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We investigated the relationship between impedance parameters and skeletal muscle function in the lower extremities, as well as the effectiveness of impedance parameters in evaluating muscle quality. Lower extremity impedance of 19 healthy men (aged 23-31 years) measured using the direct segmental multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance analysis were arc-optimized using the Cole-Cole model, following which phase angle (PA), [Formula: see text], and β were estimated. Skeletal muscle function was assessed by muscle thickness, muscle intensity, and isometric knee extension force (IKEF). IKEF was positively correlated with PA (r = 0.58, p < 0.01) and β (r = 0.34, p < 0.05) was negatively correlated with [Formula: see text] (r = - 0.43, p < 0.01). Stepwise multiple regression analysis results revealed that PA, β, and [Formula: see text] were correlated with IKEF independently of muscle thickness. This study suggests that arc-optimized impedance parameters are effective for evaluating muscle quality and prediction of muscle strength.

DOI： 10.1186/s12576-020-00780-z

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DOI： 10.1109/19.492772

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The electrical impedance of a living tissue reflects its cell construction and physiological activity. For this purpose we developed an automatic sensing device of electrical tissue characteristics. The system is composed of a part measuring impedance at multifrequency points and a part analyzing parameters of dispersion of bioelectrical impedance. Impedances are measured at eight frequency points of 1 kHz–500 kHz. The parameters for Cole-Cole arc's law are determined automatically by a personal computer program. © 1995 IEEE.

DOI： 10.1109/19.387319

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The paper describes the use of human-limb impedance for biodynamic analysis. The change of human-limb impedance during movement was measured, and was found to be related to kinematic and kinetic parameters. Strong relationships were found between the velocity of change of the forearm impedance and the angular velocity of the elbow joint (correlation coefficient r=-0·97), between the change of foream impedance and the acceleration of a human limb (r=0·86), and between the change of forearm impedance and the velocity of a human limb (r=0·79). A change of upper-limb impedance was caused by a change in a sectional area of muscular tissue in the measured part and a change of blood volume during movement of an upper limb. In tennis, there was a strong relationship between a change of forearm impedance and ball velocity (r=0·87). Impedance waveforms were useful for analysis of the movement pattern and the stability of movement in tennis. This method has the following characteristics: (a) it does not have a spatial and temporal limitation for measurement
(b) the subject is scarcely restricted in movement
(c) the data processing can be handled easily and quickly
(d) impedance waveforms inherently show magnitude, form and stability of movement. © 1992 IFMBE.

DOI： 10.1007/BF02457823

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：WILEY-BLACKWELL  

In order to solve nonlinear differential equations concerning spinal stretch reflexes in the pendulum test, mutually synchronized values of the angle, angular velocity, and angular acceleration in the knee joint are frequently used as initial values. In this study, we propose a method which can detect both the angle and angular acceleration in the knee joint at the same time by simple operations on the outputs of two accelerometers. The principle of knee-joint motion detection, the evaluation of amplitude accuracy in the measured waveforms, and the evaluation of synchronization accuracy are successively described. (c) 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 95(7): 4148, 2012; Published online in Wiley Online Library (). DOI 10.1002/ecj.11383

DOI： 10.1002/ecj.11383

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan (IEE Japan)  

In order to solve nonlinear differential equations concerning with the spinal stretch reflexes in pendulum test, mutually synchronized values of angle, angular velocity and angular acceleration in the knee-joint are frequently used as their initial ones. In this study, we propose a method which can detect both angle and angular acceleration in the knee-joint at the same time by simple operations on the outputs of two accelerometers. Here, the principle of knee-joint motion detection, evaluation of amplitude accuracy in measured waveforms, that of synchronization accuracy are described in this order.

DOI： 10.1541/ieejeiss.131.1564

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN  

Electrodermal activity (EDA) is well known as sensing emotional activity and autonomous nerve activity easily. There are skin resistance change (SRC), skin impedance change (SIC) and skin potential activity (SPA) for measurement of EDA. SPA consisted of skin potential level (SPL) and skin potential reflex (SPR) has been used well in recent years. However, there are various kinds of patterns in SPR, and not enough is known about the formative mechanism of SPA. Then, we examined these things. In the measurement of SPL, we require a rigid standard electrode accompanied by removing of stratum corneum. This treatment accompanies by some pain to subjects. Inadequate removing of the stratum corneum will tend to bring uncertainty of measurement result. Therefore, if the relationship between the degree of fall of SIL and fall of SPL accompanied by removing of stratum corneum are clarified, and sufficient removing for construction of standard electrode is checked by impedance, this approach is reasonable. Then we proposed, in the standard electrode site, the stratum corneum should be abraded when the skin impedance is less than about 0.8 kohm. The SPL of standard electrode expected to be under 2mV. Next, we proposed the equivalent electrical circuit model of measuring system for SPA, which was based on EDA model proposed by Edelberg. We described the complex SPR phenomena by the model. Furthermore, by the relation with environmental temperature, EDA measurements in various body surface parts were performed, and the relevance of thermal perspiration and mental perspiration was considered. The EDA in skin of palm and forearm were characterized by independency and a relationship between sweating due to thermal agents and sweating due to mental or sensory agents. The relativity of sweating at every point of human body to mental and sensory activity was emphasized at the high room temperature condition.

