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The heat generated during wildfires modifies soil characteristics, including soil water repellency (SWR) and the water stability of aggregates, which are known to be interrelated. SWR lowers the rate of water entry into aggregates, minimizing aggregate disruption and subsequent erosion. This study aimed to examine these aggregate characteristics (SWR, water stability of aggregates) of thermally heated water-repellent soil aggregates under laboratory conditions. Water-repellent aggregates were collected from Eucalyptus grandis forest soil separately from four soil depths (0-5, 5-10, 10-15, and 15-20 cm) with varying initial repellency levels. Using an automated programmable muffle furnace, aggregates were separately exposed to three heating temperatures, TH (150, 200, 250 °C), three rates of heating (speed of rising temperature to reach relevant TH), RH (200, 400, 800 °C h-1), and three durations of exposure to relevant TH, ED (30, 60, 120 min). The molarity of an ethanol droplet test was used to measure the contact angle (contact angle>90°). The water drop penetration time (WDPT) was also measured. The SWR of aggregates declined with the increasing TH and ED. All aggregates were wettable once exposed to 250 °C. At the lowest TH and ED (150 °C, 30 min), the contact angle was <90° only in the least repellent aggregates collected from 10-15 and 15-20 cm depths. Although RH indicated the least influence on the measured parameters, the slowest RH (200 °C h-1) caused a comparatively greater decline in SWR. Water stability of aggregates increased with heating irrespective of decreasing SWR. Further investigations on heat-induced changes in organic compounds at molecular levels would be necessary to understand the theories for the behavior of aggregates.

DOI： 10.2478/johh-2023-0009

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Rice production is an important sector of global agriculture, sustaining more than half of the world's population. However, rice production contributes significantly to global warming through increased emission of greenhouse gasses (GHGs), primarily CH4, into the atmosphere. Therefore, this study examined countermeasures to reduce GHG emissions from paddy fields without affecting rice production. A column experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of soil macroporous structure and water management on GHG emissions from flooded alluvial clay soil (paddy soil). The soils were subjected to different management regimes: with and without artificial macropores, compost, and drainage treatment. Drainage was maintained at 6.5 mm d −1 to ensure infiltration yet prevent excessive leakage from the paddy field. The measured parameters included GHG emissions, soil water content, redox potential, soil temperature, soil swelling, total carbon, total nitrogen, iron, and manganese. The results showed that the soil column with macropores and drainage had significantly lower CO2 and CH4 emissions than that without macropores and drainage. In addition, the soil level increment, and thus, the amount of gas (CH4) produced in the soil column with drainage were lower than that without drainage. The combination of drainage treatment and macropores might have effectively acted as a hydrodynamic gradient and a structure that promotes freshwater intrusion into deeper soil profiles, inhibiting absolute anaerobic methanogenic activity. The redox potential of the column with drainage and macropores was the highest. Moreover, CO2 and CH4 emissions were reduced at a relatively small drainage rate of 6.5 mm d −1 by adding macropores to the soil. The findings confirmed that GHG emissions were effectively reduced by a porous soil structure at a low drainage rate. Macropore application also exhibited effectiveness at mitigating nutrient loss (TOC and TN) through the drainage. Therefore, low tillage before flooding would be preferable to conserve the macroporous structure. However, the results also highlight an adverse effect on mineral leaching (particularly Mn) through the column with macropores.

DOI： 10.1016/j.envc.2022.100657

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Authorship：Corresponding author   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：MDPI AG  

Rice terraces in Cordillera, Philippines, a world cultural heritage site, are threatened by the risk of collapse. It is crucial to manage these rice terraces for their conservation, while simultaneously practicing traditional farming. We examined the soil environment and investigated its effects on rice terrace conservation, by focusing on the hardpan condition; infiltration process, which is related to the collapse of rice terraces; and soil nutrition conditions in these sites. Field survey and soil analysis revealed that in areas where the hardpan was not sufficiently developed and water infiltration was effectively suppressed, organic matter content was significantly high, suggesting organic matter clogging. In these rice terraces, the amounts of P, K, Ca, and Mn were significantly low, showing the mineral leaching under reductive soil conditions. Therefore, hardpan formation, rather than organic matter clogging, is essential for the suppression of infiltration and prevention of potential terrace collapse. Because hardpan formation or organic matter clogging cannot be identified from the surface of flooded rice paddies, it is difficult to identify the influencing factor. Thus, we suggest that the hard soil layer should be checked before the planting season and drainage is allowed after the cropping season in the rainy season.

DOI： 10.3390/w12113158

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© 2019, The International Society of Paddy and Water Environment Engineering. Rice terraces located on sloped hills in mountainous areas are sometimes abandoned because of lack of labor and difficulties associated with cultivation. Recently, rice terraces also have been re-evaluated from the perspectives of water conservation or flood control. As a consequence, restoration has been conducted in many locations. In this study, we conducted field research on rice terraces in Okayama in order to determine when rice terraces become stable as rice terraces. Soil samples were obtained from depths of 0, 10, and 30 cm in abandoned fields and rice terraces restored in 2015, 2016, and 2017. The results showed that total carbon was the highest in abandoned fields and gradually decreased in the 2017-restored fields, followed by that in the 2016-restored fields. Particle analysis, particularly of surface soil, showed that the sand fraction decreased in order of abandoned fields, 2017-restored fields, and 2016-restored fields. We established that recently restored rice terraces have similar properties to those located on mountain hills, including few fine particles and high organic matter content in the surface soils. If the surface soil was cultivated and mixed with deeper soils, then the clay and silt content would gradually increase with time. Cone penetrometer analysis revealed that there was no clear evidence of a hard pan in the abandoned field and the 2017-restored field. In contrast, a hard pan had begun to develop in the 2016-restored fields and that it had become well established in the 2015-restored fields. Collectively, our findings indicate that although all rice terraces have a superficially similar appearance, recently recovered fields tend to have properties comparable to the properties of those located on mountain hills. These properties gradually change in the 2–3 years following restoration with the subsequent development of a well-established hard pan. We conclude that even rice terraces that have been abandoned for more than 30 years can develop clear properties of rice terraces within 3 years after restoration.

