. BEAS-2B cells ectopically overexpressing wild-type HER2 or mutants (A775insYVMA, G776VC, G776LC, P780insGSP, V659E, G660D and S310F) exhibited constitutive autophosphorylation of HER2, as determined by western blotting. While these BEAS-2B cells were sensitive to neratinib, they were insensitive to erlotinib, a first-generation epidermal growth factor receptor-TKI. Neratinib also exerted anti-proliferative effects on HER2-altered (H2170, Calu-3 and H1781) NSCLC cell lines. Neratinib was also demonstrated to exert strong tumor growth inhibitory activity in mouse xenograft models using HER2-altered lung cancer cells. The results of the present study strongly suggest that neratinib has potential as a promising therapeutic option for the treatment of HER2-altered NSCLC.

DOI： 10.3892/ol.2019.9908

Feasibility of lung transplantation from donors mechanically ventilated for prolonged periods. Reviewed

Seiichiro Sugimoto, Takeshi Kurosaki, Shinji Otani, Shin Tanaka, Yukiko Hikasa, Masaomi Yamane, Shinichi Toyooka, Motomu Kobayashi, Takahiro Oto

Surgery today 49 ( 3 ) 254 - 260 2019.3

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)

PURPOSE: When patients are mechanically ventilated for more than 5 days, they are usually declined as donors for lung transplantation (LTx); thus, the long-term outcomes of LTx from such donors remain unclear. We investigated the feasibility of LTx from donors that had been mechanically ventilated for prolonged periods. METHODS: The subjects of this retrospective comparative investigation were 31 recipients of LTx from donors who had been mechanically ventilated for < 5 days (short-term group) and 50 recipients of LTx from donors who had been mechanically ventilated for ≥ 5 days (long-term group). RESULTS: The median duration of donor mechanical ventilation was 3 days in the short-term group and 8.5 days in the long-term group. However, other than the difference in the duration of donor ventilation, there were no significant differences in the clinical characteristics of the donors or recipients between the groups. The overall survival rate after LTx was comparable between the long-term group and short-term group (5-year survival rate, 66.6% vs. 75.2%). CONCLUSION: The potential inclusion of donors who have been on mechanical ventilation for more than 5 days could be a feasible strategy to alleviate donor organ shortage.

DOI： 10.1007/s00595-018-1730-z

Lung transplant candidates with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and long-term pirfenidone therapy: Treatment feasibility influences waitlist survival. Reviewed International journal

Shin Tanaka, Kentaroh Miyoshi, Hisao Higo, Takeshi Kurosaki, Shinji Otani, Seiichiro Sugimoto, Masaomi Yamane, Katsuyuki Kiura, Shinichi Toyooka, Takahiro Oto

Respiratory investigation 57 ( 2 ) 165 - 171 2019.3

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)

BACKGROUND: Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronically progressive lung disease with exceptionally poor prognosis. While lung transplantation (LTx) is considered the last-resort therapeutic option, dismal waitlist mortality still hampers the salvage of patients with IPF. Pirfenidone, originally designed for IPF treatment, has increasingly been utilized. This study aimed to evaluate whether Pirfenidone could influence outcomes of patients with IPF on the Japanese LTx waitlist. METHODS: This retrospective single-center cohort study included 25 consecutive patients with IPF who were registered as LTx candidates at our institution between July 1999 and August 2016. Patients with a history of pretransplant Pirfenidone therapy (Pirfenidone group) were compared with those with no history (non-Pirfenidone group). RESULTS: In total, 6 (24%) patients received Pirfenidone as pretransplant therapy for 45.2 (range, 18.6-66.8) months. During the treatment period, the Pirfenidone group achieved a significant reduction in the decline rate of the forced vital capacity (-6.2% vs. -0.3%, p = 0.04) and a lower lung allocation score (31 vs. 41, p = 0.013) compared with the non-Pirfenidone group. The Pirfenidone group exhibited 100% waitlist survival three years after registration that was comparable to other indications, and 66% of the patients were still alive at the time of organ availability. No patient in the Pirfenidone group developed Pirfenidone-related surgical complications postoperatively. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with IPF successfully managed with long-term Pirfenidone therapy achieved favorable outcomes after LTx registration, comparable to other patients with LTx indications. The tolerability to antifibrotic therapy can be a predictor of waitlist survival.