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With steady aging of society, the number of patients with dysphagia due to esophageal cancer and to muscular and neural diseases is increasing. This tendency is a problem from the viewpoint of social welfare. We intended to develop a simple quantitative evaluation method for the swallowing function, and we propose impedance pharyngography (IPG), which can measure noninvasively the electrical impedance of the neck during swallowing. Although the swallowing function is reflected in the IPG, the effect of swallowing function degradation on the waveform varies depending on the cause of the problem, making it difficult to compare simply the IPGs of subjects with various states of the swallowing function. In this study, four parameters are defined, based on the normal IPGs of normal young subjects, in order to evaluate the waveform features representing the swallowing function, namely, the pharynx transit time, the rate of impedance change, the similarity, and the timing of the swallowing sound. Then, a method is proposed to evaluate the IPG quantitatively. IPGs of two groups, young and elderly, are analyzed in terms of these parameters, and it is shown that the degradation of the lifting speed and the lifting distance of the larynx, and also degradation of smooth activity of the organs related to swallowing, can be detected as differences in the parameters. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

DOI： 10.1002/scj.20588

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We evaluated impedance pharyngography (IPG), a new method to assess swallowing function based on changes in the electrical impedance of the neck during swallowing. The electrical impedance of the neck, recorded by the 4-electrode method, changed with the equivalent cross-sectional area of the route of the electric current due to reflex activities of related organs during swallowing. IPG waveforms accurately recorded the swallowing process, therefore. We recommend IPG for assessing swallowing function because we expect IPG to provide the following advantages over conventional diagnostic techniques: it is a quantitative method that allows for the objective assessment of swallowing function; it is a simple procedure that is convenient for the patient and could be used for screening; it is inexpensive and non-invasive, so could be performed repeatedly in situations such as rehabilitation; and it uses highly portable equipment suitable for community use.

DOI： 10.1177/147323000403200605

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Although gait training equipment such as the bicycle ergometer and treadmill exists for patients whose walking ability is high, there is no appropriate gait trainingmethod or training instrument for patients whose walking ability has become impaired, who often use a cane or walker, etc. in the course of daily life. In the case of gait training for persons whose walking ability involves impaired locomotion, there is always the danger of a fall. Consequently, a caregiver is required, and the effect of the training is cut by half because the patient's anxiety about falling is exacerbated. Slow stepping affords strengthening and balance training of the leg muscles for patients whose walking ability has become low, and walkingability is improved. However, whether such training appropriately carries out stepping and the degree of the effect of such training has not been evaluated. Therefore, we have developed a stepping measurement device that monitors stepping for evaluation and training of walking ability. This system consists of two mat switches for stepping, a measuring circuit for stepping detection, and abook-sized personal computer with a PC card-type AD converter. This system can detect a left or right single stance phase and a double stance phase relative to theON, OFF condition of the mat switch. After measurement, the following items are analyzed and displayed: ・number of steps, ・average time of double stance phase, ・the average time of single stance phase, and so on. Finally, we measured the stepping of subjects whose walking ability is low, and showed the relationship between daily walking conditions and stepping conditions. The effectiveness of this system was considered in light of the results.

DOI： 10.18926/15199

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Impedance Pharyngography (IPG) measures neck electrical impedance during swallowing. IPG method is simple procedures and the technique which can perform noninvasiveevaluation of swallowing function. IPG waveform reflects swallowing function. However, the influence on IPG waveform by swallowing hypofunction is various by the causes. That is, it will be dependent on a measurement person's subjectivity to compare directly IPG waveforms of subjects whose states of swallowing function differs, andobjectivity is missing.

DOI： 10.18926/15189

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Other Link： http://search.jamas.or.jp/link/ui/2005101494

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Quantitative evaluation of the edema is important for perinatal medicine. In a conventional method, the volume of human limb has been estimated by 2 circumferences of the measurement position, which is measured with the tape measure. However, the following errors makes this measurement insufficient; ・the error by the way of winding of a measure to the measurement position, ・the error between volume of model geometry of measurement position and one of real shape of measurement position and so on.Then, we have developed a volume meter of human limb for the edema evaluation, which is high precision and suitable for the everyday use. Archimedes' principle was applied as this measurement principle. The mass change of water tankwith water, when the measurement part water in, was converted to volume of measurement part. The linearity, resolution, stability. reproducibility of the volume meter was investigated. Considering these results, we found that the specification of this equipment was high precise as follows; maximum volume of 25,000 cm(3), resolutionof 1 cm(3), nonlinearity of 0.007%. We also measured the diurnal volume change of foot and lower leg in three subjects. We found that the differences between foot and lower leg or among the subjects. The developed volume meter can be expected to apply to quantitative evaluationof the edema.

