Authorship：Lead author,　Last author,　Corresponding author   Language：English  

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Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

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Authorship：Last author   Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

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Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

This paper contains supplementary data in support of a research paper published [1] regarding the expected anthropogenic mercury release in China in response to the Minamata Convention on Mercury (MCM). The dataset provided within this article contains a set of excel spreadsheets. Each spreadsheet contains filtered (collected) and analysed data, i.e., parameters, collected data, calculated and summarized results for mercury distribution by the category of mineral production, intentional uses, secondary metal production, extraction and combustion, and waste treatment in a specific year. The collected (filtered) data in this article consist of the input factor (IF), activity rate data (ARD), output scenario (OS), initial distribution factor (iDF), and redistribution factor (rDF). IF was from the default IF in the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Toolkit Level 2 and published scientific papers. ARD was obtained from the U.S. Geological Survey database, China Statistical Yearbooks, and published scientific papers. The OS content was from the default OS in the UNEP Toolkit Level 2 and published scientific papers. iDF was from the default distribution factor (DF) in the UNEP Toolkit Level 2 and published scientific papers. rDF was from published scientific paper. The mercury input was calculated using IF and ARD. The mercury release to different media in the initial distribution step was calculated using the mercury input and iDF. The release of mercury to the final sinks in the redistribution step was calculated using the amount of sector-specific treatment/disposal, product or by-product, and rDF. The dataset with combination of the collected (filtered) and analyzed data can contribute to an understanding of differences in anthropogenic mercury release before and after implementation of the MCM, especially considering technology transformation in China. Government policymakers involved in hazardous waste management, especially those working on MCM, and engineers and scientists interested in hazardous waste management may benefit from these data. The data can be used for identifying the environmental impact of anthropogenic mercury release before and after the MCM in China. The data can facilitate the creation of strategic management policies for mercury as the MCM is implemented in China.

DOI： 10.1016/j.dib.2022.108280

PubMed

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Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

An anaerobic digester system is a sequence of process to digest biodegradable waste into biogas in the absence of oxygen. In two-stage anaerobic digestion system acid-forming steps or hydrolysis stage are separated from the methane forming steps. Although hydrolysis stage tends to get too acidic, addition of alkali substance can prevent pH from dropping too low so as to maintain good decomposition condition for microorganism. Oyster shell powder is a useful pH control additive containing CaCO3 at high percentage that can neutralize acid. In this study, the performances between industry-made fine oyster shell (IOS) powder (size 10.5 μm) and manually ground oyster shell (OS) powder (size < 1 mm) in methane generation yield were compared. NaOH, which is an alkali reagent for controlling pH, also used in comparison. The result showed that at the end of the hydrolysis stage, IOS powder increased pH up to 6.63, NaOH did almost the same (6.72), and OS powder was the lowest (6.1). In liquid residue, ratio of inorganic ash content with IOS treatment was the highest (2.1 %), but OS was the lowest (1.4 %). In the methanogenesis stage, CH4 concentration with NaOH treatment was the highest (80 %) compared to oyster shell powders: 74.33 % in IOS and 74.24 % in OS. Average methane yield over observation period of IOS treatment was the highest (533.9 mL/gVS), followed by alkali (487.3 mL/gVS) and OS (413.7 mL/gVS). Total CH4 from IOS treatment was 37 % and 8 % higher than OS and alkali treatment. Powder size of oyster shell greatly affected pH control, methane yield, and solid-liquid separation, but not methane concentration. Using IOS powder as pH control in hydrolysis of two-stage anaerobic system resulted in 78 % less cost than using NaOH.

DOI： 10.3303/CET2189063

Scopus

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Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

There is increasing public concern regarding the potential risks posed by mercury and mercury compounds. Knowledge of the mercury emission and release inventory, and determination of the main factors that ameliorate the environmental impact of anthropogenic activities, will contribute to environmentally sound mercury management. This study used a life cycle impact assessment to identify the major factors contributing to the overall environmental burden imposed by elemental mercury releases. The environmental impact of the business-as-usual scenario (total impacts = 5.13 GPt) was greater than that of the accelerated technology transformation (ACR) scenario (total impacts = 4.51 GPt), especially in terms of the impact on human health (HH). ACR mainly reduces mercury emissions to air, which affects HH. Compared to its effects on HH, mercury release to the environment has less impact on ecosystem diversity (ED). Mercury release to land had the largest impact on ED, followed by mercury emissions to air and discharge to water. ACR can reduce the harm to HH and marine ecosystems by 12 %. This study provides quantitative information on the environmental impact of mercury release, facilitating strategic management of mercury emissions in line with the Minamata Convention on Mercury (implemented in China in 2017).