DOI： 10.1016/j.resinv.2018.12.002

A single-nucleotide polymorphism in a gene modulating glucocorticoid sensitivity is associated with the decline in total lung capacity after lung transplantation. Reviewed

Haruchika Yamamoto, Seiichiro Sugimoto, Shin Tanaka, Takeshi Kurosaki, Shinji Otani, Masaomi Yamane, Naruto Taira, Takahiro Oto, Shinichi Toyooka

Surgery today 49 ( 3 ) 268 - 274 2019.3

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)

PURPOSE: Glucocorticoids are used to prevent chronic lung allograft dysfunction (CLAD) after lung transplantation (LT). Our study was aimed at assessing the association between the glucocorticoid-induced transcript 1 gene (GLCCI1) variant, which modulates glucocorticoid sensitivity, and the postoperative lung function and development of CLAD after LT. METHODS: A total of 71 recipients of LT were genotyped for the GLCCI1 variant (rs37972) and divided into three groups: the homozygous mutant allele (TT) group, the heterozygous mutant allele (CT) group, and the wild-type allele (CC) group. The results of pulmonary function tests were compared with the postoperative baseline values. RESULTS: The total lung capacity (TLC) in the TT group was significantly lower than that in the CC group at 3 years after LT (P = 0.029). In the recipients of cadaveric LT, the TLC and forced expiratory volume in 1 s in the TT group were significantly lower than those in the CC groups, resulting in a significant worse CLAD-free survival at 3 years after LT (P = 0.016). CONCLUSION: The GLCCI1 variant was associated with a significant decrease of the TLC at 3 years after LT and the development of CLAD at 3 years, especially in patients undergoing cadaveric LT.

DOI： 10.1007/s00595-018-1717-9

チームアプローチで実現するゲノム医療と薬剤師の役割ゲノム医療におけるデータサイエンティストの役割と育成

冨田秀太, 森田瑞樹, 山下範之, 平沢晃, 豊岡伸一

日本薬学会年会要旨集 139年会 ( 1 ) 264 - 264 2019.3

肺癌患者に対する化学放射線療法は大動脈石灰化を増悪させる(Chemoradiation Therapy to Patients with Lung Cancer Exacerbates Aortic Calcification)

三木崇史, 三好亨, 市川啓之, 宮内俊策, 宗淳一, 豊岡伸一, 中村一文, 森田宏, 伊藤浩

日本循環器学会学術集会抄録集 83回 OJ33 - 4 2019.3

Application of amplicon-based targeted sequencing with the molecular barcoding system to detect uncommon minor EGFR mutations in patients with treatment-naïve lung adenocarcinoma. Reviewed International journal

Kei Namba, Shuta Tomida, Takehiro Matsubara, Yuta Takahashi, Eisuke Kurihara, Yusuke Ogoshi, Takahiro Yoshioka, Tatsuaki Takeda, Hidejiro Torigoe, Hiroki Sato, Kazuhiko Shien, Hiromasa Yamamoto, Junichi Soh, Kazunori Tsukuda, Shinichi Toyooka

BMC cancer 19 ( 1 ) 175 - 175 2019.2

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)

BACKGROUND: In lung cancer, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor sensitizing mutations co-existing with rare minor EGFR mutations are known as compound mutations. These minor EGFR mutations can lead to acquired resistance after EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor treatment, so determining the mutation status of patients is important. However, using amplicon-based targeted deep sequencing based on next-generation sequencing to characterize mutations is prone to sequencing error. We therefore assessed the benefit of incorporating molecular barcoding with high-throughput sequencing to investigate genomic heterogeneity in treatment-naïve patients who have undergone resection of their non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) EGFR mutations. METHODS: We performed amplicon-based targeted sequencing with the molecular barcoding system (MBS) to detect major common EGFR mutations and uncommon minor mutations at a 0.5% allele frequency in fresh-frozen lung cancer samples. RESULTS: Profiles of the common mutations of EGFR identified by MBS corresponded with the results of clinical testing in 63 (98.4%) out of 64 cases. Uncommon mutations of EGFR were detected in seven cases (10.9%). Among the three types of major EGFR mutations, patients with the G719X mutation had a significantly higher incidence of compound mutations than those with the L858R mutation or exon 19 deletion (p = 0.0052). This was validated in an independent cohort from the Cancer Genome Atlas dataset (p = 0.018). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings demonstrate the feasibility of using the MBS to establish an accurate NSCLC patient genotype. This work will help understand the molecular basis of EGFR compound mutations in NSCLC, and could aid the development of new treatment modalities.