DOI： 10.18926/15205

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The esophagus cancer patient is conscious of passage disorder due to esophagus tumor, to greater or less degrees. Many of patients diagnosed as the esophagus cancerdecide to take operation, because they want to come to be able to eat as easily as before they are diagnosed as esophagus cancer. However many patients encounter the change of swallowing sense. In the long run, they must swallow consciously when they eat everything. They are not informed about the change of swallowing sense. Therefore, the patient feels strong anxiety when they noticed about the change. This time, we had an interview about the change of swallowing sense after operation to the patient. In addition, we measured the swallowing activity by using IPG and swallowing sound. As a result, all patients is conscious of the change of swallowing sense. And we noticed the change of IPG wave and the swallowing sound occurred except Pharynx period. So patients want to be informed about the change of swallowing sense strongly before they take operation. And it is necessary for the patient to be informed about the change of swallowing before they take operation.

DOI： 10.18926/15243

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A modelling of interface construction relating to power-line interference phenomenon was described. Source of interference was displacement currents which flowed from AC power-line configuration (APC) to a model. The interference depends on some factors: distance between the APC and a model ; length of unshielded leads ; position of the APC in vertical or horizontal direction ; and skin-electrode impedances which were balance or unbalanced. The position of APC and skin-electrode impedances were important in contributing of the interference. The interference was still large even though skin-electrode impedances were balance. This was caused by the disagreement in two displacement currents. It was overcame by adjustment of APC in vertical direction. As a result, total interference would be very small or zero. The result shows that interference in ECG signal recording can be eliminated to about 10 μV. Although interference of power-lines is a complicated phenomenon, the problem is easier to understand by using this modelling.

DOI： 10.18926/11726

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DOI： 10.1007/BF02512491

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This paper describes motion analyses during running which used distance-velocity meter and bioelectrical impedance method. The distance-velocity meter is constructed of a rotary encoder, a string of high strength and high elasticity, and a guide wire. It gives information on the distance and velocity of the runner in every running point with high precision. A lower leg electrical impedance is used in this bioelectrical impedance method. This method gives information on landing point, take-off point, ankle angle and so on during running. Impedance wave form is able to observe intuitively the motion of running and to divide the running period. Using these results, we can analyze running in relation to stride length, pitch,running speed and running form. First, the measurement system is described in terms of construction, performance and measure ment method. The accuracy of measurement in distanceis ±(0.03%+0.8cm). The accuracy of measurement in velocity of running is 1% for an average distance over 48cm. The non-linearity of impedance measurement by telemetry is ±0.5% to the extent of ±10 ohms. The measuring area is about 100m from the antenna. Next, the method of running is analyzed. Impedance wave form during running is discussed in relation to the running motion. The results show that the characteristics of various running forms appear in the wave form of lower leg impedance. The stride length is also determined with the accuracy of about 1%. Last, this method is applied for 100m and middle-distance races, and discussed. This measurement system is simple and easy to handle. Hence, it can also be used for analysis of other field and track events-hurdle races or running broad jump, for example.

DOI： 10.3951/biomechanisms.11.43

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Responsible for pages：19-24  

DOI： 10.5772/2665

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Total pages：415   Responsible for pages：8-9   Language：Japanese

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Other Link： https://www.taiyo-g.com/shousai77.html

Language：Japanese   Publisher：Japanese Society for Medical and Biological Engineering  

<p>Although pendulum-test is a simple and objective method to estimate spasticity by the use of the waveform of knee-joint pendulum motion, it isn't easy to unify lower-leg support situation at the beginning of its measurement without heavy burden on the subject. Large amount of fluctuation therefore exists in initial part of most waveform. We measured knee-joint angular velocity waveforms under the initial hip-joint positions of different angle as the first step to clarify its behavior. In each case, a damped oscillation was observed which constructed by 2~3 saw-tooth like spikes, and the higher the angle of the initial position was, the larger its amplitude became. Inverse simulation of the measured waveform showed that, the larger the initial angle of the hip-joint was, the larger the residual became. Present problem is to develop some way to be able to remove such an influence, reserving the present lower-leg support situation. </p>

DOI： 10.11239/jsmbe.Annual58.395

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<p>The deterioration of skin barrier function causes symptoms such as allergy as various chemical substances may enter human body. We think it is very useful to quantitatively evaluate the stratum corneum thickness and the water content of stratum corneum as the skin barrier function in domains such as dermatology, nursing science and the cosmetics development. We studied the new model regarded as the parallel model of the resistor and the capacitor applied the stratum corneum thickness of the skin stripped model measured the confocal laser scanning microscopy and the water content of stratum corneum of the skin stripped model measured the confocal raman microscopy. We found the stratum corneum thickness with the impedance has strong correlation with the stratum corneum thickness with the confocal laser scanning microscopy, and the water content of stratum corneum with the impedance has strong correlation with the stratum corneum thickness with the confocal raman microscopy.</p>

