Authorship：Last author,　Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)  

DOI： 10.1007/978-981-99-7025-4_40

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Other Link： https://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/conf/pricai/pricai2023-3.html#DingAL23

Authorship：Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： 10.1142/S0219649222500307

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Authorship：Last author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)  

DOI： 10.1007/978-3-031-18192-4_10

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Other Link： https://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/conf/paams/paams2022.html#DingAL22

Authorship：Last author,　Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： 10.1587/transinf.2021kbp0007

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Authorship：Last author,　Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： 10.1587/transinf.2021dap0010

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Authorship：Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： 10.2197/ipsjjip.30.343

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Authorship：Corresponding author   Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

J-GLOBAL

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Authorship：Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)  

DOI： 10.1109/ICA54137.2021.00011

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Other Link： https://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/conf/ica2/ica2021.html#DingL021

Authorship：Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：Springer  

DOI： 10.1007/978-3-030-77889-7_1

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Other Link： https://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/conf/hci/hci2021-23.html#ChouLN021

Authorship：Last author,　Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：IEEE  

DOI： 10.1109/WIIAT50758.2020.00044

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Other Link： https://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/conf/webi/webi2020.html#DingL20

Authorship：Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：IEEE  

DOI： 10.1109/WIIAT50758.2020.00079

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Other Link： https://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/conf/webi/webi2020.html#WeiLD20

Authorship：Last author,　Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：IEEE  

DOI： 10.1109/SCC49832.2020.00036

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Other Link： https://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/conf/IEEEscc/scc2020.html#DingL20

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：Springer  

DOI： 10.1007/978-3-030-58157-2_8

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Other Link： https://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/conf/collabtech/collabtech2020.html#PituxcoosuvarnM20

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：Springer  

DOI： 10.1007/978-3-030-49913-6_32

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Other Link： https://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/conf/hci/hci2020-13.html#PituxcoosuvarnN20

Authorship：Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：Springer International Publishing  

DOI： 10.1007/978-3-030-49576-3_3

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Institute of Electronics, Information and Communications Engineers (IEICE)  

DOI： 10.1587/transinf.2019KBP0008

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Other Link： https://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/journals/ieicetd/ieicetd103.html#PituxcoosuvarnN20

Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：European Language Resources Association  

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Other Link： https://dblp.uni-trier.de/conf/lrec/2020

Authorship：Last author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： 10.1109/TSMC.2017.2777447

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Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： 10.3390/info11020067

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Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：Springer  

DOI： 10.1007/978-3-030-20937-7

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Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：Springer  

DOI： 10.1007/978-3-030-28011-6_9

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Other Link： https://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/conf/criwg/criwg2019.html#PituxcoosuvarnL19

Language：Japanese  

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Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： 10.1145/3226028

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Language：English   Publisher：Springer  

DOI： 10.1007/978-981-10-7793-7_5

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Other Link： https://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/series/cogtech/services2018.html#GotoIL18

Language：English  

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Language：English  

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Language：English   Publisher：Springer  

DOI： 10.1007/978-981-10-7793-7_7

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Other Link： https://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/series/cogtech/services2018.html#WushouerLIM18

Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：Springer  

DOI： 10.1007/978-3-030-20937-7_3

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Other Link： https://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/conf/mmas/mmas2018.html#LinM018

Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：Springer  

DOI： 10.1007/978-3-030-20937-7_4

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Other Link： https://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/conf/mmas/mmas2018.html#MurakamiNL018

Language：English   Publisher：Springer  

DOI： 10.1007/978-981-10-7793-7_1

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Other Link： https://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/series/cogtech/services2018.html#MurakamiNLI18

Language：English   Publisher：Springer  

DOI： 10.1007/978-981-10-7793-7_8

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Other Link： https://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/series/cogtech/services2018.html#LinIM18

Language：English   Publisher：Springer  

DOI： 10.1007/978-981-10-7793-7_2

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Other Link： https://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/series/cogtech/services2018.html#OtaniNNL18

Language：English   Publisher：Springer  

DOI： 10.1007/978-981-10-7793-7_11

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Other Link： https://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/series/cogtech/services2018.html#ShiIL18

Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： 10.1186/s41039-018-0076-x

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Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： 10.1109/MC.2018.2701643

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Publisher：Springer  

DOI： 10.1007/978-981-10-7793-7_3

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Other Link： https://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/series/cogtech/services2018.html#NakaguchiMLI18

Publisher：Springer  

DOI： 10.1007/978-981-10-7793-7_9

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Other Link： https://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/series/cogtech/services2018.html#PariyarMLI18

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：IEEE  

DOI： 10.1109/SCC.2018.00025

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Other Link： https://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/conf/IEEEscc/scc2018.html#DaiLI18

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：European Language Resources Association (ELRA)  

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Other Link： https://dblp.uni-trier.de/conf/lrec/2018

Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

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Language：English  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：Springer Verlag  

While traveling, foreign visitors encounter new products that they need to understand. One solutionis by making Culturally Situated Associations (CSA) i.e. relating the products they encounter to products in their own culture. We propose the design of a system that provides tourists with CSA to help them understand foreign products. In order to provide tourists with CSA that they can understand, we must gather information about their culture, provide them with the CSA, and make sure they understand it. To deliver CSA to foreign visitors, two types of data are needed: data about the products, their associated properties and relationships, and data about the tourist cultural attributes such as country, region, language. The properties and relationships about countries, regions and products, can be extracted from open linked data on the web, and CSA can then be constructed. However, information about the tourist’s cultural attributes and the knowledge they can relate to is unavailable. One way to tackle this problem would be to extract the tourist’s cultural attributes that are needed in each situation through dialogue systems. In this case, a Culturally Situated Dialogue (CSD) must take place. To implement the dialogue, dialogue systems must follow a machine-learned dialogue strategy as previous work has shown that a machine-learned dialogue strategy outperform the handcrafted dialogue approach. We propose the design of a system that uses a reinforcement learning algorithm to learn CSD strategies that can support individual foreign tourists. Since no previous system providing CSA has been implemented, the system allows the creation of CSD strategies when no initial data or prototype exists. The method is used to generate 3 different agents that learn 3 different dialogue strategies.

DOI： 10.1007/978-3-319-63088-5_12

Scopus

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Other Link： https://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/conf/collabtech/collabtech2017.html#KhalilIOL17

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.  

Service infrastructures operated by different operators with own policies are being federated to agglomerate various services. To join a federation, an operator must comply with a federation agreement. As a result, it takes time for the operator to check the consistency between own policies and the agreement, and to establish a network connection to federation's infrastructure. To ease these concerns, we extend the federation concept by introducing transitivity and symmetricity. We then introduce mechanisms of information sharing and routing to forward a service request in the federation network. Moreover, a shortcut is demonstrated that reduces the execution time of a service request across several infrastructures. Finally, we implement the proposals and evaluate them toward application in real federations. Compared with direct service invocation, we confirm that our method has an overhead penalty of 7.63%, which is quite practical for actual operation of large scale federations.

DOI： 10.1109/Culture.and.Computing.2017.39

Scopus

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Other Link： https://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/conf/culture/culture2017.html#NakaguchiMLI17

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.  

With the development of IoT and the linking of sensors to the cloud, the demand for event-driven service invocation continues to increase. Moreover, as sensors will be wrapped as Web services, sensor service composition is required in order to detect complex events cost effectively. As the observed environment targeted here changes continuously, iterated sensor service composition will be required to handle all situations. In this research, we first formalize sensor service composition as the constraint-based optimization problem (COP). Moreover, we introduce temporal constraints in the detection of the temporal relationships of complex events and thus realize enhanced sensor service composition.

DOI： 10.1109/SCC.2017.34

Scopus

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Other Link： https://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/conf/IEEEscc/scc2017.html#KoyamaML17

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.  

Interactive agents are expected to play essential roles in many fields. Moreover, it is becoming more and more important for interactive agents to deal with multilingual issues because of globalization. In this paper, we aim at realizing a multilingual interactive agent that can support end users in various fields. To achieve this goal, we first propose a framework for the multilingual interactive agent that can support dialogues with end users through Wizard of Oz. We then propose the approach of gradual acquisition of multilingual dialogues to improve the performance of the interactive agent. Moreover, we apply the proposed framework and implement a multilingual interactive agent in the field of healthcare.