DOI： 10.1186/s12885-019-5374-1

Activation of AXL as a Preclinical Acquired Resistance Mechanism Against Osimertinib Treatment in EGFR-Mutant Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Cells. Reviewed International journal

Kei Namba, Kazuhiko Shien, Yuta Takahashi, Hidejiro Torigoe, Hiroki Sato, Takahiro Yoshioka, Tatsuaki Takeda, Eisuke Kurihara, Yusuke Ogoshi, Hiromasa Yamamoto, Junichi Soh, Shuta Tomida, Shinichi Toyooka

Molecular cancer research : MCR 17 ( 2 ) 499 - 507 2019.2

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)

Osimertinib (AZD9291) has an efficacy superior to that of standard EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitors for the first-line treatment of patients with EGFR-mutant advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, patients treated with osimertinib eventually acquire drug resistance, and novel therapeutic strategies to overcome acquired resistance are needed. In clinical or preclinical models, several mechanisms of acquired resistance to osimertinib have been elucidated. However, the acquired resistance mechanisms when osimertinib is initially used for EGFR-mutant NSCLC remain unclear. In this study, we experimentally established acquired osimertinib-resistant cell lines from EGFR-mutant NSCLC cell lines and investigated the molecular profiles of resistant cells to uncover the mechanisms of acquired resistance. Various resistance mechanisms were identified, including the acquisition of MET amplification, EMT induction, and the upregulation of AXL. Using targeted next-generation sequencing with a multigene panel, no secondary mutations were detected in our resistant cell lines. Among three MET-amplified cell lines, one cell line was sensitive to a combination of osimertinib and crizotinib. Acquired resistance cell lines derived from H1975 harboring the T790M mutation showed AXL upregulation, and the cell growth of these cell lines was suppressed by a combination of osimertinib and cabozantinib, an inhibitor of multiple tyrosine kinases including AXL, both in vitro and in vivo. Our results suggest that AXL might be a therapeutic target for overcoming acquired resistance to osimertinib. IMPLICATIONS: Upregulation of AXL is one of the mechanisms of acquired resistance to osimertinib, and combination of osimertinib and cabozantinib might be a key treatment for overcoming osimertinib resistance.

DOI： 10.1158/1541-7786.MCR-18-0628

Demographics, Safety and Quality, and Prognostic Information in Both the Seventh and Eighth Editions of the TNM Classification in 18,973 Surgical Cases of the Japanese Joint Committee of Lung Cancer Registry Database in 2010. Reviewed International journal

Okami J, Shintani Y, Okumura M, Ito H, Ohtsuka T, Toyooka S, Mori T, Watanabe SI, Date H, Yokoi K, Asamura H, Nagayasu T, Miyaoka E, Yoshino I, Japanese Join, Committee of Lung, Cancer Registry

Journal of thoracic oncology : official publication of the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer 14 ( 2 ) 212 - 222 2019.2

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)