DOI： 10.11239/jsmbe.Annual58.400

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<p>In pendulum-test of seated subjects, measured waveforms had frequently included much distortion due to the lower-leg supporting force remained after its release. The authors had tried to correct it by approximating the damping pattern of the force with a linear one. In this study, we used a more accurate damping pattern of quadratic curve in place of the linear pattern. The former pattern was derived from variation of lower-leg supporting pressure measured on the way of the pendulum-test. The results of inverse simulation to waveforms measured from two healthy subjects and two spastic patients showed that its accuracy was improved more highly than in the case of the linear pattern and there existed considerable difference between estimations of spasticity obtained under two patterns. A future work is to grope for possibility of practical use.</p>

DOI： 10.11239/jsmbe.Annual58.397

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：公益社団法人 日本生体医工学会  

<p>Electrical Impedance Myography（EIM）は, 表面電極を用いた骨格筋の固有インピーダンス測定により, 筋線維の構造的完成度や疾患原性変化などの質的な評価指標となり得る可能性が示されている. しかし, 骨格筋は皮下脂肪などの非筋肉組織より深部に位置することから, 対象筋に応じた電極間距離の調整が必要である. 本研究は下肢筋の固有インピーダンス測定に向けた基礎的研究として, 深部筋群のEIMを想定した電極間距離と電流到達距離の関係性を調査した.本実験では, 容器に生理食塩水を入れ, 水面に設置した2つの表面電極（Ag-AgCl, 15 mm×10 mm）により, 生理食塩水のインピーダンスの大きさZをLCRメータ（4284A, Agilent）で測定した.水深xがある値以上となればZは一定値となり, 水深を浅くすると電流経路の狭くなることでZは増加するため,電極間距離D（50-190 mm, 6条件）に対して水深（4-60 mm）を 4 mm間隔で変化させてZを測定した. 電極間距離Dにおけるxに対するZを指数関数と定数との和として近似計算した. Zの推定値がこの定数値105％の値となるxを電流到達距離Lと定義した. 本実験の結果, Dが19 mmの場合, Lは31.6 mmとなった. さらに電極間距離Dと電流到達距離Lには直線的な相関関係を示した.</p>

DOI： 10.11239/jsmbe.Annual57.S190_2

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<p>The deterioration of skin barrier function causes symptoms such as allergy as various chemical substances may enter human body. It is very useful to quantitatively evaluate the state of the skin barrier in domains such as dermatology, nursing science and the cosmetics development. Therefore the authors developed an impedance measuring device for evaluation of skin barrier function. As the head of this device contacts the skin, the parameters, such as susceptance B and admittance Y in two kinds of frequencies, are measured in approximately five seconds. It calculates skin barrier index correlates the stratum corneum thickness. The correlation with these parameters and the stratum corneum thickness measured the confocal laser scanning microscopy, and the regression expressions for estimation of the stratum corneum thickness were examined. We found that the thickness of the stratum corneum using impedance is equivalent to the thickness of the stratum corneum by confocal laser scanning microscopy.</p>

DOI： 10.11239/jsmbe.Annual56.S404

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<p>At the beginning of the pendulum-test, some fluctuation is induced in the femur by its upward shifting with releasing of lower-leg. This study analyzes its influence upon lower-leg motion by simulations. The fluctuation is controlled by a viscoelastic element of the iliopsoas muscle including the sitting seat. Behavior of all over the leg is modeled as a double pendulum constructed based on the viscoelastic elements and an existing lower-leg sub-model. We analyzed the femoral motion and the lower-leg motion under the double pendulum model. It was seen from the results that a tiny and nonlinear fluctuation like that appeared in measured angular acceleration waveforms exists also in the simulated lower-leg ones, and that its amplitude increased with increases of the upward shifting or advance of spasticity. One of the urgent works is to investigate some way to remove the fluctuation from measured waveform.</p>

DOI： 10.11239/jsmbe.Annual56.S188

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<p>In order to simplify the procedure of its execution in our pendulum-test, an examiner had supported the lower-leg of the subject in a sitting situation manually until just before its start. The supporting force had however been apt to remain for a short time after its start. This study analyzed the influence of the residual supporting force on the lower-leg motion. It was assumed that the residual force decreased linearly with time. A simulator for the analysis was constructed by supplementing the function of the residual force to the existing one under such assumption. The influence on the lower-leg motion was investigated by comparing simulated waveforms with measured ones. Time when the force disappears was determined by means of reverse simulation of the measured waveform, so that both waveforms agreed as much as possible. As the results, the accuracy of the simulator increased dramatically.</p>

DOI： 10.11239/jsmbe.Annual56.S187

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<p>It has been known from our experience that femur-tibia contact point shifting can occur inside the knee-joint in the pendulum-test by a tiny difference in lower-leg and return to the original position on the way of its execution. This study analyzes its influence on the lower-leg motions. Its shifting is expressed as an angle between the lower-leg and the straight line connecting the contact point with the knee-joint axis. The function of the return from the shifting is modeled by introducing imaginary viscoelastic elements, whose values are proportional to the magnitude of the angle. The lower-leg motion is simulated by the use of the existing pendulum-test model supplemented with the viscoelastic elements. It is shown from the results that, the larger the angle and/or the higher the spasticity of the subject is, the more the disturbance increases.</p>