DOI： 10.1109/Culture.and.Computing.2017.32

Scopus

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Other Link： https://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/conf/culture/culture2017.html#OkunoLIO17

Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte Ltd  

Multiple official languages within a country along with languages common with other countries demand content consistency in both shared and unshared languages during information sharing. However, inconsistency due to conflict in content shared and content updates not propagated in languages between countries poses a problem. Towards addressing inconsistency, this research qualitatively studied traits for information sharing among countries inside global brands as depicted by content shared in their country-specific websites. First, inconsistency in content shared is illustrated among websites highlighting the problem in information sharing among countries. Second, content propagation among countries that vary in scales and coupling for specific content categories are revealed. Scales suggested that corporate and customer support related information tend to be shared globally and locally respectively while product related information is both locally and regionally suitable for sharing. Higher occurrences of propagation when sharing corporate related information also showed tendency for high coupling between websites suggesting the suitability for rigid consistency policy compared to other categories. This study also proposed a simplistic approach with pattern of sharing to enable consistent information sharing.

DOI： 10.1142/S0219649216500131

Scopus

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ASSOC COMPUTING MACHINERY  

High-quality bilingual dictionaries are very useful, but such resources are rarely available for lower-density language pairs, especially for those that are closely related. Using a third language to link two other languages is a well-known solution and usually requires only two input bilingual dictionaries A-B and B-C to automatically induce the new one, A-C. This approach, however, has never been demonstrated to utilize the complete structures of the input bilingual dictionaries, and this is a key failing because the dropped meanings negatively influence the result. This article proposes a constraint approach to pivot-based dictionary induction where language A and C are closely related. We create constraints from language similarity and model the structures of the input dictionaries as a Boolean optimization problem, which is then formulated within the Weighted Partial Max-SAT framework, an extension of Boolean Satisfiability (SAT). All of the encoded CNF (Conjunctive Normal Form), the predominant input language of modern SAT/MAX-SAT solvers, formulas are evaluated by a solver to produce the target (output) bilingual dictionary. Moreover, we discuss alternative formalizations as a comparison study. We designed a tool that uses the Sat4j library as the default solver to implement our method and conducted an experiment in which the output bilingual dictionary achieved better quality than the baseline method.

DOI： 10.1145/2723144

Web of Science

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：European Language Resources Association (ELRA)  

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Other Link： https://dblp.uni-trier.de/conf/lrec/2016

Publisher：The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee  

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Other Link： http://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/conf/wlsi/wlsi2016.html#conf/wlsi/MurakamiLIP16

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ASSOC COMPUTING MACHINERY  

High-quality bilingual dictionaries are very useful, but such resources are rarely available for lower-density language pairs, especially for those that are closely related. Using a third language to link two other languages is a well-known solution and usually requires only two input bilingual dictionaries A-B and B-C to automatically induce the new one, A-C. This approach, however, has never been demonstrated to utilize the complete structures of the input bilingual dictionaries, and this is a key failing because the dropped meanings negatively influence the result. This article proposes a constraint approach to pivot-based dictionary induction where language A and C are closely related. We create constraints from language similarity and model the structures of the input dictionaries as a Boolean optimization problem, which is then formulated within the Weighted Partial Max-SAT framework, an extension of Boolean Satisfiability (SAT). All of the encoded CNF (Conjunctive Normal Form), the predominant input language of modern SAT/MAX-SAT solvers, formulas are evaluated by a solver to produce the target (output) bilingual dictionary. Moreover, we discuss alternative formalizations as a comparison study. We designed a tool that uses the Sat4j library as the default solver to implement our method and conducted an experiment in which the output bilingual dictionary achieved better quality than the baseline method.

DOI： 10.1145/2723144

Web of Science

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Language：English  

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Language：English  

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Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee  

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Other Link： https://dblp.uni-trier.de/conf/wlsi/2016

Language：English  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：IEEE COMPUTER SOC  

With the proliferation of Web services, more and more functionally equivalent services are being published by service providers on the Web. Although more services mean more flexibility for consumers, it also increases the risk of choosing as consumers may have little or no past experience with the service they will interact with. Therefore, reputation systems have been proposed and are playing a crucial role in the service-oriented environment. Current reputation systems are mainly built upon the explicit feedback or rating given by consumers after experiencing the service. Unfortunately, services at the cold-start stage, prior to being rated, face the rating scarcity problem. In this paper, we focus on this problem and address it through a novel reputation model that uses the Elo algorithm to consider consumer implicit information in a graph analysis approach. Theoretical analysis is conducted to identify the sufficient and necessary condition for the model to converge to a stable state. Furthermore, experiments confirm our model outperforms the widely adopted reputation algorithm in both accuracy and convergence in the situation of rating scarcity.

DOI： 10.1109/SCC.2016.35

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Other Link： https://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/conf/IEEEscc/scc2016.html#ZhouLI16

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：IEEE  

DOI： 10.1109/WF-IoT.2016.7845454

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Other Link： https://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/conf/wf-iot/wf-iot2016.html#KoyamaMLI16

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：IEEE COMPUTER SOC  

Service composition is the technique of creating new services by combining several existing services. Composite services can be also combined with other composite services to form nested or hierarchical services. Given that service composition depends on the interoperability created by using common network protocols and invocation interfaces, a composite service can have an impractically large number of variations depending of the number of available services and the composite's structure. It is hard to enumerate and maintain all variations possible. To solve this problem, we introduce a higher-order function that can take functions as parameters to allow function invocation. In concrete terms, we propose the following methods: (1) a hierarchical service composition description by introducing higher-order functions and (2) a method to implement (1) in an existing composite service execution system. As a test, we apply the proposals to Language Grid, and evaluate the results. They show that our methods can reduce the number of variations that need to be registered and managed even though their overheads are quite practical.

DOI： 10.1109/SCC.2016.110

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Other Link： https://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/conf/IEEEscc/scc2016.html#NakaguchiMLI16

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte Ltd  

Multiple official languages within a country along with languages common with other countries demand content consistency in both shared and unshared languages during information sharing. However, inconsistency due to conflict in content shared and content updates not propagated in languages between countries poses a problem. Towards addressing inconsistency, this research qualitatively studied traits for information sharing among countries inside global brands as depicted by content shared in their country-specific websites. First, inconsistency in content shared is illustrated among websites highlighting the problem in information sharing among countries. Second, content propagation among countries that vary in scales and coupling for specific content categories are revealed. Scales suggested that corporate and customer support related information tend to be shared globally and locally respectively while product related information is both locally and regionally suitable for sharing. Higher occurrences of propagation when sharing corporate related information also showed tendency for high coupling between websites suggesting the suitability for rigid consistency policy compared to other categories. This study also proposed a simplistic approach with pattern of sharing to enable consistent information sharing.

DOI： 10.1142/S0219649216500131

Scopus

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：AAAI Press  

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Other Link： https://dblp.uni-trier.de/conf/hcomp/2016

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：Springer Verlag  

DOI： 10.1007/978-3-319-31468-6

Scopus

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Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee  

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Other Link： https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W16-5200/

Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (other academic)  

CiNii Article

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：IEEE  

Though websites offer a direct channel for global brands to communicate in the international market, the presence of outdated and inconsistent content can potentially create poor impressions. This study foresees the occurrence of inter-and intra-regional discrepancies in information shared via country-specific websites, for example, inconsistent content in product specifications shared with customer in the Asia-Pacific and North American regions. To deal with regional discrepancies, this study examined managerial preferences for content sharing within and beyond geographic regions in global brands and identified traits such as coupling and scales in sharing. High coupling in websites within Europe suggest that intra-regional discrepancies are more likely to occur in content shared inside the European region and high coupling in websites among Asia-Pacific, Europe, and Middle-East-Africa suggest vulnerability to inter-regional discrepancies. Preferences in sharing revealed in this study have implications in the design of consistency policy customized for specific regions.

DOI： 10.1109/Culture.and.Computing.2015.47

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Other Link： https://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/conf/culture/culture2015.html#PariyarMLI15

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：Springer Verlag  

This paper proposes a language service infrastructure for personal use called Language Mashup. It enables users to develop domain-specific multilingual applications on their personal devices by combining various kinds of language services created from the language resources provided by both academia and industry. To discuss the potential of Language Mashup, this paper introduces two key communication problems, and then our solution of a multilingual application that supports international meetings whose participants come from various countries and communicate with each other in their own languages.