INTRODUCTION: The Japanese Joint Committee of Lung Cancer Registry performed the fourth nationwide registry study of surgical cases. Demographics, safety and quality, prognostic information, and correlations between the seventh and the eighth editions of the TNM classification were investigated. The principal results were compared with those of previous Japanese Joint Committee of Lung Cancer Registry studies. METHODS: The clinicopathologic profiles, staging, and prognosis of patients who had an operation for primary lung cancer in 2010 were retrospectively collected in 2016 and analyzed. RESULTS: The cohort consisted of 18,973 patients from 297 hospitals (11,771 males, mean age 68.3 years). Tumor smaller than 2.0 cm was seen in 39.0% of patients, and limited resection was performed in 22.7%. The 30- and 90-day mortality rates were 0.43 and 1.26%, respectively. The overall and disease-free survival rates at 5 years were 74.7 and 67.8%, respectively. The respective 5-year survival rates by pathological stage in the seventh edition in the present study (2010) and in the previous study (2004) were 88.9% and 86.8% for stage IA, 76.7% and 73.9% for stage IB, 64.1% and 61.6% for stage IIA, 56.1% and 49.8% for stage IIB, 47.9% and 40.9% for stage IIIA, 30.2% and 27.8% for stage IIIB, and 36.1% and 27.9% for stage IV. The 5-year survival rates by clinical stage in the eighth edition in the present study were 97.0% for stage 0, 91.6% for stage IA1, 81.4% for stage IA2, 74.8% for stage IA3, 71.5% for stage IB, 60.2% for stage IIA, 58.1% for stage IIB, 50.6% for stage IIIA, 40.5% for stage IIIB, 37.5% for stage IIIC, and 36.0% for IVA/B. With restaging, the overall survival rates of clinical stage IA and IB in the seventh edition were stratified into stages 0 to IA3 and stages IA1 to IIA in the eighth edition, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates improved surgical results for lung cancer in Japan. The TNM revision for the eighth edition was supported by the assessment of stage migration from the previous edition and the prognostic stratification.

DOI： 10.1016/j.jtho.2018.10.002

NEUROPLASTIN-β MEDIATES S100A8/A9-INDUCED LUNG CANCER DISSEMINATIVE PROGRESSION Reviewed

Sumardika IW, Chen Y, Tomonobu N, Kinoshita R, Ruma IMW, Sato H, Kondo E, Inoue Y, Yamauchi A, Murata H, Yamamoto KI, Tomida S, Shien K, Yamamoto H, Soh J, Futami J, Putranto EW, Hibino T, Nishibori M, Toyooka S, Sakaguchi M

Molecular Carcinogenesis 2019.2

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)

Compiling evidence indicates an unusual role of extracellular S100A8/A9 in cancer metastasis. S100A8/A9 secreted from either cancer cells or normal cells including epithelial and inflammatory cells stimulates cancer cells through S100A8/A9 sensor receptors in an autocrine or paracrine manner, leading to cancer cell metastatic progression. We previously reported a novel S100A8/A9 receptor, neuroplastin-β (NPTNβ), which plays a critical role in atopic dermatitis when it is highly activated in keratinocytes by an excess amount of extracellular S100A8/A9 in the inflammatory skin lesion. Interestingly, our expression profiling of NPTNβ showed significantly high expression levels in lung cancer cell lines in a consistent manner. We hence aimed to determine the significance of NPTNβ as an S100A8/A9 receptor in lung cancer. Our results showed that NPTNβ has strong ability to induce cancer-related cellular events, including anchorage-independent growth, motility and invasiveness, in lung cancer cells in response to extracellular S100A8/A9, eventually leading to the expression of a cancer disseminative phenotype in lung tissue in vivo. Mechanistic investigation revealed that binding of S100A8/A9 to NPTNβ mediates activation of NFIA and NFIB and following SPDEF transcription factors through orchestrated upstream signals from TRAF2 and RAS, which is linked to anchorage-independent growth, motility and invasiveness. Overall, our results indicate the importance of the S100A8/A9-NPTNβ axis in lung cancer disseminative progression and reveal a pivotal role of its newly identified downstream signaling, TRAF2/RAS-NFIA/NFIB-SPDEF, in linking to the aggressive development of lung cancers. This article is protected by copyright.

DOI： 10.1002/mc.22987

Detection of lung cancer cells using a terahertz chemical microscope

Kosuke Sato, Masahiro Iida, Hirofumi Inoue, Toshihiko Kiwa, Shinichi Toyooka, Keiji Tsukada

Optics InfoBase Conference Papers Part F146-JSAP 2019 2019

Long-term spontaneous remission with active surveillance in IgG4-related pleuritis: A case report and literature review. Reviewed

Makimoto G, Ohashi K, Taniguchi K, Soh J, Taniguchi A, Miyahara N, Toyooka S, Yoshino T, Maeda Y, Kiura K

Respiratory medicine case reports 28 100938 2019

Multiple gastrointestinal stromal tumors of the small intestine in a patient with neurofibromatosis type 1: a case report