DOI： 10.11239/jsmbe.Annual56.S189

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It is well-known that the knee joint reflex of the spastic patient is facilitated by increasing of &gamma;-motoneuron excitability and decreasing of presynaptic inhibition capability. There had been however few reports about quantification of these factors. We tried therefore to represent the knee joint reflex two-dimensionally with them. Ten waveforms of the knee-joint motion for the quantification were reconstructed from the pendulum-test data measured from stroke patients of 1 or 1+ MAS grade at supine position by Kim et al [JBSE, Vol. 6, No. 3]. Indexes of the quantification were firing-rate to &gamma;-motoneuron H_&gamma;d and reciprocal of firing-rate to presynaptic inhibition neuron H_ie. Their normalized values were estimated by an inverse pendulum-test simulator in which both spinal-cord model and spindle model were improved so that the value of each parameter might be determined to only one. According to results of the inverse simulation, plots of (H_&gamma;d, H_ie) in the subjects showed a two dimensional extent and there existed some subjects having pretty different values even if with the same MAS and near equal R-I index.

DOI： 10.11239/jsmbe.53.S260_01

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The purposes of this research were ● the detection of optimal electrodes location for wrist movement and ● the improvement of hitting ratio of discrimination of throwing motion. Five parameters (Z_0,Z_∞,R_i,f_m,β) based on the frequency characteristic of the forearm electrical impedance were measured during fundamental movement of the forearm part and throwing a baseball. As a result, the optimal electrode location were the wrist joint side of a flexor carpi radialis muscle. More highly precise discrimination (96.7%) exceeding the conventional result (95.8%) were obtained using new parameters.

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Authors have discussed the simulator to estimate reflex of the spastic patients quantitatively from knee joint angular acceleration waveforms measured by the pendulum test. In this study, we improved the simulator so that the reflex could be estimated quantitatively by two indexes. We first integrated 3 stimuli from CNS to the spinal cord into two ones (stimulus F_γ, to γ-motoneuron and stimulus F_<ie> to presynaptic inhibition neuron) corresponding to principal factors of the reflex by improving both models of the spindle and the spinal cord in the existing simulator. Next, we ascertained that the reflex could be estimated by the values of F_γ, and F_<ie> that were determined from the angular acceleration waveform by the use of the simulator. This method will be notably advance quality of the spasticity estimation under the pendulum test in the final stage.

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The authors developed a pendulum test model that can simulate knee-joint motions of spastic patients. It is however impossible to estimate input values (F_γ, F_i, F_e) from CNS to the spinal-cord by reverse simulation of measured knee-joint motion. In the report, we will first detail the muscle spindle sub-model, so that its output may have a product component of γ-motoneuron excitability F_γ and muscle spindle stretch speed V. We will next clarify the range of their possible values in 3 dimensional space based on the known clinical knowledge, and finally estimate the value of the input F_e to α-motoneuron by the use of measured knee-joint motion by another approach. If F_e is known, we can estimate other inputs by reverse simulation.

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In pendulum test, a goniometer has been used to know knee joint motions. In this study, we propose a new method to detect the knee-joint motion precisely as a change of angular acceleration without disturbing its natural movement. Two linear accelerometers are attached on an aluminum bar, the end of which is fixed to the referential goniometer. The pendular motion is induced by swinging the bar, and measured accelerometers and the goniometer as an angular acceleration waveform and an angle waveform, respectively. The waveforms are compared each other to study the accuracy of the proposed method. It is confirmed that the proposed method has enough precision for pendulum test of the knee joint motions.

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers  

The authors have constructed a model that can precisely simulate knee joint angular acceleration waveforms measured at pendulum test, and have also improved the model so that it may convert the waveform of any subject into that of a standard virtual one with the same degree of spasticity. In the report, we propose a way to estimate spasticity using the latter model. We first clarify from the results of simulation that it is difficult to discriminate the difference between waveforms induced by two inputs (F_i, F_N) at pendulum test. Second we show that many combinations of (F_i, F_N) correspond to only one value of the index obtained from any existing method for spasticity estimation and, based on the result, try to estimate the spasticity quantitatively using a two dimensional space separated into four regions according to its degree. Each of the marks (●,◎,○,□) shows the number of reflex generations on the way of pendulum test.

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This paper describes a detailed model (pendulum test model) to be able to utilize for simulations of knee joint motions obtained by pendulum test. First, we construct a simple pendulum test model based on existing organ models and clarify from the simulation results by the use of the model that there exist two difficulties impairing its accuracy. Next, in order to overcome them, we add two functions to some of the organ models in the simple pendulum test model. One is a function that the muscle viscosity in the muscle model changes nonlinearly according to dynamic state transition of actin/myosin. The other is a function that the threshold value of the firing in the alpha-motoneuron model slightly decreases in the early stage of the pendulum test by the amount proportional to the total of the first burst firing. Finally, we confirm from simulations of knee joint motions measured experimentally that the improved pendulum test model has an excellent performance of accuracy. The model will be very useful for estimation of spasticity.