DOI： 10.1007/978-3-319-31468-6_7

Scopus

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Other Link： https://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/conf/wlsi/wlsi2015.html#OtaniNLMI15

Language：English  

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Language：English  

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Language：English  

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

CiNii Article

CiNii Books

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：IEEE  

Proper technology transfer based on scientific data is inevitable for farmers to promote sustainable agriculture which is a common target of modern food production. In under-developing countries, illiteracy of farmers is one of the major reasons for them to receive sufficient information and knowledge for such sustainable food production. In this study, we conducted a trial to examine effectiveness of an idea to transfer agricultural knowledge and information to illiterate farmers through their children educated at school as messengers between their illiterate parents and remote experts by utilizing several ICT tools including a multilingual machine translator which can bridge the famers and even foreign experts.

DOI： 10.1109/SRII.2014.44

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN  

High quality bilingual dictionaries are rarely available for lower-density language pairs, especially for those that are closely related. Using a third language as a pivot to link two other languages is a wellknown solution, and usually requires only two input bilingual dictionaries to automatically induce the new one. This approach, however, produces many incorrect translation pairs because the dictionary entries are normally are not transitive due to polysemy and the ambiguous words in the pivot language. Utilizing the complete structures of the input bilingual dictionaries positively influences the result since dropped meanings can be countered. Moreover, an additional input dictionary may provide more complete information for calculating the semantic distance between word senses which is key to suppressing wrong sense matches. This paper proposes an extended constraint optimization model to inducing new dictionaries of closely related languages from multiple input dictionaries, and its formalization based on Integer Linear Programming. Evaluations indicated that the proposal not only outperforms the baseline method, but also shows improvements in performance and scalability as more dictionaries are utilized.

DOI： 10.1007/978-3-319-13560-1_18

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Other Link： https://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/conf/pricai/pricai2014.html#MairidanLIH14

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：IEEE  

Service composition involves combining many existing services to solve a complex task in the service-oriented environment. Due to the progress in modern smart devices, mobile devices can now act as service providers. The mobility of mobile service providers and the dynamism of the mobile environment are unique features. As a result, there are two issues with service composition in mobile environments: (1) how to use the mobility of devices as an non-functional Quality of Service (QoS) criterion, and (2) how to deal with the dynamism of the mobile environment to realize the optimal service composition. In order to deal with above issues, we proposed a QoS-aware service composition model for service composition in mobile environments considering the feature of mobility in the mobile environment. Moreover, we proposed an adaptive approach called k-neighbor. The main idea of k-neighbor approach is to decompose the composite service into smaller elementary composite services then to set up a solution plan for those elementary composite services based on the available provider set. The evaluation shows that the way of decomposing a composite service adapts to different dynamism of the environment.

DOI： 10.1109/SOCA.2014.51

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Other Link： https://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/conf/soca/soca2014.html#NgocLNI14

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：EUROPEAN LANGUAGE RESOURCES ASSOC-ELRA  

Integrating language resources and language services is a critical part of building natural language processing applications. Service workflow and processing pipeline are two approaches for sharing and combining language resources. Workflow languages focus on expressive power of the languages to describe variety of workflow patterns to meet users' needs. Users can combine those language services in service workflows to meet their requirements. The workflows can be accessible in distributed manner and can be invoked independently of the platforms. However, workflow languages lack of pipelined execution support to improve performance of workflows. Whereas, the processing pipeline provides a straightforward way to create a sequence of linguistic processing to analyze large amounts of text data. It focuses on using pipelined execution and parallel execution to improve throughput of pipelines. However, the resulting pipelines are standalone applications, i.e., software tools that are accessible only via local machine and that can only be run with the processing pipeline platforms. In this paper we propose an integration framework of the two approaches so that each offests the disadvantages of the other. We then present a case study wherein two representative frameworks, the Language Grid and UIMA, are integrated.

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Other Link： https://dblp.uni-trier.de/conf/lrec/2014

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：IEICE-INST ELECTRONICS INFORMATION COMMUNICATIONS ENG  

The availability of more and more Web services provides great varieties for users to design service processes. However, there are situations that services or service processes cannot meet users' requirements in functional QoS dimensions (e.g., translation quality in a machine translation service). In those cases, composing Web services and human tasks is expected to be a possible alternative solution. However, analysis of such practical efforts were rarely reported in previous researches, most of which focus on the technology of embedding human tasks in software environments. Therefore, this study aims at analyzing the effects of composing Web services and human activities using a case study in the domain of language service with large scale experiments. From the experiments and analysis, we find out that (I) service implementation variety can be greatly increased by composing Web services and human activities for satisfying users' QoS requirements; (2) functional QoS of a Web service can be significantly improved by inducing human activities with limited cost and execution time provided certain quality of human activities; and (3) multiple QoS attributes of a composite service are affected in different ways with different quality of human activities.

DOI： 10.1587/transinf.E97.D.762

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J-GLOBAL

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Other Link： https://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/journals/ieicet/ieicet97d.html#LinIMT14

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte Ltd  

Multilingual knowledge sharing imposes new requirements on knowledge management systems so as to present digital knowledge resources in multiple languages. Knowledge sharing is degraded by inconsistencies such as contents omitted or altered in one of the languages. To resolve this issue, we present a mechanism for detecting inconsistencies in multilingual knowledge sharing. A state transition model is proposed to define the states of the multilingual contents,the set of actions, and the set of transition functions. Inconsistency detection rules are designed to represent the states of the multilingual contents and thus permit the identification of inconsistencies in knowledge sharing. The analysis of a multilingual Wikipedia article indicates that inconsistencies are present in multilingual contents generated by collaboration. In experiments, the proposed mechanism is applied to a test set of revision histories of multilingual articles
the outcome shows satisfactory results with an average precision of 88% in detecting inconsistencies and a recall of86%. While the proposal considers only user edit actions, it can detect inconsistencies which will be useful in allowing Natural Language Processing (NLP) based systems to synchronize multilingual contents in an early phase.

DOI： 10.1142/S0219649214500336

Scopus

J-GLOBAL

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：IEICE-INST ELECTRONICS INFORMATION COMMUNICATIONS ENG  

Collaborative business has been increasingly developing with the environment of globalization and advanced information technologies. In a collaboration environment with multiple organizations, participants from different organizations always have different views about modeling the overall business process due to different knowledge and cultural backgrounds. Moreover, flexible support, privacy preservation and process reuse are important issues that should be considered in business process management across organizational boundaries. This paper presents a novel approach of modeling interorganizational business process for collaboration. Our approach allows for modeling loosely coupled interorganizational business process considering different views of organizations. In the proposed model, organizations have their own local process views of modeling business process instead of sharing pre-defined global processes. During process cooperation, local process of an organization can be invisible to other organizations. Further, we propose the coordination mechanisms for different local process views to detect incompatibilities among organizations. We illustrate our proposed approach by a case study of interorganizational software development collaboration.

DOI： 10.1587/transinf.E97.D.1119

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Other Link： https://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/journals/ieicet/ieicet97d.html#LinI14

Language：English   Publisher：Springer  

DOI： 10.1007/978-3-662-43585-4_19

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Other Link： https://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/books/collections/BC2014.html#MurakamiLI14

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：SPRINGER  

We present agent metaphor as a novel interactive system to promote the efficiency in machine translation mediated communication. Machine translation is increasingly used to support multilingual communication. In the traditional, transparent-channel way of using machine translation for the multilingual communication, translation errors are ignorable, due to the quality limitation of current machine translators. Those translation errors will break the communication and lead to miscommunication. We propose to shift the paradigm from the transparent-channel metaphor to the human-interpreter metaphor, which motives the interactions between the users and the machine translator. Following this paradigm shifting, the interpreter (agent) encourages the dialog participants to collaborate, as their interactivity will be helpful in reducing the number of translation errors, the noise of the channel. We examine the translation issues raised by multilingual communication, and analyze the impact of interactivity on the elimination of translation errors. We propose an implementation of the agent metaphor, which promotes interactivity between dialog participants and the machine translator. We design the architecture of our agent, analyze the interaction process, describe decision support and autonomous behavior, and provide an example of preparing repair strategy. We conduct an English-Chinese communication task experiment on tangram arrangement. The experiment shows that compared to the transparent-channel metaphor, our agent metaphor reduces human communication effort by 21.6%.