DOI： 10.1007/s10333-019-00727-0

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：American Geophysical Union (AGU)  

©2019. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved. Increased frequency of heavy rainfall caused by climate change may affect nutrient transport from forests and agricultural lands into downstream rivers. However, little information is available on how the effects of land cover on nutrient concentrations in the downstream rivers change depending on hydrological conditions. To elucidate this, we investigated the effects of changes in precipitation and river discharge on the relationship between river nutrient concentrations (total nitrogen, total phosphorus, nitrate, and phosphate) and land cover in eight subbasins of the Hii River basin, western Japan. We hypothesized that coniferous forests and agricultural lands including poorly managed ones, which require thinning and fertilizer management, respectively, contribute to increases in nutrient concentrations in downstream rivers during storms. Linear mixed-effects model analyses based on 18-year observation data were used for testing the hypothesis. Results revealed that the slopes of the multiple regression analysis between nutrient concentrations and coniferous and broad-leaved forest area ratios were negative and decreased with increasing daily precipitation. This suggests that forests contributed to the dilution of river nutrient concentrations during storms regardless of whether they were coniferous or broad leaved. In contrast, the slope of regression between nutrient concentrations and agricultural area ratio revealed the opposite trend, indicating that even a small percentage of agricultural area makes a large contribution to increases in nutrient concentrations as precipitation increases. Our results imply that storm runoff in response to rainfall results in an elevated supply of nitrogen and phosphorus attached to arable soils to the river.

DOI： 10.1029/2018JG004513

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：公益社団法人 農業農村工学会  

&lt;p&gt;We conducted field surveys to clarify distribution of the wintering Nagoya Daruma Pond Frog (&lt;i&gt;Pelophylax porosus brevipodus&lt;/i&gt;) and the environmental factors affecting wintering site of this species in a rice paddy field and an adjacent fallow paddy field in Kurashiki, Okayama Prefecture, western Japan, where the species inhabits at a high density. The majority of the wintering individuals (34 out of 35) were found in the fallow paddy field. A GLM was fitted using presence and absence of this species as the objective variable, whereas cover rate, plant height, soil pH, volumetric water content, gravimetric water content, degree of saturation, porosity, and topsoil hardness as the explanatory variables. The best model selected based on AIC consisted of soil hardness, cover rate, and the quadratic term of plant height, in which the negative effect of soil hardness was significant. The results insist on the importance of soil hardness and the presence of plants on the topsoil when creating wintering habitat for this frog species in rice paddy fields.&lt;/p&gt;

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：土木学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：北隆館  

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：土壌物理学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：THE JAPANESE FORESTRY SOCIETY  

[in Japanese]

DOI： 10.11519/jfsc.127.0_624

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：WILEY-BLACKWELL  

This study aimed to examine how the relationship between N-15 of nitrate (N-15(NO3)) in rivers and land use within a river basin changes with varying hydrological conditions. This information would aid in identifying the dominant source contributing to increased nitrate concentrations in rural rivers. For this, N-15(NO3) in river water was investigated monthly in the five subbasins of the Hii River basin (area: 911km(2)), western Japan, for 1year and 3months. There were significant correlations (p&lt;0.05) between N-15(NO3) and the land-use ratio (i.e. ratios of forested, agricultural and residential areas in a subbasin) for the majority of the observation days, indicating that N-15(NO3) reflected land use within the basin. N-15(NO3) ranged from +1.4 parts per thousand to +8.5 parts per thousand and was lower in a subbasin with a higher forested area ratio. We found that the absolute value of the regression slope of the relationship between N-15(NO3) and the land-use ratio decreased with increasing river discharge. This finding demonstrates that differences in N-15(NO3) among subbasins with different land-use compositions became smaller under higher flow conditions. Because N-15(NO3) decreased with increasing river discharge, the small absolute value of the regression slope under high flow conditions indicates that forested areas could be the dominant source of river nitrate during high flows in all subbasins investigated regardless of land-use composition. The results suggest that forested areas make a large contribution to the increase in nitrate concentration in downstream rivers during high flows, because the nitrate concentration increased with increasing river discharge. Copyright (c) 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

DOI： 10.1002/rra.2756

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV  

Thousands of Tundra Swans visit winter-flooded paddy fields in the study area, Yasugi city, Shimane Prefecture, Japan every year for overwintering from November to March. Since 2004, they have roosted in the paddy fields during the night and foraged in the paddy and surrounding fields during the day, coinciding with the time when farmers began using winter-flooded paddy fields. Before 2004, the swans visited the area for foraging during the day and roosted at nearby lakes, wetlands, and sandbars along rivers during the night. When the swans visited our target paddy fields, the water gradually became green and began to emit an ammonia-like odor. In this study, we investigated the changes in the water qualities of winter-flooded paddy fields and the influence of bird excrement on water quality in the paddy fields during winter, and then estimated the amounts of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) provided by bird droppings to the paddy fields. The mean concentrations of N, P, suspended sediment, and total organic carbon were higher in the overwintering season than during the irrigation season. This trend was observed in both the first and second seasons of the study. The spatial distribution of electric conductivity (EC) measured using a GEM-2 broad-band electromagnetic sensor coincided with that of the matted sites of Tundra Swans in the paddy field, which indicated that the excrement of the swans affected the EC distribution. The total input amounts of N and P from the birds' excrement to the flooded paddy fields were estimated using a simple model that considered bird counts and probable nutrient content of feces, and the amounts were found to be equivalent to approximately 30% of those present in the standard fertilizers used for rice during the irrigation period. These results suggested that the excrement from the swans markedly influences the water qualities of winter-flooded paddy fields. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.agee.2014.07.018

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Authorship：Lead author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Springer Berlin Heidelberg  

Of all terrestrial media (including vegetation and the atmosphere), soil is the largest store of carbon. Soils also have important functions such as water storage and plant support roles. However, at present, these characteristics do not fully function, because of, for example, climate-change-induced heavy rainfall would wash away the organic-rich surface soils. In this study, artificial macropores were introduced into exposed soil plots for the purpose of enhancing infiltration, and fibrous material was inserted to reinforce the macropore structure. As expected, the capillary force caused by the fibers drew surface water deeper into the soil profile before saturation. Additionally, the same capillary force promoted vertical transport, while micropores (matrix) enhanced horizontal flow. Our results show that infiltration was more effective in the fiber-containing macropores than in empty macropores. Additionally, our column experiments showed that artificial macropores reduced surface runoff when the rainfall intensities were 2, 4, and 20 mm · h−1 but not for 80 mm · h−1. In field experiments, soil moisture sensors installed at depths of 10, 30, and 50 cm responded well to rainfall, showing that artificial macropores were able to successfully introduce surface water into the soil profile. One year after the artificial macropores were installed, a field survey carried out to assess soil organic matter and plant growth showed that plant biomass had doubled and that there was a significant increase in soil carbon. This novel technique has many advantages as it mimics natural processes, is low cost, and has a simple structure.