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Pendulum test had been used for trial diagnoses of spastic human subjects. The angle. of knee joint had been measured with a potentiometer and the first and second order derivatives of. had been used for obtaining of angular velocity and angular acceleration, respectively. It was not easy however to hold the position of the potentiometer stable and even if the position slightly shifted, a large error might occur in the detected signal. Furthermore, the differential process trended to accompany a big noise. Then we developed a new method to measure the knee joint motions by the use of some accelerometer. The accelerometer could be attached to a lower leg easily and stably. If only one accelerometer was used however, both of knee joint angular velocity and knee joint angle calculated by integration might be accompanied with a large error, because it was under the influence of gravity. In order to overcome the difficulty, a measurement system for knee joint motions was constructed with a couple of accelerometers in this study. The accurate angular acceleration could be calculated as the difference between two output values of the accelerometers. The angular accelerations, angular velocities and angles in knee joint motions of normal subjects and spastic subjects were measured by the use of this system and it was shown that the error originated to the gravity decreased drastically comparing with the case of the only one accelerometer. This system would be useful for diagnosis of spastic patients by the use of pendulum test and for parameter decisions of the biomechanical and neural knee joint model.

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers  

The discriminant analysis was used to discriminate between six movements of forarm -palmar flexion, dorsi flexion, ulnar deviation, radial deviation, pronation and supination- using change ratios of four parameters (R_e, R_i, f_m, β) of forearm electrical impedance. When the joint angle in the continuous movement was more than 40 degrees, we could discriminate among the six movements. The reason why there were a lot of misdiscrimination in less than 40 degrees of angle joint was considered as follows: the discriminant equations were inappropriate for small joint angle, SN ratio was smaller then one in large joint angle. These results were suggested that the discriminant analysis using parameters of electrical impedance could be useful for discrimination of continuous movement.

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Other Link： http://search.jamas.or.jp/link/ui/2008365766

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers  

We have analyzed running for 90 minutes on a treadmill using lower leg electrical impedance. The subjects wore the three types of running shoes in this experiment. An acceleration of the ankle joint angle and surface electromyogram (EMG) of Vastus lateralis (VL), Tibialis anterior (TA) and Gastrocnemius (GC) were measured. The subjects also replied the questionnaire that was including the feeling of the shoes and fatigue before, during and after the running. The impedance data during the running was compared with the acceleration, EMG and questionnaire. As results, we could detect the characteristics of the movement which reflected the ankle joint angle and adapted to the character of the shoe, and evaluate the stability of the movement. We have found that the existence of sense of incongruity of shoes was influenced a change of impedance waveform. The measurement of lower leg electrical impedance might be able to monitor running form and/or to evaluate physical fatigue during treadmill running.

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Publisher：SPIE  

DOI： 10.1117/12.717000

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers  

The analysis of bioelectrical impedance with some independent parameters is used for accurate evaluation or discrimination of human motion. This paper shows results of motion discrimination of wrist joint using four parameters of forearm electrical impedance: Z_0, Z_∞, f_m and β. Discriminant analysis was used to determine which change ratios of four parameters of forearm electrical impedance with each movement discriminate between six motions. As results of a subject with 60 data, hitting ratio was very high and 95.0%. Two supinations and on radial deviation were mistaken. There were shorter Mahalanobis distances between centroid of supination groups and centroid of ulnar/radial deviation groups. This was caused by differences of impedance change between subjects in even same motion. This analysis using parameters of electrical impedance could be motion discrimination.

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Other Link： http://search.jamas.or.jp/link/ui/2007008189

Language：Japanese   Publisher：社団法人日本生体医工学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：社団法人日本生体医工学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers  

In order to analyze biodynamics using bioelectrical impedance, we have developed a measurement system for frequency characteristics of impedance with high time resolution of 1ms. This paper describes repeated measurement controlled by programming and parameters analysis using this system. The program can be controlled in the shortest interval 4ms and maximum 16,000 repeated times. In results of equivalent circuit with variable resistance, the accuracy of analysis was less the 1% errors. Considering the results of neck electrical impedance (IPG) during swallowing, central frequecy of Cole-Cole arc &fnof;_m and degree of distribution of relaxation time β will be promising parameters for biodynamic analysis.

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Other Link： http://search.jamas.or.jp/link/ui/2005266103

Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers  

The skin trouble like the atopic dermatitis becomes a major social issue recently. However it is not easy to diagnose the skin trouble only by a qualitative evaluation such as the ocular inspection and the palpation. It is useful to diagnose and treat of the skin trouble that skin characteristic is evaluated by a quantitative evaluation non-invasively. The subjects were grouped in 6 categories with their sexuality and state of the skin. The skin impedance was measured in the forearm by the 3-electrode method and the frequency characteristics were examined by the automatic balanced bridge method using a precision LCR meter. The measurement results were analyzed by the principal component analysis and t authorization. We indicated to distinguish the state of the skin by the measurement value of skin impedance non-invasively.