DOI： 10.3303/CET2189051

Scopus

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Authorship：Lead author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Anthropogenic activities have aroused great concern in terms of the negative impact on ecosystems and human health. With rapid industrial development, Malaysia has experienced problems with regard to mercury pollution. Knowledge of the mercury emission and release inventory, and the main factors that ameliorate the environmental impact of anthropogenic activities, will contribute to environmentally sound mercury management, which is becoming increasingly urgent in Malaysia. In this study, inventories for total mercury emission and release in 2019 were devised to understand pollution sources. A life cycle impact assessment was used to identify the major factors contributing to the overall environmental burden. The environmental impact of anthropogenic mercury releases was compared between (sub)source categories. The total mercury input in 2019 was 36.4 t, of which 30.4 t were released to the natural environment under the output scenario of mercury release with no emission control. The respective amounts of 12.7, 1.8, and 15.9 t of mercury were released to air, water, and land. The environmental burden to terrestrial ecosystem imposed by mercury release was higher than that to freshwater and marine ecosystems. The harm to human health was 4,785 DALY, and harm to ecosystem was 0.85 species/y. The category of coal combustion was the largest contributor to the harms of human health (44 % of total impact), followed by cement production (11 % of total impact), and natural gas extraction and combustion (11 % of total impact). The category of gold mining (no amalgamation) was the largest contributor to the harms to ecosystems (76 % of total impact), followed by coal combustion (11 % of total impact). The result of this study can provide a scientific information to policymaker for strategic management of mercury in Malaysia.

DOI： 10.3303/CET2189045

Scopus

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Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

China is the largest emitter of anthropogenic mercury worldwide. Implementation of the Minamata Convention on Mercury will significantly impact the development, use, and management of mercury resources. Chinese mercury management policies require significant adjustment. There is an urgent need to develop a current national mercury inventory to estimate mercury inputs and outputs by source category, and to clarify the distributions to various environmental scenarios. Here, the mercury releases are quantitatively analysed to facilitate the implementation of strategic mercury management policies in China. First, the mercury inputs and outputs by source categories in 2016 are quantified and then the mercury distributions to various environmental and intermediate sinks are estimated. The total mercury input was 5,116 t in 2016, of which 77 % was attributable to mineral production. In total, 3,083 t were released into various environmental and intermediate reservoirs. Of this total, 53.8 % was intentional uses, followed by extraction and combustion (26.5 %), and mineral production (19.6 %); 1,501 t were released into air, water, and land, of which extraction and combustion accounted for 48.6 % followed by mineral production (25.7 %) and intentional uses (25.6 %).

DOI： 10.3303/CET2183002

Scopus

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Authorship：Last author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Alkali substitute for two-stage anaerobic co-digestion system using kitchen waste, agriculture waste, and horse dung was compared with the standard alkali chemical used for pH control. The substitute used in this experiment is oyster shell waste. The study aims to investigate and evaluate the performance of oyster shells to overcome problems such as pH drops in the hydrolysis stage, greenhouse gas emission from chemical use, and methanogenesis stage performance such as methane gas yield and quality of biogas production. The result shows hydrolysate from control treatment using alkali has the highest volatile solid (VS) (1.18 %) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) (27.7 g/L). Oyster shell treatment has lower VS (1.14 %) and COD (25.01 g/L), but not significantly different from control. One-time oyster shell application can maintain reactor pH throughout the acid phase. Alkali treatment needs multiple doses to maintain the reactor in the intended pH range. At the end of the first stage, liquid hydrolysate pH value from alkali, oyster shell and no pH control treatment are 6.5, 5.29 and 3.8. As a result of comparing greenhouse gases emission in the cases of using NaOH as alkali, and oyster shell by Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) method, equivalent weight of CO2 emission from the oyster shell is lower by 0.0504 kg-CO2/kg-waste than that from alkali or only 0.15 times. In methanogenesis stage, alkali treatment produced 31 % higher methane gas yield (429.82 mL CH4/g VS in 1.64 g VS/L/d) compared to oyster shell treatment (321.32 mL CH4/g VS in 2.8 g VS/L/d). Methane gas yields of oyster treatment are stable through the different range of organic loading rate (OLR) while in alkali treatment the gas yield tends to increase in proportion with higher OLR. Highest methane gas percentage in biogas produced from alkali treatment (77.53 %), while in oyster shell treatment highest methane gas percentage is 71.11 %. Alkali treatment performs better in methane gas production using two stage anaerobic digesters, but oyster shells offer advantages in terms of practicality, stability and environmental impact.