DOI： 10.1186/s40645-014-0030-5

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Japanese Society of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition  

DOI： 10.20710/dojo.85.3_285

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Other Link： http://agriknowledge.affrc.go.jp/RN/2010872653

Authorship：Lead author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)  

Solute transport is an important factor governing soil environmental processes, such as effective fertilizer application or dispersion areas of remediation chemicals for contaminated soils. Macropores are ubiquitous in soils. In unsaturated conditions, they enhance air intrusion into soils, thus reducing the chances of clogging and surface ponding. However, their structure is hard to maintain, and they tend to collapse during long-term infiltration. In this experiment, macropore fillings were introduced into the pores to maintain their structure. Solute transport experiments were conducted for four soils with no macropores, empty macropores, macropores with paper towel fillings, and macropores with glass fiber fillings. The macropores with fillings worked as water pathways that conducted solutions to the deeper profile without saturation at the surface, thus avoiding clogging. When bio-remediation experiments were conducted using these four soil columns, soil columns with glass fiber fillings maintained 0.6-0.8 of the saturated water content, which was found to enhance biological activity. The resultant bio-remediation was best for glass fiber fillings because artificial macropores with fibrous fillings maintained a macropore structure, which gave a stable infiltration rate for 30 days © 2014 American Society of Civil Engineers.

DOI： 10.1061/(ASCE)HZ.2153-5515.0000192

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：THE JAPAN SOCIETY OF HYDROLOGY AND WATER RESOURCES  

This study aimed to evaluate the role of conifer plantations under poor management practices in stream and water chemistry. For this, we investigated (1) nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) budgets in a forested headwater catchment and (2) effects of coniferous forest land use on N and P concentrations&nbsp;in river water in consideration of temporal variations in stream and river N and P concentrations during storm events. In this conference, I am going to present those results.

DOI： 10.11520/jshwr.27.0_100137

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Authorship：Corresponding author   Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：土壌物理学会  

農林地は流域面積の中で大きな割合を占め，広大な土壌環境を効果的に調査できればその効果は非常に大きい。本研究では，多周波数電磁探査機を用いて土壌の電気伝導度を測定し，森林の管理が土壌環境に与える影響を調べた。電磁探査の結果を鉛直プロファイルで表示すると，土壌環境の違いは表層近くに特徴的に現れており，間伐が遅れている森林では表層土壌の電気伝導度が高くなる結果が得られた。同サイトでは土壌の透水性が低い傾向があり，有機物も浅部のみに見られることから，浸透性の悪さが表層への物質の集中を促していると推測された。また農地としての履歴のある森林では，表層土壌の電気伝導度が高くなる傾向があり，過去の利用履歴が土壌環境に影響していた。多周波数電磁探査法は非接触で短時間に広範囲の土壌調査が可能であり，詳細調査の前のスクリーニングに役立つと考えられた。

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Other Link： https://agriknowledge.affrc.go.jp/RN/2010853115

Language：Japanese   Publisher：一般社団法人 日本土壌肥料学会  

DOI： 10.20710/dohikouen.59.0_6_1

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：一般社団法人 日本土壌肥料学会  

DOI： 10.20710/dohikouen.59.0_5_3

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：SPRINGER  

This study sought to determine the lowest number of storm events required for adequate estimation of annual nutrient loads from a forested watershed using the regression equation between cumulative load (aL) and cumulative stream discharge (aQ). Hydrological surveys were conducted for 4 years, and stream water was sampled sequentially at 15-60-min intervals during 24 h in 20 events, as well as weekly in a small forested watershed. The bootstrap sampling technique was used to determine the regression (aL-aQ) equations of dissolved nitrogen (DN) and phosphorus (DP), particulate nitrogen (PN) and phosphorus (PP), dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN), and suspended solid (SS) for each dataset of aL and aQ. For dissolved nutrients (DN, DP, DIN), the coefficient of variance (CV) in 100 replicates of 4-year average annual load estimates was below 20% with datasets composed of five storm events. For particulate nutrients (PN, PP, SS), the CV exceeded 20%, even with datasets composed of more than ten storm events. The differences in the number of storm events required for precise load estimates between dissolved and particulate nutrients were attributed to the goodness of fit of the aL-aQ equations. Bootstrap simulation based on flow-stratified sampling resulted in fewer storm events than the simulation based on random sampling and showed that only three storm events were required to give a CV below 20% for dissolved nutrients. These results indicate that a sampling design considering discharge levels reduces the frequency of laborious chemical analyses of water samples required throughout the year.

DOI： 10.1007/s10661-011-2299-9

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV  

Lake Shinji lies in eastern Shimane Prefecture, and is typical of brackish lakes in Japan. Water quality of the lake does not meet the expected environmental standards for total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP), even though the national and prefectural governments have tried to improve water quality by developing maintenance scenarios for sewage, plant effluent, agricultural activity, and forestry. Consequently, detailed data of nutrient loading to the lake from river inflows is crucial to support strategies for improving the lake water environment. The Hii River contributes approximately 80% of the discharge flowing into the lake. In this study, we examine the Hii River catchment with a focus on land uses such as paddy fields, upland fields, residential areas, and forestry. Average annual discharges of suspended sediment (SS), TN, and TP loads were determined at Otsu, near the outlet of the basin into Lake Shinji. We also determined average yield per unit area of SS, TN, and TP loads from each land use. Yields per unit area from upland areas were the greatest, whereas yields from forests were the lowest. Forests were the largest contributor of SS, TN, and TP in the basin, because of its dominant land area. Upland fields had the second largest impact on these loads in the basin, because fertilizer applied to the fields is a major source of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P). large differences in yields per unit area between fine and rainy day conditions were also observed, especially for SS and TP loads. Furthermore, we determined that a major pathway of N to the river was through groundwater, regardless of land use, whereas P was transported to the river with sediments, especially in paddy and upland fields. Based on these analyses, it will be difficult to reduce the SS load discharge in the basin in the future, because forestry is the major source. In contrast, N and P load reductions are straightforward, because the primary source is agricultural, and appropriate management of fertilizer application will be a key factor in reducing loads. (c) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2012.05.032

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：応用森林学会  

To establish management criteria for watershed forests, basic studies on sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) plantation forests were performed at Okinoshima, Shimane Prefecture, Japan. Fourteen forests were surveyed. In nine forests, which had not been thinned in over 10 years (not-thinned forest), the relative yield index (Ry) was &gt;0.8 and stand density was high. In two forests, which had been thinned in the past 10 years (recently thinned forest), Ry was &lt;0.7 and stand density was low; these values were consistent with the yield table for the San-in region (western part of the Japan Sea littoral zone). In two other recently thinned forests, Ry was &gt;0.7 and stand density was high. In the remaining recently thinned forest, Ry was &gt;0.9 and stand density was very high, despite being thinned recently. Stand density was high after thinning because (1) the forest owner had no clear production target, (2) the forest was thinned only to meet criteria for financial support from the government, and (3) stand density was extremely high before thinning. A definition of thinning is to thin trees to achieve a production or management target; however, with no clear target, the thinning of very dense forests is not for maintenance, but simply to cut some of the trees. Criteria for obtaining financial support from the government involves the ratio of cut trees to total trees before thinning; thus, very dense forests can still remain dense, even after thinning. Therefore, criteria for acquiring financial support from the government must be reconsidered.