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Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：Japanese  

DOI： 10.11262/jpnbr1987.19.3_116

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In order to analyze impedance parameters in biodynamics, the measurement of frequency characteristics with a high time resolution are required. Therefore we have developed a measurement system for impedance with time resolution of 1 ms. A voltage E_A, which consisted of basic wave and 9 kinds of harmonic wave from 1 kHz to 1 MHz, were converted to current. The current flowed through human body and a potential voltage, Ey was detected in the measured part. After A/D conversion of E_V and E_A in the sampling frequency 2 MHz, data number 2048 points, the impedance were calculated. The measured time 1.024 ms was the period of the basic wave and time resolution of this system.

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Other Link： http://search.jamas.or.jp/link/ui/2006177696

Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers  

Skin impedance with the feature which can be measured non-invasively with simple apparatus is suitable for measurement of biological signal, and there are many application measurement researches using it. A measurement value of skin impedance contains not only the change of target factor but also feature of individual factor and difference of a body part, so it is hard to evaluate suitably. In order to carry out application measurement more correctly, we proposed standardization model of skin impedance built based on measurement data. Correlation with measured value and model skin impedance was high in each parameter. Coefficients of variation of normalization of skin impedance turned into 60% of coefficients of variation of measured value, and have checked validity. Utilizing a standardization model for biological signal measurement has high diagnostic accuracy, and it is useful to future application measurement.

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Other Link： http://search.jamas.or.jp/link/ui/2006177694

Language：Japanese   Publisher：社団法人日本生体医工学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：社団法人日本生体医工学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers  

A Chin-Tuck swallowing is recommended for the rehabilitation of patient of dysphasia. However Impedance Pharyngography (IPG) with Chin-Tuck swallowing includes impedance change which is influenced by neck flexion. Therefore it is difficult to evaluate swallowing using IPG. This paper describes how to eliminate component of impedance change by neck flexion from IPG in Chin-Tuck swallowing. We defined the correction IPG using an elimination method of the impedance change, which was estimated by angle of neck joint. There was high similarity between the correction IPG with Chin-Tuck swallowing and normal IPG, namely without Chin-Tuck swallowing. This method can be expected to rehabilitation fields.

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Other Link： http://search.jamas.or.jp/link/ui/2004268509

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers  

Until now, we have proposed Impedance Pharyngography (IPG) using neck electrical impedance, as a quantitative method for evaluating swallowing function. Now, we are carrying out IPG measurement of patients with dysphagia to achieve clinical applications. In this study, we considered differences of characteristics of IPG waveforms between healthy subjects and patients, and differences of characteristics of IPG waveforms in the vicinity of operation, depending on results of IPG measured for patients with dysphagia. Additionally, we propose definition of effective parameters for classifying healthy subjects and patients by a quantitative evaluation method.

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Other Link： http://search.jamas.or.jp/link/ui/2003083514

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Language：English   Publisher：International Society of Life Information Science  

The feelings of comfortableness and unpleasantness are the result of acts on the consciousness by information received through the five senses. There are indivisual differences in grasping feelings by subjective information. Therefore, it is important to use an index with objectivity. In this study, we examined the effect of two different sense stimulations on humans. We used an inipedance method which is a good index to know a person's emotion. The subjects were 8 adults. Sense of touch stimulation was given to the back with a massage machine. Classic music was used for the hearing stimulation. The measurement conditions were both at the same time and individually. The subjects reacted sensitively to the sense of touch stimulation. On the other band, the hearing stimulation reaction was dull. For the sense of touch stimulation, the subject's condition after stimulation in SIR did not return to the control condition before stimulation. We supposed that the sense of touch stimulation had some effect on humans. For two simultaneous stimulations, the reaction was different from that of the single stimulation. From these things, we clarified that various sense stimulations were affecting on humans. We can expect that application of sense stimulation gives an enhanced cure effect.

DOI： 10.18936/islis.20.2_622

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Language：Japanese  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers  

Swallowing disorders are a serious problem occurring in nerve or muscle disease, advanced age and so on. Unfortunately, it is difficult to evaluate swallowing disorders quantitatively. For this reason, we previously proposed a new method, impedance pharyngography(IPG), for evaluating swallowing disorders quantitatively and noninvasively by measuring neck electrical impedance during swallowing. In this study, the efficacy of this method was tested in a cohort of patients and advanced age, not only healthy subjects who were once measured mainly. And we have considered characteristics of each subject's result of IPG measurement.

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Other Link： http://search.jamas.or.jp/link/ui/2002051760

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Variations of human limb electrical impedance during biodynamics were caused by variations of equivalent cross sectional area of muscle and variations of blood volume. In this work, we explained variations of the impedance with variations of parameters of an equivalent circuit. The equivalent circuit consisted of five individual parameters as follows: extracellular fluid resistance, 'R_e', intracellular fluid resistance, 'R_i', characteristic frequency of dispersion, 'f_m' and parameters of dispersion of relaxation time, 'α' and 'β'. Impedances of forearm and upper arm were measured during flexion and extension of joints in upper limb. The equivalent series resistance R was strongly influenced by R_e and R_i. In case of the maximum flexion of the elbow joint, R of upper arm was influenced f_m. This means that a polarization of cell membrane changes and influences impedance during movement.