DOI： 10.1007/s00354-014-0204-0

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：EUROPEAN LANGUAGE RESOURCES ASSOC-ELRA  

Bilingual dictionaries are vital in many areas of natural language processing, but such resources are rarely available for lower-density language pairs, especially for those that are closely related. Pivot-based induction consists of using a third language to bridge a language pair. As an approach to create new dictionaries, it can generate wrong translations due to polysemy and ambiguous words. In this paper we propose a constraint approach to pivot-based dictionary induction for the case of two closely related languages. In order to take into account the word senses, we use an approach based on semantic distances, in which possibly missing translations are considered, and instance of induction is encoded as an optimization problem to generate new dictionary. Evaluations show that the proposal achieves 83.7% accuracy and approximately 70.5% recall, thus outperforming the baseline pivot-based method.

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Other Link： https://dblp.uni-trier.de/conf/lrec/2014

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：EUROPEAN LANGUAGE RESOURCES ASSOC-ELRA  

The recent popularity of machine translation has increased the demand for the evaluation of translations. However, the traditional evaluation approach, manual checking by a bilingual professional, is too expensive and too slow. In this study, we confirm the feasibility of crowdsourcing by analyzing the accuracy of crowdsourcing translation evaluations. We compare crowdsourcing scores to professional scores with regard to three metrics: translation-score, sentence-score, and system-score. A Chinese to English translation evaluation task was designed using around the NTCIR-9 PATENT parallel corpus with the goal being 5-range evaluations of adequacy and fluency. The experiment shows that the average score of crowdsource workers well matches professional evaluation results. The system-score comparison strongly indicates that crowdsourcing can be used to find the best translation system given the input of 10 source sentence.

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Other Link： https://dblp.uni-trier.de/conf/lrec/2014

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing / ACL  

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Other Link： https://dblp.uni-trier.de/conf/ijcnlp/2013

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：IEEE Computer Society  

High quality machine readable dictionaries are very useful, but such resources are rarely available for lower-density language pairs, especially for those that are closely related. In this paper, we proposed a heuristic framework that aims at inducing one-to-one mapping dictionary of a closely related language pair from available dictionaries where a distant language is involved. The key insight of the framework is the ability to create heuristics by using distant language as pivot, incorporate given heuristics, and an iterative induction mechanism that human interaction can be potentially integrated. An experiment based on basic heuristics regarding syntactics and semantics resulted in up to 85.2% correctness in target dictionary with correctness of major part reached 95.3%, which proved that we can perform automated creation of a high quality dictionary with our framework. © 2013 IEEE.

DOI： 10.1109/CultureComputing.2013.27

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Other Link： https://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/conf/culture/culture2013.html#MairidanIL13

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：ACM  

Machine translation is increasingly used to support multilingual communication. Because of unavoidable translation errors, multilingual communication cannot accurately transfer information. We propose to shift from the transparentchannel metaphor to the human-interpreter (agent) metaphor. Instead of viewing machine translation mediated communication as a transparent channel, the interpreter (agent) encourages the dialog participants to collaborate, as their interactivity will be helpful in reducing the number of translation errors, the noise of the channel. We examine the translation issues raised by multilingual communication, and analyze the impact of interactivity on the elimination of translation errors. We propose an implementation of the agent metaphor, which promotes interactivity between dialog participants and the machine translator. We design the architecture of our agent, analyze the interaction process, describe decision support and autonomous behavior, and provide an example of repair strategy preparation. We conduct an English-Chinese communication task experiment on tangram arrangement. The experiment shows that, compared to the transparent-channel metaphor, our agent metaphor reduced human communication effort by 21.6%. Copyright © 2013 ACM.

DOI： 10.1145/2449396.2449407

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Other Link： https://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/conf/iui/iui2013.html#ShiLI13

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：IEEE  

Translation practices in parallel multilingual documents are bound to generate inconsistencies in the documents due to missing information or part of document not translated, changes not propagated across languages, unavailability of same information in all languages. In this research, we present a mechanism to manage inconsistencies in parallel multilingual documents. To model inconsistencies in the multilingual contents, we propose a state transition model to define the states of sentences in the documents, the actions performed on the sentences and the set of transition functions. We then define consistency rules to signal the states of sentences resulting in inconsistencies. We illustrated the proposed mechanism with a case study on tracking inconsistencies in the multilingual MediaWiki Installation Guide as a tool support for tracking inconsistent portions such as missing information, changes not propagated and unavailability of same information in multilingual documents.

DOI： 10.1109/CultureComputing.2013.11

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Other Link： https://dblp.uni-trier.de/conf/culture/2013

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：IEEE Computer Society  

With the development of service-oriented computing environments, more and more Web services have become available. Service providers have to consider how to design composite services to meet requirements from various users. However, QoS of composite service is difficult to evaluate and predict due to the uncertainty and multiple metrics of QoS, which makes it necessary for user-centered design of composite services. Moreover, combining human services and Web services is becoming an important issue in service composition in cases that Web services cannot meet the requirements from users. Therefore, it is necessary to test the service composition environments for human-computer interaction and study human behaviors. In this paper, we address the above issues by proposing a participatory service design approach based on user-centered QoS considering a real-world case of field-based multi-language communication service design. To achieve this goal, we first describe the QoS model for service design considering users' requirements. Then, we propose the participatory service design process, consisting of service model refinement, participatory simulation, QoS evaluation and QoS data update. Finally, we use the field study of multi-language service design for Vietnamese agricultural knowledge communication to illustrate our proposed design methodology. © 2013 IEEE.

DOI： 10.1109/WI-IAT.2013.205

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Other Link： https://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/conf/webi/webi2013.html#LinI13

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：Springer  

DOI： 10.1007/978-4-431-54816-4_32

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Other Link： https://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/conf/icserv/icserv2013.html#Lin013

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：IEEE  

Multilingual tools can benefit communities in which language barriers exist. Such tools can be developed easily by combining language services provided via standard interfaces in frameworks such as the Language Grid. However, designing such tools is more challenging than implementing them since they must be customized for the target community. To optimize tool designs, designers must consider stakeholder requirements, available services and design options in an iterative process. This paper shows how a community can design such a multilingual tool by parallel prototyping using Web services, presenting a case study of an izakaya, a Japanese local restaurant. In parallel prototyping, more than one prototype is created and tested simultaneously, and this approach enables the tool users to give clearer feedback. In the case study, two different hi-fidelity prototypes are created by combining available language services, and these are then evaluated in a real life situation, resulting in effective feedback for improving the tool design.

DOI： 10.1109/CultureComputing.2013.23

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Other Link： https://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/conf/culture/culture2013.html#ChoKL13

Publisher：IEEE Computer Society  

DOI： 10.1109/CultureComputing.2013.12

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：IEEE Computer Society  

A service invocation in a composite service is usually defined by its interface for abstraction. Once the interface is standardized and many services which have the same interface become available, a user can bind preferable ones to the composite service only by setting endpoints. Since new services become available day by day in open environment, it is crucial to automatically construct the bindings according to user's requirements. However, runtime binding construction often degrades the performance because searching a vast amount of possible bindings is time-consuming. Moreover, bindings need to be modified even during execution of a composite service when some adaptation process is applied. In this paper, we proposed a framework for constructing bindings, which is based on ATMS (Assumption-based Truth Maintenance System). The framework effectively caches possibilities of bindings and can manage changes of bindings when a runtime adaptation process is applied. We implemented a prototype of the framework and confirmed that it works fast enough for a real scale service composition. © 2012 IEEE.

DOI： 10.1109/SCC.2012.74

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Other Link： https://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/conf/IEEEscc/scc2012.html#TanakaMLI12

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：EUROPEAN LANGUAGE RESOURCES ASSOC-ELRA  

An increased number of machine translation services are now available. Unfortunately, none of them can provide adequate translation quality for all input sources. This forces the user to select from among the services according to his needs. However, it is tedious and time consuming to perform this manual selection. Our solution, proposed here, is an automatic mechanism that can select the most appropriate machine translation service. Although evaluation methods are available, such as BLEU, NIST, WER, etc., their evaluation results are not unanimous regardless of the translation sources. We proposed a two-phase architecture for selecting translation services. The first phase uses a data-driven classification to allow the most appropriate evaluation method to be selected according to each translation source. The second phase selects the most appropriate machine translation result by the selected evaluation method. We describe the architecture, detail the algorithm, and construct a prototype. Tests show that the proposal yields better translation quality than employing just one machine translation service.