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DOI： 10.15017/19559

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Japan Rainwater Catchment Systems Association  

Soil infiltration process greatly contributes to the hydrological process in watershed, thus, soil infiltration water and runoff water were collected to characterize pollutant load from two planted forests. Especially, this study focused on the heavy rain which is reported to be increasing because of climate change. Glass fiber wick samplers were used to collect soil infiltration water samples, while runoff water was collected at the weir. Results showed that the wick sampler successfully collected the soil infiltration water without accumulating excess water above the device. The amounts of pollutant loads in soil infiltration water (total organic carbon; TOC, total nitrogen; TN) were positively correlated with pollutant loads in runoff water, which directly showed the contribution of soil water to runoff water. During the research period, environmental pollution load density in soil infiltration water was negatively correlated with sampled soil water volume. This could be a dilution effect caused by rainfall infiltration. However, after the heavy rainfall, soil infiltration water quality showed higher concentration than other rainfall events. The trend was clear in the long lasting strong rainfall, especially for well conductive forest slope. Because of the high permeable properties, pollutant loads from the soil surface easily reached to the depth of glass fiber wick (50cm depth), without filtering process through the soil body.

DOI： 10.7132/jrcsa.KJ00007225460

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV  

There is a global concern that phosphorus (P) resources will be depleted in the near future, but the P flux from water to land is extremely limited, whereas the reverse flux is substantial. A new method for the recovery of P from natural water bodies was proposed using iron-oxidizing bacteria and woody biomass (heartwood of conifer) as a carrier and a practical demonstration was presented. The woody carrier was immersed in water abundant in iron-oxidizing bacteria and removed 1-10 weeks later. Our results showed that the immersed carrier collected biogenic iron (Fe) oxides produced by iron-oxidizing bacteria, and contained about 0.2 mg g(-1) of P after 3 weeks; this amount was higher than that contained in some P fertile soils used for cultivating plants. The biogenic Fe oxides on the carrier acted as a source of P for plant cultivation, and they could adsorb P from P-rich solutions (10 mg L(-1) of PO(4)-P). Although our study involved only a small-scale trial, the proposed method can potentially aid in the effective use of Pin water and in water quality improvement if conducted on a large scale. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.ecoleng.2010.04.019

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DOI： 10.2208/jscejg.66.187

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Other Link： http://agriknowledge.affrc.go.jp/RN/2010792004

Language：Japanese   Publisher：THE JAPAN SOCIETY OF HYDROLOGY AND WATER RESOURCES  

An investigation of the water quality in an under-populated watershed was conducted over a 15-year period in which data was collected at weekly intervals. In the study watershed, the pollutants derived from human activities decreased, but no clear decrease in the parameters of water quality was observed, and some nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations increased even though no significant change in precipitation occurred. A possible hypothesis explaining this lack of a clear decrease in water quality is that specific pollutant outflows from forests and agricultural lands may have increased in recent years. In addition, a new method for phosphorus recovery from natural water bodies was proposed using iron-oxidizing bacteria and woody biomass.

DOI： 10.11520/jshwr.23.0.93.0

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：THE JAPAN SOCIETY OF HYDROLOGY AND WATER RESOURCES  

A multi-frequency electro-magnetic (EM) sounding method was applied to the agriculture field to investigate the characteristics of non-point pollution load. Soil environmental properties such as differences in land management were analyzed with electrical conductivity (EC) maps. In addition, vertical EC profiles obtained from EM soundings were compared with EC in drainage ditch or river water. As results, surface soil EC maps successfully extracted the differences in land management affected by fertilizer application. Moreover, surface EC at the vertical profiles strongly related with drainage ditch or river EC.

DOI： 10.11520/jshwr.23.0.132.0

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The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was applied to the Abashiri River basin from 2001 to 2007 using a daily time step. After confirming the reproducibility of the model, hydrological sensitivity analyses against monthly river discharge, evapotranspiration (ET), snow water equivalent (SWE), and suspended sediment (SS) load were conducted under various climate change scenarios. The results of calibration and validation indicated that the model provided satisfactory representation of the flow and SS load discharge. In addition, the hydrological sensitivity analyses revealed that the influence of climate change in the basin will be stronger during winter than summer, especially from January to March. Variation analyses revealed that discharge increased drastically under every scenario from January to March, with the exception of a combination of a 20% decrease in precipitation and a 1°C increase in temperature in January. Furthermore, the ET increased greatly in March due to a multiplier effect of natural conditions and temperature increase scenarios. Moreover, although the SWE decreased in almost all cases, it increased in some cases in December, January, and February. Increasing snow melt in response to an early thawing season and/or precipitation during winter resulted in an increase in SS load discharge, especially during February. On an annual basis, the mean SS load decreased in every scenario except for those in which precipitation increased. © 2009 AAAE.

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Soils are notorious for their heterogeneity, and macropores conduct solutions by bypassing the surrounding soils, sometimes wasting the applied fertilizer or remediation chemicals. It would be beneficial in agriculture or environmental engineering fields if solute transport in soils were controlled with relatively simple techniques. In this study, the solute transport process was controlled using dual-characteristics of the soil pore system. Specifically convection and dispersion were controlled by changing the structure-dependent flow regime. Soil samples with/without artificial small macropores (diameter = 1 mm) and undisturbed soil samples were prepared, and solute transport experiments were conducted, in which a variety of breakthrough curves (BTC) was obtained by changing flow rate (from 1 to 0.1 of saturated conductivity) and saturation (saturation to -3 kPa). The results for the artificial macropore system showed that completely different BTCs were obtained with small suction differences, namely saturation and -3 kPa. At saturation, the BTC showed a bi-modal distribution typical for soils with macropores. At a slightly unsaturated condition of -3 kPa, however, the BTC showed a normal distribution quite similar to that of a repacked soil column. The results for undisturbed soil showed that the BTC gradually transitioned from a bi-modal to normal distribution, with the suction changing from saturation to only -3 kPa. These results suggest that effective use of fertilizer or remediation chemicals is possible with a relatively simple and inexpensive technique. even when macropore networks are present. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2009.02.009

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：化学工学会  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：WILEY-BLACKWELL  