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Other Link： http://search.jamas.or.jp/link/ui/2001036498

Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers  

Electrodermal sctivity (EDA) is one of parameters which show a mind activity condition. EDA has been used for a polygraph or early detection and early treatment of mental disorder for many years. EDA is also used for image training of sports players these days. Although the applications of EDA have made advances, the mechanismof EDA is not sufficiently made clear. In this study, we measured skin potential and skin impedance simultaneously, and proposed an EDA model cosidering changes of skin potential and skin impedance. We confirmed the validity of the model using a simulation.

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Other Link： http://search.jamas.or.jp/link/ui/2000231091

Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers  

It is an aging society and people complaining of swallowing trouble have been increasing. We proposed a new method using swallowing sound to diagnose swallowing trouble. The method is simple and noninvasive. We examined reproduction and difference of swallowing sound which is due to kinds of food. And we examined the relation between swallowing sound and IPG (Impedance Pharyngography) using the neck electrical impedance.

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Other Link： http://search.jamas.or.jp/link/ui/2000027039

Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers  

Untill now, we have estimated the change of the ankle joint angle using calf impedance. The purpose of this report is to estimate the ankle angle during walking using thigh impedance and calf inpedance. First, we compared an estimation using the calf impedance only with an estimation using the thigh impedance and the calf inpedance. We confirmed that the estimation using two impedances was higher precise than the other. In cases of estimation of the ankle joint angle during walking, the calf impedance is influenced by the ankle joint moment with the floor reaction force. Therefore, we investigated relationships between the floor reaction force and the calf impedance. Considering the results, we estimated the ankle joint angle during walking using three parameters, which were the thigh impedance, the calf impedance and the floor reaction force.

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers  

We have proposed IPG (Impedance Pharyngography) using the neck electrical impedance for evaluation of swallowing. In this study, we tried parameter analysis in order to establish with the application of IPG to evaluating of swallowing as more effective method. That is to say, we realized relative and quantitative evaluating method by parameter expression which is paid attention to normality, stability and motion of IPG. Further, we analyzed parameter analysis about IPG of young people and elderly, and we examined effectiveness of our method by expressing influence of aging.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the characteristics of light transmission and electrical impedance of flowing blood in an artificial vessel including stenosis. The artificial blood vessel consisted of a rigid flow-through model. The method of impedance measurement used the four-electrodes technique based on sinusoidal current (10 kHz). Light (940 nm) was guided to the model by an optical fiber and transmitted light and was picked up by a similar fiber on the opposite side. Relative change in light transmission and electrical impedance dacreased with increasing blood flow in general. But the relative change in light transmission and electrical impedance varied differently comparing measurements close to the stenosis and at different distances from the stenosis.

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers  

We have proposed IPG(Impedance Pharyngography) for analysis of swallowing. Now, we discussed about using IPG to improve reliableness and establish diagnosis basis. That is to say, we measured neck electrical impedances simultaneously using IPG measurement application with multi channels. First, we measured IPG and Electroglottography, which using neck electrical impedance like IPG. From the result, we discussed about formative mechanism of IPG and activity of organs which are concerned with swallowing. Next, we specified the organ which is concerned with IPG forming from result of divisional measurement to the front and side of neck.

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We have measured and discussed a number of neck electrical impedances during swallowing, toward the improvement of reliability and the establishment of diagnostic bases for the swallowing disordered inspection. There are a little variations among the swallowing movements, even if in the same subject. Finst, we have discussed about the influence that the following factors have on impedance waveform : the variations of the swalloing movement, the difference the reappearance of electrodes attaching positions and the influence that the difference among food and drink cause. Next we have also discussed the mechanism of impedance pharyngography in consideration of impedances of smaller measured parts, which are parts of normal measured part, and variations of neck electrical impedance vectors on the impedance plane during swallowing.

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Recently videofluorography has been used for evaluation of swallowing function in rehabilitation field. But it is difficult to evalute swallowing disorder quantitatively. And it has problems of exposure for daily use. We have proposed evaluation methods of swallowing using bioelectrical impedance method which have advantages of easy handle and non-invasive measurement. This paper describes ・development of bioelectrical impedance meter, ・frequency characteristics of neck electrical impedance, ・results and discussion of relationships between neck electrical impedances and locations of electrodes or subjects.

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Language：English   Publisher：I E E E  

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We have proposed a method of biodynamic analysis which used the relationship between changes of human limb electrical impedance and human movement.In comparision with impedance among subjects in human movement,the impedance value and the impedance change varies because of the difference of structure of human body.Accordingly there was a problem which it was difficult to apply impedance data of a subject to biodynamic analysis of others.In this paper impedance among subjects was normalized and was fundamentally investigated for general biodynamic analysis.

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Event date： 2020

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Event date： 2021.7

Language：Japanese  

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Event date： 2019

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Event date： 2018

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Applicant：アルケア株式会社

Application no：特願2016-055561  Date applied：2016.3.18

Announcement no：特開2016-182331  Date announced：2016.10.20

Patent/Registration no：特許第6925576号  Date registered：2021.8.6 

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