Mori Yoshiko, Fujiwara Toshiyoshi, Shigeyasu Kunitoshi, Yoshioka Takahiro, Nagasaka Takeshi, Haraga Junko, Kagawa Shunsuke, Teraishi Fuminori, Toyooka Shinichi, Hirasawa Akira

JOURNAL OF FAMILIAL TUMORS 19 ( 2 ) 77 - 82 2019

Language：Japanese Publisher：The Japanese Society for Familial Tumors

Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a complex autosomal dominant disorder caused by germline variants in the NF1 tumor suppressor gene characterized by multiple caféau lait spots and cutaneous neurofibromas. Therefore, NF1 predisposes patients to benign and malignant tumor development. We report a 54-year-old NF1 male with multiple gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) in the small intestine. We resected a part of the small intestine with larger tumors, but left the part with small tumors to avoid short bowel syndrome. Histological examination revealed spindle cells with eosinophilic cytoplasm. The tumors were positive for KIT on immunopathological examination. They were smaller than 3.5 cm and their mitotic activity was less than 5/50 in high-power fields. We left 17 GIST that were smaller than 10 mm, but no progression has been detected to date. (<250 words)

DOI： 10.18976/jsft.19.2_77

SPRED2 deficiency may lead to lung ischemia-reperfusion injury via ERK1/2 signaling pathway activation. Reviewed

Masanori Okada, Masaomi Yamane, Sumiharu Yamamoto, Shinji Otani, Kentaroh Miyoshi, Seiichiro Sugimoto, Akihiro Matsukawa, Shinichi Toyooka, Takahiro Oto, Shinichiro Miyoshi

Surgery today 48 ( 12 ) 1089 - 1095 2018.12

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)

PURPOSE: Inflammatory changes during lung ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) are related to the activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 signaling pathway. Sprouty-related EVH1 (enabled/vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein homology 1)-domain-containing proteins (SPREDs) are known inhibitors of ERK1/2 signaling. The role of SPRED2 in lung IRI was examined in a left hilar clamp mouse model. METHODS: C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) and Spred2-/- mice were used in the left hilar clamp model. Experimental groups underwent 30 min of left hilar clamping followed by 1 h of reperfusion. U0126, an ERK1/2 inhibitor, was administered to Spred2-/- mice with reperfused lungs. RESULTS: The partial pressures of oxygen of the Spred2-/- mice after reperfusion were significantly worse than those of WT mice (p < 0.01). Spred2-/- mice displayed more severe injuries than WT mice with increased neutrophil infiltration observed by a histological evaluation and flow cytometry (p < 0.001). This severe inflammation was inhibited by U0126. In addition, the rate of ERK1 activation was significantly higher in the lungs of Spred2-/- mice after reperfusion than in WT mice according to a Western blot analysis (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The activation of the ERK1/2 signaling pathway influences the severity of lung IRI, causing inflammation with neutrophil infiltration. SPRED2 may be a promising target for the suppression of lung IRI.

DOI： 10.1007/s00595-018-1696-x

Comparative mutational evaluation of multiple lung cancers by multiplex oncogene mutation analysis. Reviewed International journal

Yuta Takahashi, Kazuhiko Shien, Shuta Tomida, Shinsuke Oda, Takehiro Matsubara, Hiroki Sato, Ken Suzawa, Eisuke Kurihara, Yusuke Ogoshi, Kei Namba, Takahiro Yoshioka, Hidejiro Torigoe, Hiromasa Yamamoto, Junichi Soh, Shinichi Toyooka

Cancer science 109 ( 11 ) 3634 - 3642 2018.11

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)