The impacts of climate change oil water resources were analysed for the Hii River basin and downstream Lake Shinji. The variation between saline and fresh water within these systems means that they encompass diverse ecosystems. Changes in evapotranspiration (ET), snow water equivalent, discharge into the basin, and lake salinity were determined for different climate scenarios. The impact of climate change on a brackish water clam found in the lake was then examined using simulated monthly variations of lake salinity and information from prior Studies of the clam.
ET increased and snow water equivalent decreased for all scenarios incorporating temperature rise, particularly during the winter season. Furthermore, ET and snow water equivalent were not as sensitive to variations in precipitation and thus temperature rise was considered to be a major factor for these variables. Nevertheless, monthly discharge Volume was more influenced by variation in precipitation than variations in temperature. Discharge increased during both the summer and winter season, since precipitation contributed to river discharge instead of being stored as snow pack during the winter season. The magnitudes of salinity dilutions and concentrations predicted under the climate change scenarios Would not be lethal for adult clams. However, the egg-laying season of the clam would coincide with periods of strong salinity dilution in the lake. Since juveniles are less tolerant to changes in salinity, future generations of the clam may be affected and reproduction of the clam may be reduced by increasing precipitation in the future. Copyright (C) 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

DOI： 10.1002/hyp.7321

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV  

Drainage water quality in rice paddies was strongly influenced by the puddling of soil in the paddy fields by tractors and in response to opening of drainage gates. The concentrations of contaminants in drainage water increased rapidly when the puddling process began and were maintained at high concentrations throughout the puddling period. Moreover, the high concentrations did not decrease immediately after the puddling procedures ceased. Additionally, the ratio of dissolved nitrogen and phosphorous to total nitrogen and total phosphorous increased daily during the last half of the puddling period, due to discharge of chemical fertilizers with the drainage water. Also, the loads of particulate nitrogen and phosphorus discharged during the puddling period were larger than the loads discharge during irrigation. The discharge from paddy fields during puddling also increased the total annual contaminant load. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.agwat.2008.12.005

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DOI： 10.5956/jriet.38.566

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：THE JAPAN SOCIETY OF HYDROLOGY AND WATER RESOURCES  

A multi-frequency electro-magnetic (EM) sounding method was applied to the agriculture field to investigate the characteristics of non-point pollution load. Soil environmental properties such as differences in land management were analyzed with electrical conductivity (EC) maps. In addition, vertical EC profiles obtained from EM soundings were compared with EC in drainage river. As results, surface soil EC maps successfully extracted the differences in land management affected by fertilizer application. Moreover, surface EC at the vertical profiles strongly related with drainage river EC, showing most of the EC in the water was explained by surface EC maps at the EM sounding data. The proposed method has strength in obtaining EC data without sampling river water.

DOI： 10.11520/jshwr.22.0.80.0

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：THE JAPAN SOCIETY OF HYDROLOGY AND WATER RESOURCES  

DOI： 10.11520/jshwr.22.0.131.0

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Soil salinity is a major abiotic factor limiting crop production but an amendment with synthetic zeolite may mitigate effects of salinity stress on plants. The objective of the study was to determine the effects of zeolite on soil properties and growth of barley irrigated with diluted seawater. Barley was raised on a sand dune soil treated with calcium type zeolite at the rate of 1 and 5% and irrigated every alternate day with seawater diluted to electrical conductivity (EC) levels of 3 and 16 dS m(-1). Irrigation with 16 dS m(-1) saline water significantly suppressed plant height by 25%, leaf area by 44% and dry weight by 60%. However, a substantial increase in plant biomass of salt stressed barley was observed in zeolite-amended treatments. The application of zeolite also enhanced water and salt holding capacity of soil. Post-harvest soil analysis showed high concentrations of calcium (Ca(2+)), magnesium (Mg(2+)), sodium (Na(+)), and potassium (K(+)) due to saline water especially in the upper soil layer but concentrations were lower in soils treated with zeolite. Zeolite application at 5% increased Ca(2+) concentration in salt stressed plants; concentrations of trace elements were also increased by 19% for iron (Fe(2+)) and 10% for manganese (Mn(2+)). The overall results indicated that soil amendment with zeolite could effectively ameliorate salinity stress and improve nutrient balance in a sandy soil.

DOI： 10.1080/01904160802134434

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We paid attention to relationship between farming activities and changes in drainage water quality from a paddy fields area, especially in land preparation period for transplanting of paddy. Drainage water quality during land preparation period became highest concentration of all items through a year. In 2006, average water qualities in the period were 7.9 mg/L in T-N, 1.6 mg/L in T-P, 15.3 mg/L in TOC, and 372 mg/L in SS. In addition, maximum values in the period were 36.2 mg/L in T-N, 12.3 mg/L in T-P, 83.2 mg/L in TOC, and 3020 mg/L in SS. The changes in water quality moved on with land preparation by tractor and drainage gate operation on each paddy field by farmers. Moreover, relatively high concentrations of drainage water were also observed during non-irrigation period. As no agricultural activities were done during the period, it is considered that residual nutrient in soil will infiltrate by rain water and flow to the drainage channel. © 2008 ASCE.

DOI： 10.1061/40976(316)110

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：THE JAPAN SOCIETY OF HYDROLOGY AND WATER RESOURCES  

Surface soil environment was characterized using a multi-frequency electromagnetic wave (EM) sensor. Five frequencies were applied so that we obtained vertical profile of the domain. Forest under different management, winter-ponded paddy field, orchard and tea farm in hilly mountainside and orchard in plain field were investigated. Surface electrical conductivity obtained by Wenner array has the highest correlation with 47970Hz data, showing it is the appropriate frequency for surface soil investigation. Several tens milli-Siemens data obtained by EM sounding corresponded very well with the EC obtained by traditional method. Conductivity data successfully showed management induced changes in soil environment by conductivity map along with vertical conductivity profile.

DOI： 10.11520/jshwr.21.0.8.0

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It is suggested that extensive forestry may cause water pollution during heavy rain. However, it is not explained by the water quality analysis because mixing or dilution process may occur in the stream water. In this study, soil infiltration water and runoff water were sampled and analyzed to characterize hydrological processes in two planted forests (SR1: without thinning operation, SR2: with thinning operation). Soil infiltration water analysis, thus, clearly showed the hydrological processes in the forest soils. These results showed that the dilution effect in SR2 (with thinning operation) was not effective during heavy rain event. The well-maintained SR2 could not hold the buffering potential and high pollution load drained to run off water during the heavy rainfall event.