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Other Link： https://dblp.uni-trier.de/conf/lrec/2012

Language：English  

DOI： 10.1109/SCC.2012.74

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：IEEE Computer Society  

QoS computation plays an important role in Web service selection. It involves property value preprocessing aspect, user satisfaction calculation aspect, and aggregation of multiple QoS properties aspect. However, little attention has been paid to users participating in QoS computation. In this paper, we examine QoS computation from the angle of experienced users and novice users. An experienced user is able to be more active in providing configuration information such as expected boundary of a QoS property, distribution function of user satisfaction, and the aggregation weight of each QoS property. While a novice user has limited experience to do this. Based on the study of user-centered factors in QoS computation, we propose a user-centered QoS computation, which provides a new choice of normalization in property value preprocessing aspect, an approach of approximation in user satisfaction calculation aspect, and a weight suggestion way in aggregation of multiple properties aspect. A case study in translation service selection shows that the proposed user-centered QoS calculation is more efficient for novice users than random configuration, and much more efficient for experience users. © 2012 IEEE.

DOI： 10.1109/ICWS.2012.18

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Other Link： https://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/conf/icws/icws2012.html#ShiLI12

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：EUROPEAN LANGUAGE RESOURCES ASSOC-ELRA  

Due to instant availability and low cost, machine translation is becoming popular. Machine translation mediated communication plays a more and more important role in international collaboration. However, machine translators cannot guarantee high quality translation. In a multilingual communication task, many in-domain resources, for example domain dictionaries, are needed to promote translation quality. This raises the problem of how to help communication task designers provide higher quality translation systems, systems that can take advantage of various in-domain resources. The Language Grid, a service-oriented collective intelligent platform, allows in-domain resources to be wrapped into language services. For task-oriented translation, we propose service composition scenarios for the composition of different language services, where various in-domain resources are utilized effectively. We design the architecture, provide a script language as the interface for the task designer, which is easy for describing the composition scenario, and make a case study of a Japanese-English campus orientation task. Based on the case study, we analyze the increase in translation quality possible and the usage of in-domain resources. The results demonstrate a clear improvement in translation accuracy when the in-domain resources are used.

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Other Link： https://dblp.uni-trier.de/conf/lrec/2012

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN  

Since various communities withmultiple languagesinteract in daily life, tools are needed to support intercultural communication. However, we often observe that the success of a multi-language tool in one situation does not guarantee its success in another. To develop multi-language environments that can handle various situations in various communities, existing language resources should be easy to share and customize. Therefore, we designed the Language Grid as service-oriented collective intelligence; it allows users to freely create language services from existing language resources and combine them to develop new services to meet their own requirements. This paper explains the design concept and service architecture of the Language Grid, and our approach to user involvement in collective intelligence activities. An institutional design is also essential forcollective intelligence. We create a federated operation model to bridgedifferentstake-holders including service providers, service users, and service grid operators.

DOI： 10.1007/978-3-642-28786-2_1

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Other Link： https://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/conf/paams/paams2012.html#IshidaMLTI12

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：IEEE Computer Society  

Service grid is an infrastructure for service-oriented collective intelligence. It provides a set of enabling functionalities to support coordination of services, such as service registries, service composition, access control, and monitoring. To form the service-oriented collective intelligence, various types of services need to be connected on the service grid, and managed by the service grid operator. However, it is difficult for single service grid operator to gather and organize services in various domains. Therefore, building service grids in different domains and connecting these service grids are essential for expanding service-oriented collective intelligence across domains. To this end, we have designed a service domain model to specialize general-purpose service grid to a specific domain and realize interoperability among service grids. Moreover, we have also developed service grid federation architecture to share service registries, compose services across service grids, and control and monitor accesses to the composite services. Finally, we have applied the proposed architecture to the language service domain to construct the Language Grid. © 2012 IEEE.

DOI： 10.1109/SCC.2012.101

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Other Link： https://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/conf/IEEEscc/scc2012.html#MurakamiTLI12

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：IEEE  

In recent years, collaborative translation has become more and more important for translation volunteers to share knowledge among different languages, among which Wikipedia translation activity is a typical example. During the collaborative translation processes, users with different mother tongues always conduct frequent discussions about certain words or expressions to understand the content of original article and to decide the correct translation. To support such kind of multilingual discussions, we propose an approach to embedding a service-oriented multilingual infrastructure with discussion functions in collaborative translation systems, where discussions can be automatically translated into different languages with machine translators, dictionaries, and so on. Moreover, we propose a Meta Translation Algorithm to adapt the features of discussions for collaborative translation, where discussion articles always consist of expressions in different languages. Further, we implement the proposed approach on LiquidThreads, a BBS on Wikipedia, and apply it for multilingual discussion for Wikipedia translation to verify the effectiveness of this research. © 2012 IEEE.

DOI： 10.1109/CTS.2012.6261055

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Other Link： https://dblp.uni-trier.de/conf/cts/2012

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：IEEE Computer Society  

With the development of service-oriented computing environments, QoS-aware service selection has been a more and more important research issue. In service composition environments, QoS attributes of atomic services are always aggregated for computing the QoS of the composite services, which has been reported in many previous studies. However, there are situations that some QoS attributes cannot be aggregated for composite services. For example, it is difficult to compute the translation quality of a composite translation service by simply aggregating its component atomic services (machine translation service, morphological analysis service, dictionary service). Moreover, when multiple QoS attributes are used for evaluating services, it is always difficult to maximize all the QoS attributes because there might be anti-correlated relations between them. To address above problems, this paper proposes an approach for selecting services based on context-aware factors of QoS attributes. In our proposed approach, context-aware factors that affect QoS attributes are first extracted from analyzing their correlation with QoS attributes. Then, QoS data is generated based on the extracted factors for QoS prediction and evaluation. Further, dynamic service selection is realized based on QoS prediction and evaluation considering user requirements. We use a case study in the domain of language service with some experiments to show the effectiveness of our approach. © 2012 IEEE.

DOI： 10.1109/SCC.2012.95

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Other Link： https://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/conf/IEEEscc/scc2012.html#LinSI12

Language：English   Publishing type：Part of collection (book)   Publisher：Springer Verlag  

Since various communities, which use multiple languages, now want to interact in daily life, tools that can effectively support multilingual communication are necessary. However, we often observe that the success of a multilingual tool in one situation does not guarantee its success in another. To develop a multilingual environment that can handle various situations in various communities, existing language resources (dictionaries, parallel texts, part-of-speech taggers, machine translators, etc.) should be easily shared and customized. Therefore, we designed our proposal, the Language Grid, as service-oriented collective intelligence
it allows users to freely create language services from existing language resources and combine those language services to develop new services to meet their own requirements. This chapter explains the design concept and service architecture of the Language Grid, and the approach of user involvement in the collective intelligence activities.

DOI： 10.1007/978-3-642-21178-2_1

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Other Link： https://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/series/cogtech/364221177.html#IshidaML11

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC  

Networked multiagent systems are very popular in large-scale application environments. In networked multiagent systems, the interaction structures can be shaped into the form of networks where each agent occupies a position that is determined by such agent's relations with others. To avoid collisions between agents, the decision of each agent's strategies should match its own interaction position, so that the strategies available to all agents are in line with their interaction structures. Therefore, this paper presents a novel decision-making model for networked multiagent strategies based on their interaction structures, where the set of strategies for an agent is conditionally decided by other agents within its dependence interaction substructure. With the presented model, the resulting strategies available to all agents can minimize the collisions of multiagents regarding their interaction structures, and the model can produce the same resulting strategies for the isomorphic interaction structures. Furthermore, this paper uses a multiagent citation network as a case study to demonstrate the effectiveness of the presented decision-making model.

DOI： 10.1109/TSMCA.2011.2114343

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：Springer  

With the development of service-oriented computing, more and more Web services are provided for users. However, there are situations that services or service processes cannot meet users' requirements in functional QoS dimensions (e.g., translation quality in a machine translation service). Meanwhile, the emergence of crowdsourcing makes various types of tasks done in more and more efficiency ways with low costs. To consider both functional QoS and non-functional QoS, in this paper we try to combine crowdsourcing activities with service processes. Further, this study aims at analyzing the effects of crowd activities on service processes in the real world. We use a case study in the domain of language service with a large scale experiment to show that composing crowd activities and Web services brings variety and creativity to the traditional service processes and human processes. From the experiments and analysis, we find out that quality of crowd activities is essential to service processes, and that crowd activities with high quality can significantly improve various QoS dimensions of the service processes. © 2012 Springer-Verlag.