In patients presenting with synchronous or metachronous multiple lung cancer (MLC), it is important to distinguish between multiple primary lung cancer (MP) and intrapulmonary metastasis (IM). The present study was aimed at investigating the mutational profiles of synchronous/metachronous MLC and to compare the classification of paired tumors by multiplex gene mutation analysis with the histopathological evaluation. We carried out targeted sequencing of 20 lung cancer-related oncogenes using next-generation sequencing (NGS) in 82 tumors from 37 MLC patients who underwent surgical resection at our department. The patients were diagnosed as MP or IM cases based on the Martini and Melamed criteria, histopathological and gene mutational evaluations. Matching mutations between paired tumors was observed in 20 (54%) patients, who were diagnosed as IM cases by mutational evaluation. Patients who could not be clearly diagnosed by histopathological evaluation were classified as equivocal cases. Among the histopathological IM cases (n = 7), six (86%) were confirmed as IM cases also by mutational evaluation, and most of the paired tumors of these cases (n = 5) harbored multiple matching mutations. Among the histopathological MP cases (n = 17), mutational evaluation yielded a discordant diagnosis in eight (47%) cases. Of these, the paired tumors of four cases harbored multiple matching mutations, suggesting that the mutational diagnosis might be more suitable in these patients. Our findings suggest that multiplex mutational analysis could be a useful complementary tool for distinguishing between MP and IM in addition to histopathological evaluation.

DOI： 10.1111/cas.13797

Study Protocol: Phase-Ib Trial of Nivolumab Combined With Metformin for Refractory/Recurrent Solid Tumors. Reviewed International journal

Kubo T, Ninomiya T, Hotta K, Kozuki T, Toyooka S, Okada H, Fujiwara T, Udono H, Kiura K

Clinical lung cancer 19 ( 6 ) e861 - e864 2018.11

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)

Although immune checkpoint inhibitors have shown significant survival benefits in the treatment of several cancers, optimal outcomes have been limited to certain subsets of patients. In a previous study, we found that the addition of metformin to nivolumab, an anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) antibody, yielded substantial tumor regression in mouse models. Further analysis revealed that the number of tumor-infiltrating CD8 T cells had increased markedly. Based on this result, we have launched an investigator-initiated open-label phase-Ib clinical trial. The objectives of this trial are to investigate the safety, efficacy, and pharmacokinetics of a metformin-nivolumab combination treatment. This study consists of 2 parts. The recommended dose of metformin combined with nivolumab is determined in part 1. The safety and efficacy of the optimal dose of metformin to be delivered in conjunction with nivolumab are examined in part 2. Patient eligibility is based on the following criteria: pathologic diagnosis of refractory/recurrent solid tumor (part 1), and non-small-cell lung cancer or pancreatic cancer refractory to standard primary treatment (part 2); no prior use of immune checkpoint inhibitor; performance status 0 or 1; age ≥ 20 years; and adequate organ function. The primary endpoints are safety in part 1 and safety and pharmacokinetics in part 2. The maximum tolerated dose and recommended dose are determined in part 1 by the 3 + 3 cohort method, and the dose-limiting toxicity evaluation period for each patient is 4 weeks from the start of administration. In part 2, metformin is administered at the optimal dose determined in part 1. Total enrollment is 9 to 18 patients for part 1 and 30 patients for part 2. Enrollment began in 2017, and will be completed by 2019. The University Hospital Medical Information Network registration number for this study is 000028405.

DOI： 10.1016/j.cllc.2018.07.010

Donor-derived cell-free DNA is associated with acute rejection and decreased oxygenation in primary graft dysfunction after living donor-lobar lung transplantation. Reviewed International journal

Shin Tanaka, Seiichiro Sugimoto, Takeshi Kurosaki, Kentaroh Miyoshi, Shinji Otani, Ken Suzawa, Shinsuke Hashida, Masaomi Yamane, Takahiro Oto, Shinichi Toyooka

Scientific reports 8 ( 1 ) 15366 - 15366 2018.10

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)

Donor-derived cell-free DNA (dd-cf-DNA) has been shown to be an informative biomarker of rejection after lung transplantation (LT) from deceased donors. However, in living-donor lobar LT, because small grafts from blood relatives are implanted with short ischemic times, the detection of dd-cf-DNA might be challenging. Our study was aimed at examining the role of dd-cf-DNA measurement in the diagnosis of primary graft dysfunction and acute rejection early after living-donor lobar LT. Immediately after LT, marked increase of the plasma dd-cf-DNA levels was noted, with the levels subsequently reaching a plateau with the resolution of primary graft dysfunction. Increased plasma levels of dd-cf-DNA were significantly correlated with decreased oxygenation immediately (p = 0.022) and at 72 hours (p = 0.046) after LT. Significantly higher plasma dd-cf-DNA levels were observed in patients with acute rejection (median, 12.0%) than in those with infection (median, 4.2%) (p = 0.028) or in a stable condition (median, 1.1%) (p = 0.001). Thus, measurement of the plasma levels of dd-cf-DNA might be useful to monitor the severity of primary graft dysfunction, and plasma dd-cf-DNA could be a potential biomarker for the diagnosis of acute rejection after LT.