DOI： 10.11520/jshwr.21.0.92.0

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Water uptake by plants and evaporation from the soil surface usually govern the salts dynamics in the soil and is highly related to the climatic conditions. Poor management of saline water may increase the soil salinity to a level higher than crop tolerance. The comparative investigations of saline water effects on soil and crops under various environments are lacking. Therefore pot experiments were carried out to evaluate the effects of saline irrigations on barley and accumulation of salts in sand dune soil under three conditions - glasshouse, growth chamber and greenhouse. Plants were irrigated with diluted seawater adjusted to three levels of electrical conductivity: 3, 8 and 13 dS m(-1). The results of the experiments showed that saline waters and experimental conditions remarkably affected the evapotranspiration rate, soil moisture, salt accumulation and plant biomass production. Low temperature conditions exhibited highest plant growth and soil moisture and lowest salt deposition. Plants showed no symptoms of salt stress in the glasshouse. Growth chamber and greenhouse profoundly reduced plant biomass and higher salt accumulation in the soil. Higher stress of salinity was noticed in plants irrigated with high saline water. Higher amount of salts in the water impaired dry shoot yield by an average of 60%. The temperature conditions of greenhouse and growth chamber caused substantial water loss and induced water deficit situation in plants. A good management of saline water is a necessary option for a sustainable agriculture in salt affected soils. The use of high saline water for crops may carefully be rationalized in the warm climate.

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DOI： 10.11408/jsidre2007.2007.617

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Simultaneous measurement of coupled water, heat, and solute transport in unsaturated porous media is made possible with the multi-functional heat pulse probe (MFHPP). The probe combines a heat pulse technique for estimating soil heat properties, water flux, and water content with a Wenner array measurement of bulk soil electrical conductivity (ECbulk). To evaluate the MFHPP, we conducted controlled steady-state flow experiments in a sand column for a wide range of water saturations, flow velocities, and solute concentrations. Flow and transport processes were monitored continuously using the MFHPP. Experimental data were analyzed by inverse modeling of simultaneous water, heat, and solute transport using an adapted HYDRUS-2D model. Various optimization scenarios yielded simultaneous estimation of thermal, solute, and hydraulic parameters and variables, including thermal conductivity, volumetric water content, water flux, and thermal and solute dispersivities. We conclude that the MFHPP holds great promise as an excellent instrument for the continuous monitoring and characterization of the vadose zone. (C) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.advwatres.2005.03.017

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：THE JAPAN SOCIETY OF HYDROLOGY AND WATER RESOURCES  

We investigated the applicability of the infiltration water sampling system using a suction-controlled flux sampler in various soils. When a glass filter was used in a sandy soil, the simulation results from HYDRUS-2D model indicated that once the matric potential above the filter (h_C) decreased rapidly by suction application, a zone of low water content was remained above the filter. When the next infiltration water approached the filter, the low water content zone was packed between the filter and the infiltration water. That was showing a lower h_C than the matric potential in the natural soil profile (h_L, h_R). This phenomenon was also observed when a glass filter was applied to loam and silt loam soils. In contrast, h_C was higher than h_L and h_R when using a porous plate and membrane filters, which have low permeability. These results indicated that appropriate selection of a sampling filter and boundary condition was required for better sampling, when a suction-controlled flux sampler was applied to various soils. Because the filter permeability and soil properties affected the criterion for suction control, their combination and the existence of low water content zone between the filter and soil should be considered.

DOI： 10.3178/jjshwr.19.221

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DOI： 10.11408/jsidre1965.2006.333

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：SOIL SCI SOC AMER  

A small multi-functional heat pulse probe (MFHPP) was applied to further develop measurement methodologies to improve on water flux estimations for unsaturated soils. The temperature responses of four thermistors surrounding a central heater in a 2.7-cm diam. probe were analyzed by the heat transport equation to estimate thermal properties and convective heat flow. Volumetric heat capacity, water content, and thermal diffusivity were estimated from the horizontally placed thermistors, neglecting the convective flow effects in the transverse direction, whereas the water flux density was estimated from the temperature responses to the vertically placed thermistors. A parameter optimization technique was employed to fit the most likely parameters to the relevant analytical solutions. Failing head and multistep outflow experiments yielded independently obtained water flux measurements. Results showed that the estimated volumetric water content corresponded well with independent gravimetric measurements with a RMSE of 0.0056 m(3) m(-3), across a wide range of water fluxes smaller than 0.5 m d(-1). Thermal diffusivity values as obtained with the MFHHP also agreed well with independently measured thermal diffusivity values, for water flux density values smaller than 2 to d(-1). For saturated conditions, the estimated water fluxes from the MFHPP measurements were accurate in the range between 0.056 and 27.0 m d(-1), with a R of 0.995 and RSME of 0.0952 log(m d(-1)) (0.52 m d(-1)). For unsaturated flow, MFHHP estimations significantly overestimated water flux density for flux values smaller than 0.10 to d(-1). Within these limitations, we conclude that MFHPP methodologies are now available, making possible simultaneous estimation of thermal diffusivity and water flux density in unsaturated soils.

DOI： 10.2136/sssaj.2004.0174

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DOI： 10.1111/j.1747-0765.2005.tb00141.x

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：SOIL SCI SOC AMER  

Water, solute, and heat transport processes in soils are mutually interdependent as each includes convective water flow and each transport mechanism is partly controlled by fluid saturation, pore geometry, temperature, and other soil environmental conditions. Therefore, their measurement in approximately identical measurement locations and volume is essential for understanding transport phenomena in soils. We introduce a 2.7-cm-diameter multi-functional heat pulse probe (MFHPP), which consists of a single central heater, four thermistors, and four electrodes (Wenner array) that together are incorporated in six 1.27-mm-o.d. stainless-steel tubes. The bulk soil thermal properties and volumetric water content of Tottori Dune sand were determined from the measurement of the temperature response of all four thermistor sensors after application of an 8-s heat pulse by the heater sensor. Simultaneously with the temperature measurements, the bulk soil electrical conductivity (EC(b)) was measured using the Wenner array, from which soil solution concentration (EC(w)) can be obtained after calibration. All measurements were taken during multistep outflow experiments, which also allowed estimation of the soil's hydraulic properties. We demonstrated that the MFHPP can effectively measure volumetric water content, thermal properties, and EC(b), and can be used to indirectly estimate soil water fluxes at rates larger than 0.7 m d(-1) in the sand.