DOI： 10.3303/CET2183081

Scopus

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Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

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Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Springer Tokyo  

In October 2013, China signed the Minamata Convention on Mercury as the 30th signatory state, and its implementation will have a significant impact on the development, use, and management of mercury. Therefore, estimating excess mercury has become extremely important for providing fundamental information for strategic mercury management, such as planning the necessary storage capacity and the timeline for taking appropriate actions. In this study, quantitative information on past and current domestic supply and demand and on excess mercury over a 55-year period (1996–2050) in China was assessed through maximum and minimum scenario analyses. The total mercury supply increased markedly between 1996 and 2016, particularly during the 3 most recent years. The total demand for mercury during the same period increased gradually compared to the total supply. The amount of annual excess mercury has grown rapidly since 2014, from 636 –756 tons in 2013 to 2725–2845 tons in 2016. The minimum excess mercury scenario shows that cumulative excess mercury will continue to decline from 2017 on, and will reach one-third of 2016 levels in 2050. The cumulative amount in 2050 in the maximum scenario will be 3.5 times higher than that in the minimum scenario. The method applied would be useful for policymakers in other countries that are facing similar problems.

DOI： 10.1007/s10163-018-0712-y

Web of Science

Scopus

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Language：English   Publishing type：Part of collection (book)   Publisher：Springer Singapore  

Mercury is emitted to the atmosphere from both anthropogenic and natural sources. Mercury subsequently enters the oceans, lakes, and rivers, directly as atmospheric deposition or from diffuse or concentrated sources in surrounding watersheds. Some inorganic mercury in water is converted into organic mercury, which is very toxic and subject to biological accumulation. To prevent mercury contamination, we have to control atmospheric emissions of mercury internationally. First, for the appropriate management of mercury, it is necessary to clarify the emission sources and amounts. In this study, we developed a mercury emission inventory for Malaysia by conducting a literature review, consulting with the Malaysian Ministry of the Environment, and measuring actual mercury levels in emissions from various sources. The inventory was compared to the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) global mercury emission inventory and the atmospheric emissions of mercury in Japan.

DOI： 10.1007/978-981-10-8090-6_3

Scopus

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Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：SPRINGER  

In strategic end-of-life electrical and electronic equipment (EoL EEE) management, it has become important to not only avoid the negative environmental impacts but also enhance the positive effects of secondary resource utilization. This is especially true in emerging countries such as China, where medium-to long-term increases in the amount of EoL EEE generation are projected. This study aims to assess the resource availability potential for EoL EEE recycling based on penetration scenarios for formal and/or informal treatment options in China. We categorized substances contained in EoL television sets and personal computers into environmental, resource, and economic aspects under consideration of product transitions. Barium and copper have a high negative potential impact on human health and/or the ecosystem. Focusing on metals with a high resource potential, the resource availability is assessed under different treatment options using characterization factors identified through a life-cycle impact assessment method, the ReCiPe 2008. The results suggest that copper and lead recycling could alleviate the increase in mining costs of resource utilization. Scenario analysis for penetration of formal and informal recycling options indicated that the difference in the alleviated mining costs between the status quo and short-term transition projections until 2030 corresponds to 2.1-2.4 billion dollars.