DOI： 10.1038/s41598-018-33848-3

Dose-Volume Parameters Predict Radiation Pneumonitis after Surgery with Induction Concurrent Chemoradiotherapy for Non-small Cell Lung Cancer. Reviewed

Ogata T, Katsui K, Yoshio K, Ihara H, Katayama N, Soh J, Kuroda M, Kiura K, Maeda Y, Toyooka S, Kanazawa S

Acta medica Okayama 72 ( 5 ) 507 - 513 2018.10

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)

To clarify the relationship between dose-volume histogram (DVH) parameters and radiation pneumonitis (RP) after surgery in cases of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treated with induction concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT). Patients with NSCLC treated with induction CCRT (chemotherapy: cisplatin and docetaxel; radiotherapy: 2.0 Gy fractions once daily for a total of 46 Gy) before surgery were reviewed. We calculated the percentage of lung volume receiving at least 20 Gy (V20) and the mean lung dose (MLD) for the total lung volume and the lung remaining after resection. Factors affecting the incidence of RP at grade 2 or higher (≥ G2 RP) were analyzed. Eighteen of 49 patients (37%) experienced ≥G2 RP. The V20 and MLD for the lung remaining after resection (V20r and MLDr) were significant predictors according to the multivariate analysis (p=0.007 and 0.041, respectively). The incidence of ≥G2 RP was 8% in patients with V20r<10%, and 13% in patients with MLDr<5.6 Gy, respectively. The optimal approach to reduce the rate of postoperative RP in patients with induction CCRT for NSCLC is to keep the V20r below 10% and/or the MLDr below 5.6 Gy in the radiotherapy planning.

DOI： 10.18926/AMO/56249

Combined effect of cabozantinib and gefitinib in crizotinib-resistant lung tumors harboring ROS1 fusions. Reviewed International journal

Kato Y, Ninomiya K, Ohashi K, Tomida S, Makimoto G, Watanabe H, Kudo K, Matsumoto S, Umemura S, Goto K, Ichihara E, Ninomiya T, Kubo T, Sato A, Hotta K, Tabata M, Toyooka S, Maeda Y, Kiura K

Cancer science 109 ( 10 ) 3149 - 3158 2018.10

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)

The ROS1 tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) crizotinib has shown dramatic effects in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) harboring ROS1 fusion genes. However, patients inevitably develop resistance to this agent. Therefore, a new treatment strategy is required for lung tumors with ROS1 fusion genes. In the present study, lung cancer cell lines, HCC78 harboring SLC34A2-ROS1 and ABC-20 harboring CD74-ROS1, were used as cell line-based resistance models. Crizotinib-resistant HCC78R cells were established from HCC78. We comprehensively screened the resistant cells using a phosphor-receptor tyrosine kinase array and RNA sequence analysis by next-generation sequencing. HCC78R cells showed upregulation of HB-EGF and activation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) phosphorylation and the EGFR signaling pathway. Recombinant HB-EGF or EGF rendered HCC78 cells or ABC-20 cells resistant to crizotinib. RNA sequence analysis by next-generation sequencing revealed the upregulation of AXL in HCC78R cells. HCC78R cells showed marked sensitivity to EGFR-TKI or anti-EGFR antibody treatment in vitro. Combinations of an AXL inhibitor, cabozantinib or gilteritinib, and an EGFR-TKI were more effective against HCC78R cells than monotherapy with an EGFR-TKI or AXL inhibitor. The combination of cabozantinib and gefitinib effectively inhibited the growth of HCC78R tumors in an in vivo xenograft model of NOG mice. The results of this study indicated that HB-EGF/EGFR and AXL play roles in crizotinib resistance in lung cancers harboring ROS1 fusions. The combination of cabozantinib and EGFR-TKI may represent a useful alternative treatment strategy for patients with advanced NSCLC harboring ROS1 fusion genes.

DOI： 10.1111/cas.13752

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