DOI： 10.1007/978-3-642-31875-7_40

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Other Link： https://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/conf/icsoc/icsoc2011w.html#LinIMT11

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Information Processing Society of Japan  

In service composition environments, users and service entity hosts are always geometrically distributed. Therefore the performance of the service response might be poor when users invoke services that are physically far from them. Such issues are difficult to be solved with traditional caching technologies in the areas of contents delivery network because service providers do not always allow their service entities to be copied to all service entity hosts. In this paper, we deal with the service invocation control problem considering the above issues. First, we formally model the service invocation problem in service composition environments. Then we design several dynamic service invocation control mechanisms to improve the response performance of atomic services and composite services. The evaluation results show that (1) the mechanism for atomic services that considers both potential users for most service invocation requests and potential users for continuous requests can best improve the response performance
(2) the mechanism for composite services that considers the group characteristics of atomic services can improve the response performance more than other mechanisms
and (3) our proposed dynamic mechanisms can bring a stable response performance from the perspective of users.

DOI： 10.2197/ipsjjip.19.52

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Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing  

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Other Link： https://dblp.uni-trier.de/conf/ijcnlp/2011wlr

Language：English   Publishing type：Part of collection (book)   Publisher：Springer Verlag  

The Language Grid is an infrastructure for enabling users to share language services developed by language specialists and end user communities. Users can also create new services to support their intercultural/multilingual activities by composing language services from a range of providers. Since the Language Grid takes the service-oriented collective intelligence approach, the platform requires the services management to satisfy stakeholders’ needs: access control for service providers, dynamic service composition for service users, and service grid composition and system configurability for service grid operators. To realize the Language Grid, this chapter describes the design concept and the system architecture of the platform based on the service grid.

DOI： 10.1007/978-3-642-21178-2_2

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Other Link： https://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/series/cogtech/364221177.html#MurakamiLTNI11

Language：English   Publishing type：Part of collection (book)   Publisher：Springer Verlag  

The Language Grid is a service-oriented infrastructure for language services. In the Language Grid, machine translation services play important roles in supporting multilingual activities for communities. Although the effectiveness of using machine translation services for multilingual communication has been shown in previous reports, the gap between human translators and machine translators remains huge especially in the domain of localization processes that require high translation quality. In this chapter, we aim at improving localization processes by introducing humans into the loop to utilize machine translation services. We try to compare several different types of localization processes (i.e., absolute machine translation processes, absolute human translation processes and processes by human and machine translation services) in the dimensions of translation quality and translation cost. The experiment results show that monolinguals can help improve the translation quality of machine translators with the aid of community dictionary services, and that collaboration of human and machine translation services make it possible to reduce the cost compared with absolute human translations.

DOI： 10.1007/978-3-642-21178-2_13

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Language：English  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN  

Service-oriented collective intelligence, which creates new value by combining various programs and data as services, requires many participants. Therefore it is crucial for an infrastructure for service-oriented collective intelligence to satisfy various policies of service providers. Some previous works have proposed methods for service selection and adaptation which are required to satisfy service providers' policies. However, they do not show how to check if the selected services and adaptation processes certainly satisfy service providers' policies. In this paper, we propose an execution control framework which realizes service selection and adaptation in order to satisfy service providers' policies. On the framework, the behaviors of composite services are verified against service providers' policies based on model checking. We also formally defined the effect of the proposed execution control APIs. This enabled us to update models for verification at runtime and reduce the search space for verification.

DOI： 10.1007/978-3-642-17358-5_8

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Other Link： https://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/conf/icsoc/icsoc2010.html#TanakaML10

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：IEEE Computer Society  

Service-oriented collective intelligence, which creates new value by combining services provided by various organizations via services computing technologies, has been gaining in importance with the development of services computing technologies. Because collective intelligence needs many participants, it is crucial to build a framework where a wide variety of policies of service providers are satisfied. In this paper, we propose an architecture which handles a comprehensive process of service selection, adaptation, and coordination to satisfy policies of service providers. First the system selects services, and then adapts the services to the given policies if any of available services cannot satisfy the policies. To achieve this, we formalized this problem as an extension of constraint satisfaction problem and showed a solution. Moreover, the system often needs to force a composite service to follow protocols given by service providers. Therefore we proposed a method which uses meta-level control functions for composite services in order to change order of service execution. © 2010 IEEE.

DOI： 10.1109/SCC.2010.64

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：IEEE  

With the development of the Internet environments, more and more machine translation tools have become available on the Web, which provides the opportunity for some multilingual communities to use machine translation for communication. However, there exist several major problems in machine translation tools available on the Internet. 1) Translation for specific terms or sentences within communities is always of low quality. 2) Most of the available machine translation tools only provide basic functions of translating sentences, documents or Web pages, and lack necessary communication functions for community users. 3) It is difficult to conduct collaborative work among community users. 4) There is no support for creating customized multilingual environments based on unique community requirements. To address the above issues, we develop the Language Grid Toolbox which enables easy creation of multilingual community sites and customized multilingual environments for communities. For example, Toolbox has the basic function of creating language resources like dictionaries, which are used to combine with atomic translation services to improve the translation quality. Further, since Toolbox is developed as open source software and provides many basic APIs that can be used for communication, customized functions for communities can be easily developed. Several customized communication tools that are extended from Toolbox basic modules have already been implemented by universities and local government. ©2010 IEEE.

DOI： 10.1109/IUCS.2010.5666761

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：IEEE Computer Society  

Service composition environments enable people to create, manage, share services, and compose atomic services for their own requirements. Since users and service entity hosts are always distributed in locations in such environments, service responses might be very slow if users invoke services that are physically far from them, which is even slower for invoking composite services. However, those problems cannot be solved using traditional caching technologies in the areas of contents delivery network because service providers in service composition environments always have their own policies about service license issues, and do not allow their service entities to be copied on all service entity hosts. In this paper, we propose the approach of dynamically switching availability of services among service entity hosts based on the invocation request from users, and design several dynamic invocation control mechanisms to improve the response performance of services considering the service license constraints by service providers. Our proposed mechanisms are evaluated by simulation in service composition environments. © 2010 IEEE.

DOI： 10.1109/SCC.2010.65

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Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：IEEE  

DOI： 10.1109/IUCS.2010.5666757

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Other Link： https://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/conf/iucs/iucs2010.html#Lin10

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：EUROPEAN LANGUAGE RESOURCES ASSOC-ELRA  

With the development of the Internet environments, more and more language services become accessible for common people. However, the gap between human translators and machine translators remains huge especially for the domain of localization processes that requires high translation quality. Although efforts of combining human and machine translators for supporting multilingual communication have been reported in previous research, how to apply such approaches for improving localization processes are rarely discussed. In this paper, we aim at improving localization processes by composing human and machine translation services based on the Language Grid, which is a language service platform that we have developed. Further, we conduct experiments to compare the translation quality and translation cost using several translation processes, including absolute machine translation processes, absolute human translation processes and translation processes by human and machine translation services. The experiment results show that composing monolingual roles and dictionary services improves the translation quality of machine translators, and that collaboration of human and machine translators is possible to reduce the cost comparing with the absolute bilingual human translation. We also discuss the generality of the experimental results and further challenging issues of the proposed localization processes.

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Other Link： https://dblp.uni-trier.de/conf/lrec/2010

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：EUROPEAN LANGUAGE RESOURCES ASSOC-ELRA  

As the number of language resources accessible on the Internet increases, many efforts have been made for combining language resources and language processing tools to create new services. However, existing language resource coordination frameworks cannot manage issues of intellectual property associated with language resources, which make it difficult for most end-users to get supports for their intercultural collaborations because they always have to deal with the issues by themselves. In this paper, we aim at constructing a new language service management architecture on the Language Grid, which enables language resource providers to control access to their resources in accordance with their own policies. Furthermore, we apply the proposed architecture to the operating Language Grid in order to validate the effectiveness of the architecture. As a result, several service management models utilizing the monitoring and access constraints are occurring to satisfy various requirements from language resource providers. These models can handle paid-for language resources as well as free language resources. Finally, we discuss further challenging issues of combining language resources under each different policies.