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV  

Salt-affected soils could produce useful forages when, irrigated with saline drainage water. To assess the productive potential and sustainability of using drainage water for forage production, a saline-sodic site (32.4 ha) in California's San Joaquin Valley was characterized for soil quality. The objectives were (1) to spatially characterize initial soil physicochemical properties relevant to maintaining soil quality on an and zone soil and (2) to characterize soil quality relationships and spatial variability.
An initial mobile electromagnetic (EM) induction survey was conducted in 1999, with bulk soil electrical conductivity (ECa) readings taken at 384 geo-referenced locations, followed by an intensive mobile fixed-array survey with a total of 7288 geo-referenced ECa readings. Using the EM data and a spatial statistics program (ESAP v2.0), 40 sites were selected that reflected the spatial heterogeneity of the ECa measurements for the study area. At these sites, soil-core samples were taken at 0.3-m intervals to a depth of 1.2 m. Duplicate samples were taken at eight sites to study the local-scale variability of soil properties. Soil-core samples were analyzed for a variety of physical and chemical properties related to the soil quality of and zone soils.
Soils were found to be highly spatially heterogeneous. For composite soil-core samples taken to a depth of 1.2 m, ECe (electrical conductivity of the saturation extract) varied from 12.8 to 36.6 dS m(-1), SAR from 28.8 to 88.8, and clay content from 2.5% to 48.3%. B and Mo concentrations varied from 11.5 to 32.2 mg l(-1) and 476.8 to 1959.6 mug l(-1), respectively. CaCO3, NO3- in the saturation extract, exchangeable Ca2+, Se, and As consistently had the highest coefficients of variation (CV) while pH(e), Pb, and Ca2+ in the saturation extract consistently had the lowest CVs at all depths. A one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to spatially partition the local- and global-scale variability. Local-scale variability was greatest for pH,. Laboratory measurements of saturated hydraulic conductivity (K-s) were very low (0.0000846-0.0456 cm h(-1)), whereas field measurements were considerably higher (0.49-1.79 cm h(-1)). Based on the Cl- data, the leaching fraction (LF) for the entire study area was estimated to be 17%.
Soil quality was reflected in yield and chemical analysis of forage. Forage Mo contents determined from newly established Bermuda grass varied from 1 to 5 mg kg(-1) on a dry matter basis, and Cu/Mo ratios averaged 3.3, while forage yield in the establishment year declined with ECe, and failed to grow above ECe levels of approximately 22 dS m(-1). The initial soil quality assessment of the research site indicated that the sustainability of drainage water reuse at this location would depend upon maintaining, a sufficient LF with careful consideration and management of salinity, boron, molybdenum, and sodium levels. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/S0016-7601(03)00043-0

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Soil Science Society of America  

Water, solute, and heat transport processes in soils are mutually interdependent as each includes convective water flow and each transport mechanism is partly controlled by fluid saturation, pore geometry, temperature, and other soil environmental conditions. Therefore, their measurement in approximately identical measurement locations and volume is essential for understanding transport phenomena in soils. We introduce a 2.7-cm-diameter multi-functional heat pulse probe (MFHPP), which consists of a single central heater, four thermistors, and four electrodes (Wenner array) that together are incorporated in six 1.27-mm-o.d. stainless-steel tubes. The bulk soil thermal properties and volumetric water content of Tottori Dune sand were determined from the measurement of the temperature response of all four thermistor sensors after application of an 8-s heat pulse by the heater sensor. Simultaneously with the temperature measurements, the bulk soil electrical conductivity (ECb) was measured using the Wenner array, from which soil solution concentration (ECw) can be obtained after calibration. All measurements were taken during multistep outflow experiments, which also allowed estimation of the soil's hydraulic properties. We demonstrated that the MFHPP can effectively measure volumetric water content, thermal properties, and ECb, and can be used to indirectly estimate soil water fluxes at rates larger than 0.7 m d-1 in the sand. © Soil Science Society of America.

DOI： 10.2113/2.4.561

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DOI： 10.2965/jswe.25.565

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Japanese Society of Irrigation, Drainage and Rural Engineering  

DOI： 10.11408/jjsidre1965.69.85

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：The Japanese Society of Irrigation, Drainage and Rural Engineering  

DOI： 10.11408/jjsidre1965.69.71

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：SOIL SCI SOC AMER  

Characterization of unsaturated hydraulic and geometrical properties of undisturbed soils is essential for understanding water flow and solute transport in soils. We visualized the drainage pattern by soft x-ray radiography using a contrast medium. Outflow experiments were conducted simultaneously and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity was calculated by parameter estimation. Time sequential drainage patterns were obtained by the subtraction technique, which was done by subtracting a reference image from the image of interest. Drainage patterns of paddy and upland field soils showed that drainage occurs through macropores first, followed by interaggregate macropores, and then finally through the soil matrix. The drainage pattern resembles two-domain flow of macropore and matrix, On the other hand, drainage occurred through the entire sample in forest soils, Unsaturated hydraulic conductivity data showed a discontinuity near saturation, providing evidence of two-domain now. This was explained by differences in bulk density. Tightly packed soils allowed macropore now. The differences increased in the order: forest, upland field, and paddy field soils. An exception was observed in paddy field soils, where roughly parked deeper soils showed significant macropore now. The thin section photograph of paddy field soils from deeper layers revealed that the macropore wall was coated with alluvial materials that prevented smooth water flow across the macropore wall. In this regard, we should also consider the resistance caused by these materials. Soft x-ray radiography of the drainage pattern was helpful in characterizing the unsaturated hydraulic properties of structured soils.

DOI： 10.2136/sssaj1999.634733x

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS  

Soft X-ray radiography, a nondestructive technique, was employed to examine macropore now characteristics in soils of different management: paddy, upland field, and forest. A constant-head saturated hydraulic conductivity experiment was conducted using the soft X-ray apparatus. A contrast medium, CH2I2, was applied as a tracer to obtain contrast images of macropore now. The visualization efficiency has been increased by the low-energy system that enables high-contrast images to be obtained as a result of a wider range of mass attenuation coefficients. CH2I2 has a larger attenuation coefficient than bulk soil and has a kinematic viscosity similar to water, It was introduced dropwise to allow movement with the water now. Macropore now was captured using a soft X-ray TV camera, whereas now paths were photographed on X-ray films. Light duralumin, was used for the sample holder instead of the conventionally used stainless steel in order not to cancel the efficiency induced by the contrast medium. We found that the highest resolution obtained was 42.3 mu m This corresponded well to the calculated value of 30 mu m at an energy level of 60 to 70 keV, The resultant images showed that only about 30% of potentially available macropores conducted water now. Macropore now paths were affected by land management: straight isolated cylindrical paths in paddy field soils; a network of tortuous paths in upland field soils; and round cloudy interaggregate paths in forest soils. Macropore now velocity was estimated from CH2I2 movement. Because the now area was restricted to a small number of macropores, the Reynolds number of now ranged from 51.6 to 88.6. The now was in a transition region from laminar to turbulent now. Under actual conditions of macropore now, the assumption of laminar now was not realized, Both structural and dynamic analyses of macropore now explained the now characteristics successfully.