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Other Link： https://dblp.uni-trier.de/conf/lrec/2010

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN  

A composite Web service provided as a "cloud" service should make its constituent Web services transparent to users. However, existing frameworks for composite Web services cannot realize such transparency because they lack capability of adapting changes of behaviors of constituents Web services and business rules of service providers. Service Supervision, proposed in the previous work, allows us to flexibly adapt a composite Web service by combining control execution functions which control behavior of running instances of composite Web services. However, much flexibility of the execution control functions sometimes makes it difficult to design adaptation processes due to absence of accumulated know-how such as guidelines. Moreover, it often costs a lot to port adaptation processes to the model of composite Web service to be adapted. To solve the problems, we first organized various adaptation processes based on some previous works. Then we proposed Service Supervision patterns, which consist of typical requirements for adaptation and WS-BPEL processes satisfying the requirements by using execution control functions. The patterns are easy for designers of composite Web services to understand and make it possible to reduce cost to port them to the model of a composite service.

DOI： 10.1007/978-3-642-12636-9_11

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Other Link： https://dblp.uni-trier.de/conf/cloudcomp/2009

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：IEEE COMPUTER SOC  

Globalization and advanced information technologies cause the increasing development of collaborative business. This paper proposes an interorganizational workflow modeling approach for collaborative business based on local process views. In the proposed model, instead of sharing a pre-defined global workflow view among organizations, each organization has its own understanding and preference of the whole collaboration and can manage its local workflow process distributively and autonomously. Further we provide a methodology for interorganizational workflow collaboration by two phases: the bottom-up coordination phase and the top-down implementation phase. We illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed model and collaboration approach by a case of collaborative software development process.

DOI： 10.1109/APSCC.2008.171

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Other Link： https://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/conf/apscc/apscc2008.html#LinI08

Language：English   Publisher：The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers  

Flexibility, adaptation and distribution have been regarded as major challenges of modem interorganizational workflow. To address these issues, this paper proposes an interorganizational workflow execution framework based on process agents and ECA rules. In our framework, an interorganizational workflow is modeled as a multiagent system with a process agent for each organization. The whole execution is divided into two parts: the intra-execution, which means execution within a same organization, and the inter-execution, which represents interaction between organizations. For intra-execution, we use the method of transforming the graph-based local workflow into block-based workflow to design general ECA rules. ECA rules are used to control internal state transitions and process agents are used to control external state transitions of tasks in the local workflows. Inter-execution is realized by process agent interaction protocols. The proposed approach can provide flexible execution of interorganizational workflow with distributed organizational autonomy and adaptation. A case study of offshore software development is illustrated for the proposed approach.

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：IEEE COMPUTER SOC  

In an interorganizational collaboration environment, due to different cultural backgrounds, participants from different organizations always have different views of modeling workflow process. Moreover organizations require preserving privacy and autonomy of its own workflow. Therefore, workflow inter-visibility is expected to be as little as collaborations need. This paper proposes an approach of modeling loosely coupled interorganizational workflow considering different views of organizations. In this approach, organizations have their own local process views of modeling workflow process instead of sharing a predefined global workflow. Furthermore, we design compatibility analysis mechanism for different local process views to detect incompatibilities among organizations. Finally, we provide a demo tool for the proposed mechanism.

DOI： 10.1109/CEC-EEE.2007.34

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Other Link： https://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/conf/wecwis/cec2007.html#Lin07

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：IEICE-INST ELECTRONICS INFORMATION COMMUNICATIONS ENG  

Flexibility, adaptation and distribution have been regarded as major challenges of modern interorganizational workflow. To address these issues, this paper proposes an interorganizational workflow execution framework based on process agents and ECA rules. In our framework, an interorganizational workflow is modeled as a multiagent system with a process agent for each organization. The whole execution is divided into two parts: the intra-execution, which means execution within a same organization, and the inter-execution, which represents interaction between organizations. For intra-execution, we use the method of transforming the graph-based local workflow into block-based workflow to design general ECA rules. ECA rules are used to control internal state transitions and process agents are used to control external state transitions of tasks in the local workflows. Inter-execution is realized by process agent interaction protocols. The proposed approach can provide flexible execution of interorganizational workflow with distributed organizational autonomy and adaptation. A case study of offshore software development is illustrated for the proposed approach.

DOI： 10.1093/ietisy/e90-d.9.1335

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN  

The fastest developing city in China is Shanghai; its annual growth rate (GDP) exceeded 11.9% average in every year from 1992 and GDP per person in 2003 reached 4909 USD. Economists, industries and the government have been considering how to keep Shanghai developing in a sustainable manner. In 1994, the Shanghai Municipal Government put forward the concept of "information harbor" and set the goal of establishing a series of information infrastructures in the following five years. The Shanghai city informatization project started in 1999, and by the end of 2001 it had spread across Shanghai. At the same time, some applications based on Internet technologies were designed and developed. In the beginning of 2002, based on the current information infrastructures and systems, Shanghai Municipal Government announced the "Digital City Shanghai" strategy. This chapter will introduce the background of the Digital City Shanghai project, the current state of the information infrastructure in Shanghai, and the concept of system design & user interface. The Digital City Shanghai project will be described in four parts: Spatial Data Infrastructure, City Informatization, Shanghai City Grid, and Shanghai Logistics Information Platform. We will also introduce some research projects. In addition to the strategy, we describe and discuss social perspective and problems.

DOI： 10.1007/11407546_7

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Other Link： https://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/conf/digitalCities/digitalCities2003.html#DingLS03

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：一般社団法人 人工知能学会  

DOI： 10.11517/pjsai.jsai2016.0_1l5os09b3

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：一般社団法人電子情報通信学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：一般社団法人電子情報通信学会  

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ゲーミング環境を利用して問題環境を考えたい人々の大多数は，情報科学の専門家やプログラミングができる技術者ではなく，むしろ，問題群のドメイン知識を有する応用問題の専門家である．それらの人々は必ずしも情報科学の専門家やプログラマではない．本研究では，特段の情報科学のスキルを必要としない状況で，応用問題のドメイン知識を有する人々が，自ら実験したい問題を，自らが考える問題メカニズムを反映しながら，自ら記述できる汎用性の高い多言語ゲーミング環境のためのフレームワークを提案する．これにより，これまで情報科学の専門家やプログラマが存在しなければ構築することができなかったゲーミング環境の開放性を高め，多様な問題群を容易に扱える研究者やフィールドワーカーのための基盤を構築する．

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：一般社団法人情報処理学会  

機械翻訳連携サービスにより情報伝達を行う場合，正確性の確保が課題となる.サービス過程における翻訳文の書換えを中心とする翻訳リペアは,正確性の補完に寄与するが，この翻訳リペアを連携サービスとして配置する場合，1）その翻訳文が書かれた言語を母語とする人が翻訳リペアを行えるかどうか，2）翻訳リペアを機械翻訳サービスの入力文に対して行うのか，ないし出力文に対して行うのか，により，その正確性に差異が生じる．本研究では越語－英語－日本語の機械翻訳連携プロセスを事例として，特に，英－日の翻訳過程において翻訳リペアサービスをどのように配置することが効果的かを，正確性評価や書換え作業負荷から考察した．

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：一般社団法人情報処理学会  

異言語間において知識を伝達することは国際的な活動にとって非常に重要な課題である．本研究では，ベトナムの児童を仲介して日本人の専門家がベトナムの農業従事者に知識を伝達する，YMC-Vietプロジェクトをケーススタディとして取り上げる．本稿では，日本人専門家とベトナム人児童間の多言語知識コミュニケーションを分析し，生じていたミスコミュニケーションを明らかにした．知識を一方的に伝達するだけのコミュニケーションモデルであるために問題が生じていたため，相互的なコミュニケーションを実現できるようなコミュニケーションパスを導入することを提案する．

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：一般社団法人情報処理学会  

YMC-Vietというプロジェクトでは，日本人専門家の知識を翻訳技術を用いてベトナム人稲作農家へ伝達する事業を行っている．日本語からベトナム語へ翻訳を行う場合，機械翻訳を適用するだけでは翻訳精度が十分ではない，人手による翻訳は，機械翻訳よりも高い精度の翻訳ができるがコストが高い．本研究では，機械翻訳と翻訳前編集を組み合わせた翻訳プロセスを検討する．一般の人間が担当可能な前編集により，機械翻訳の品質を改善することが狙いである．

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Language：English   Publisher：一般社団法人情報処理学会  

The availability of documents in multiple languages provides a challenge to maintain consistency of information in the multilingual documents. In this research we present a mechanism to manage inconsistencies in the parallel multilingual documents. We propose a state transition model to define the states of the sentence in the multilingual documents, the set of actions performed on these sentences, the set of transition functions that describe the state transition of the sentences when actions are performed on them. We then define consistency checking with a set of consistency rules to signal states of the sentences leading to inconsistencies. We apply our mechanism for managing inconsistencies in the multilingual document on "Traffic Safety Guidelines for Pedestrians and Cyclists" issued by Japan Traffic Safety Association by defining the state transition model of the multilingual contents and applying consistency checking and handling for managing inconsistencies. We found that our mechanism greatly improves the task of locating inconsistent portions in the document and the inconsistent versions of the multilingual documents and guaranteeing the consistency of information in multilingual documents.

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：一般社団法人電子情報通信学会  

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DOI： 10.1109/CultureComputing.2013.5

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：一般社団法人電子情報通信学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Forum on Information Technology  

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Language：English   Publisher：The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers  

In service-oriented collective intelligence, service providers create composite services satisfying users' requirements by workflows. However, users have difficulties in controlling composite service execution except for selecting services to be composed beforehand. In other words, all users can do is to just wait for responses from composite services after invoking them. Therefore, we have proposed an extended service binding technology so that users can control composite service execution by themselves. Especially, we have introduced alternative list binding and user preference-based binding that decide a concrete service in invoking a constituent service within a composite service.

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers  

The interfaces and invocation methods of language services on the Language Grid are standardized. This makes contribution to effective development of client applications by introducing a development framework. In this paper, we introduce Language Grid Toolbox, which consists of a development of framework and basic functions for multilingual communication support tools. We show key features of Toolbox architecture, basic functions and APIs which enable effective development of multilingual communication support tools.

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers  

Compared to content-oriented collective intelligence like Wikipedia which accumulates and owns contents on the system, this paper describes service-oriented collective intelligence which accumulates distributed ser-vices. In this paper, we call a platform to realize service-oriented collective intelligence "service grid," and design its system architecture and necessary functions the service grid should provide to satisfy stakeholders' needs; providers, users, and operators. Especially, this paper focuses on service management, and customizing service grid.

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Japanese Society for Artificial Intelligence  

DOI： 10.11517/jjsai.24.1_126_2

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Event date： 2014.9.9

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Event date： 2014.2.26

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Although the iterative process of improving communication model is important for multi-language knowledge communication, there are no method for analyzing and evaluating the model. This paper focuses on the awareness which is important on the computer-mediated collaboration and revealed the difference of recognized situations between Japanese experts and Vietnamese children through analyses of the interview and Q&A data of the communication on the agricultural support project in Vietnam. From the analyses, we found that (i) the lack of awareness is founded on 40% of Q&A data and that (ii) there are no bad influence on knowledge communication in almost Q&A data which lack the awareness.

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Event date： 2014.1.10

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The emergence of crowdsourcing brings high possibilities for solving complex tasks with crowd workers. In such environments, complex tasks are always decomposed into small subtasks that are controlled by workflows. However, uncertain ability and reliability of crowd workers make it difficult to define the best workflow beforehand. To provide flexible mechanisms for coordination of crowd workers, we propose a blackboard architecture for controlling the crowdsourcing environments. For example, multiple subtasks can be executed by multiple crowd workers in parallel, and next candidate subtasks are determined based on evaluation of workers' results. In the proposed blackboard architecture, the data-driven model enables the dynamic control of task execution by evaluating the reliability of workers' results, which are used to predict the ability of workers for improvement of execution control. Moreover, we use an example of complex task for Japanese-Indonesian translation to illustrate the proposed approach and discuss the possibility of applying blackboard architecture in crowdsourcing environments.

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Event date： 2013.3.6

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機械翻訳連携サービスにより情報伝達を行う場合,正確性の確保が課題となる.サービス過程における翻訳文の書換えを中心とする翻訳リペアは,正確性の補完に寄与するが,この翻訳リペアを連携サービスとして配置する場合,1)その翻訳文が書かれた言語を母語とする人が翻訳リペアを行えるかどうか,2)翻訳リペアを機械翻訳サービスの入力文に対して行うのか,ないし出力文に対して行うのか,により,その正確性に差異が生じる.本研究では越語-英語-日本語の機械翻訳連携プロセスを事例として,特に,英-日の翻訳過程において翻訳リペアサービスをどのように配置することが効果的かを,正確性評価や書換え作業負荷から考察した.

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Event date： 2013.3.6

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Event date： 2013.3.6

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Event date： 2013.3.6

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Event date： 2013.3.6

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YMC-Vietというプロジェクトでは,日本人専門家の知識を翻訳技術を用いてベトナム人稲作農家へ伝達する事業を行っている.日本語からベトナム語へ翻訳を行う場合,機械翻訳を適用するだけでは翻訳精度が十分ではない,人手による翻訳は,機械翻訳よりも高い精度の翻訳ができるがコストが高い.本研究では,機械翻訳と翻訳前編集を組み合わせた翻訳プロセスを検討する.一般の人間が担当可能な前編集により,機械翻訳の品質を改善することが狙いである.

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Event date： 2013.3.6

Language：Japanese  

異言語間において知識を伝達することは国際的な活動にとって非常に重要な課題である.本研究では,ベトナムの児童を仲介して日本人の専門家がベトナムの農業従事者に知識を伝達する,YMC-Vietプロジェクトをケーススタディとして取り上げる.本稿では,日本人専門家とベトナム人児童間の多言語知識コミュニケーションを分析し,生じていたミスコミュニケーションを明らかにした.知識を一方的に伝達するだけのコミュニケーションモデルであるために問題が生じていたため,相互的なコミュニケーションを実現できるようなコミュニケーションパスを導入することを提案する.

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Event date： 2013.3.6

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Event date： 2013.2.18

Language：English  

In the machine translation mediated communication, miscommunication emerges because of the ignorable translation errors It is proposed to shift from the transparent-channel metaphor for machine translator to the human-interpreter (agent) metaphor Interactivity between agent and communication participants will help eliminate the translation errors, the noise of the channel However, there is no unique model to describe these interactions We propose a simple conceptual model to describe the interactivity We analyzed concrete interactions, and described a three-interaction model Based on it, we clarified three interactivity levels to category the agent's ability to eliminate translation error and clear the miscommunication After examining several existing works of interactions, we argued that our proposal will be helpful for better understanding of interactivity for machine translation mediated communication

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Event date： 2013.2.18

Language：Japanese  

Gaming can be used as a communication tool for multinational/multicultural people to share and un-derstand problems. We integrate a multi-language communication environment and a gaming environment, where people can play games with multi-cultural context. We further conduct a controlled experiment of language service management to investigate relations between gaming results and field survey or theoretical model.

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Event date： 2013.2.11

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Event date： 2013

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In this paper, we discuss the complementarcty effect by writing services in the language translation Web service workflow. Previous research has found that mistranslation and loss of meaning occurs in the machine translation workflow. We set up two different types of writing service allocation : previous rewriting process and follow-on rewriting process. We conducted experiments to evaluate adequacy and fluency of the sentences, costs and affinity. As a result, Japanese rewriting task as follow-on rewriting service is more fluency than English rewriting task as previous rewriting service, with nearly equal adequacy.

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Other Link： https://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/conf/culture/culture2013.html#YamaguchiHKNIL13

Event date： 2013

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Event date： 2012.11.9

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Recently, due to large amount of available machine translation services, selecting proper translation service is getting important. However, the problem is that service selection based on evaluation of the translation accuracy is too expensive to evaluate them for all translation services. In this work, we propose the method to obtain comparison of translation accuracy by crowdsourcing and the ranking of from comparison data. The correlation between the rankings by proposed method and professional accuracy showed the feasibility of our method.

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Event date： 2012.9.4

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Event date： 2012.2.28

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The emergence of crowdsourcing makes various types of tasks done in more and more efficient ways with low costs. Meanwhile, with the development of service-oriented computing, more and more Web services are provided for users. However, there are situations that Web services cannot meet users' QoS requirements. Therefore, pure Web services are always not enough when constructing business processes. In this paper, we propose the composition of crowdsourced services and Web services for QoS improvement. Further, this study aims at analyzing how QoS dimensions of crowdsourced services and Web services affect each other in the business processes. We use an example of the translation process to illustrate the proposed approach.

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Event date： 2010.3.8

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Event date： 2010.3.8

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