DOI： 10.1097/00010694-199907000-00003

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DOI： 10.11408/jsidre1965.1997.49

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DOI： 10.11408/jsidre1965.1994.171_13

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DOI： 10.34467/jssoilphysics.143.0_37

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DOI： 10.34467/jssoilphysics.140.0_41

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DOI： 10.34467/jssoilphysics.137.0_21

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Characterization of unsaturated hydraulic and geometrical properties of undisturbed soils is essential for understanding water flow and solute transport in soils. We visualized the drainage pattern by soft x-ray radiography using a contrast medium. Outflow experiments were conducted simultaneously and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity was calculated by parameter estimation. Time sequential drainage patterns were obtained by the subtraction technique, which was done by subtracting a reference image from the image of interest. Drainage patterns of paddy and upland field soils showed that drainage occurs through macropores first, followed by interaggregate macropores, and then finally through the soil matrix. The drainage pattern resembles two-domain flow of macropore and matrix, On the other hand, drainage occurred through the entire sample in forest soils, Unsaturated hydraulic conductivity data showed a discontinuity near saturation, providing evidence of two-domain now. This was explained by differences in bulk density. Tightly packed soils allowed macropore now. The differences increased in the order: forest, upland field, and paddy field soils. An exception was observed in paddy field soils, where roughly parked deeper soils showed significant macropore now. The thin section photograph of paddy field soils from deeper layers revealed that the macropore wall was coated with alluvial materials that prevented smooth water flow across the macropore wall. In this regard, we should also consider the resistance caused by these materials. Soft x-ray radiography of the drainage pattern was helpful in characterizing the unsaturated hydraulic properties of structured soils.

DOI： 10.2136/sssaj1999.634733x

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Language：English   Publisher：LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS  

Soft X-ray radiography, a nondestructive technique, was employed to examine macropore now characteristics in soils of different management: paddy, upland field, and forest. A constant-head saturated hydraulic conductivity experiment was conducted using the soft X-ray apparatus. A contrast medium, CH2I2, was applied as a tracer to obtain contrast images of macropore now. The visualization efficiency has been increased by the low-energy system that enables high-contrast images to be obtained as a result of a wider range of mass attenuation coefficients. CH2I2 has a larger attenuation coefficient than bulk soil and has a kinematic viscosity similar to water, It was introduced dropwise to allow movement with the water now. Macropore now was captured using a soft X-ray TV camera, whereas now paths were photographed on X-ray films. Light duralumin, was used for the sample holder instead of the conventionally used stainless steel in order not to cancel the efficiency induced by the contrast medium. We found that the highest resolution obtained was 42.3 mu m This corresponded well to the calculated value of 30 mu m at an energy level of 60 to 70 keV, The resultant images showed that only about 30% of potentially available macropores conducted water now. Macropore now paths were affected by land management: straight isolated cylindrical paths in paddy field soils; a network of tortuous paths in upland field soils; and round cloudy interaggregate paths in forest soils. Macropore now velocity was estimated from CH2I2 movement. Because the now area was restricted to a small number of macropores, the Reynolds number of now ranged from 51.6 to 88.6. The now was in a transition region from laminar to turbulent now. Under actual conditions of macropore now, the assumption of laminar now was not realized, Both structural and dynamic analyses of macropore now explained the now characteristics successfully.

DOI： 10.1097/00010694-199907000-00003

Web of Science

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Shimane University  

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Other Link： http://ir.lib.shimane-u.ac.jp/bull/bull.pl?id=3523

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Other Link： http://ir.lib.shimane-u.ac.jp/bull/bull.pl?id=3569

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Other Link： http://ir.lib.shimane-u.ac.jp/bull/bull.pl?id=2993

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Other Link： http://ir.lib.shimane-u.ac.jp/bull/bull.pl?id=2071

Event date： 2024.5.26 - 2024.5.31

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Event date： 2018.11

Language：English   Presentation type：Poster presentation  

Venue：Nara,Japan  

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Event date： 2018.10.27

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Event date： 2018.10.27

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Event date： 2018.10.27

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Event date： 2018.9

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Venue：京都  

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Event date： 2016.11.7 - 2016.11.9

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Venue：アメリカ合衆国アリゾナ州フェニックス フェニックスコンベンションセンター  

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Event date： 2016.11.7 - 2016.11.9

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Venue：アメリカ合衆国アリゾナ州フェニックス フェニックスコンベンションセンター  

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Event date： 2016.11.7 - 2016.11.9

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Venue：アメリカ合衆国アリゾナ州フェニックス フェニックスコンベンションセンター  

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Event date： 2016.11.7 - 2016.11.9

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Venue：アメリカ合衆国アリゾナ州フェニックス フェニックスコンベンションセンター  

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Event date： 2016.10.28 - 2016.10.30

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Venue：京都市 京都大学吉田キャンパス農学部総合館  

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Venue：京都市 京都大学吉田キャンパス農学部総合館  

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Venue：京都市 京都大学吉田キャンパス農学部総合館  

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Event date： 2016.10.28 - 2016.10.30

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Venue：京都市 京都大学吉田キャンパス農学部総合館  

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Venue：東京都小金井市 渡橋農工大学小金井キャンパス  

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Venue：Sumatra, Indonesia  

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Venue：Yokohama, Japan  

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Venue：Yokohama, Japan  

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Venue：Yokohama, Japan  

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Venue：Yokohama, Japan  

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Venue：Tampa, Fl. USA  

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Venue：Tampa, Fl. USA  

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Event date： 2013.10.26

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Venue：福島県福島市  

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Venue：名古屋市  

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Venue：名古屋市  

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Venue：名古屋市  

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Venue：Chiba, Japan  

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Venue：Chiba, Japan  

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Venue：Chiba, Japan  

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Venue：東京都新宿区 ベルサール新宿グランド  

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Venue：San Francisco, CA, USA  

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Venue：San Francisco, CA, USA  

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Venue：San Francisco, CA, USA  

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Event date： 2012.11.2

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Venue：北海道帯広市  

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Event date： 2012.11.2

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Event date： 2012.10.21 - 2012.10.24

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Event date： 2012.9.26

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Venue：宮城県農業・園芸総合研究所  

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Event date： 2012.5.19 - 2012.5.25

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Event date： 2012.5.19 - 2012.5.25

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Venue：Chiba, Japan  

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Event date： 2012.5.19 - 2012.5.25

Language：English   Presentation type：Poster presentation  

Venue：Chiba, Japan  

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Event date： 2012.5.19 - 2012.5.25

Language：English   Presentation type：Poster presentation  

Venue：Chiba, Japan  

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Event date： 2012.5.19 - 2012.5.25

Language：English   Presentation type：Poster presentation  

Venue：Chiba, Japan  

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Event date： 2012.5.19 - 2012.5.25

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Event date： 2011.10.28

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Event date： 2011.10.28

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Event date： 2011.10.28

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Event date： 2011.10.28

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Event date： 2011.10.28

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Event date： 2011.5.22 - 2011.5.27

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Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Poster presentation  

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