DOI： 10.1007/s10163-015-0452-1

Web of Science

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Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：TURKISH NATL COMMITTEE AIR POLLUTION RES & CONTROL-TUNCAP  

For the appropriate management of mercury, sources of emissions and release, as well as the amounts released, need to be clarified. We developed a mercury emissions inventory for Malaysia by measuring the actual emissions levels in two solid waste incineration facilities (SWIF-a and SWIF-b) and a coal-fired power station, as well as the mercury concentrations in the combustion residues and feedstock. The mercury concentration in the emissions from SWIF-a ranged from 1.1 to 27.6 mu g/Nm(3), while that from SWIF-b averaged 35.1 mu g/Nm(3). The estimated mercury concentration in emissions from the coal-fired power station ranged from 5.2 to 39.5 mu g/Nm(3). We estimated the emissions and release of mercury into various media, and applied a substance flow analysis to link the flows and stocks. The total potential emissions in Malaysia in 2012 were an estimated 7.60-59.09 Mg (7.60-38.09 Mg excluding artisanal and small-scale gold mining [ASGM]). The measurements for the SWIFs and the coal-fired power station were used to refine the emissions inventory for Malaysia. In the future, it will be necessary to create reliable inventories for both atmospheric emissions and release into other media in Malaysia by collecting more reliable measurement data. Copyright (C) 2016 Turkish National Committee for Air Pollution Research and Control. Production and hosting by Elsevier B. V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license

DOI： 10.1016/j.apr.2016.04.005

Web of Science

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Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Doctoral thesis  

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Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Master’s thesis  

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Authorship：Corresponding author   Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper, summary (national, other academic conference)   Publisher：Japan Society of Material Cycles and Waste Management  

Many local governments in Japan have stipulated that labels should be removed for separate collection of PET bottles, but recently there has been a method of making labels made of PET and recycling them together with PET bottles. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the amount of waste reduction and material recycling that can be achieved by recycling labels and bottles together, and for this purpose, we proposed a method of estimating the amount of PET bottles from households based on household consumption.

DOI： 10.14912/jsmcwm.32.0_21

CiNii Article

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Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper, summary (national, other academic conference)   Publisher：Japan Society of Material Cycles and Waste Management  

From the viewpoints of marine plastic problems and global warming issues, reduction of marine pollution of plastics and conversion of 3Rs and renewable resources are required. Durable and hygienic PET bottles are indispensable to our lives because of their convenience. However, they account for 6% of the total amount of plastic waste every year in Japan. The purpose of this study is to construct a material flow (MFA) for PET bottle labels in Japan. As the results, the amount of PET bottle labels discarded in 2019 were calculated. The amount of labels calculated using the weight ratio of bottles to labels is about 26,000 tons, while the amount of labels calculated using the average weight of labels is about 25,000 tons. Comparing the two calculation methods, there was a difference of 200 tons for roll labels and 1,000 tons for shrink labels. This is probably because the ratio of roll labels to shrink labels is assumed and the capacity of PET bottles is not distinguished.

DOI： 10.14912/jsmcwm.32.0_23

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Authorship：Last author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper, summary (international conference)  

Alkali substitute for two-stage anaerobic co-digestion system using kitchen waste, agriculture waste, and horse dung was compared with the standard alkali chemical used for pH control. The substitute used in this experiment is oyster shell waste. The study aims to investigate and evaluate the performance of oyster shells to overcome problems such as pH drops in the hydrolysis stage, greenhouse gas emission from chemical use, and methanogenesis stage performance such as methane gas yield and quality of biogas production. The result shows hydrolysate from control treatment using alkali has the highest volatile solid (VS) (1.18 %) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) (27.7 g/L). Oyster shell treatment has lower VS (1.14 %) and COD (25.01 g/L), but not significantly different from control. One-time oyster shell application can maintain reactor pH throughout the acid phase. Alkali treatment needs multiple doses to maintain the reactor in the intended pH range. At the end of the first stage, liquid hydrolysate pH value from alkali, oyster shell and no pH control treatment are 6.5, 5.29 and 3.8. As a result of comparing greenhouse gases emission in the cases of using NaOH as alkali, and oyster shell by Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) method, equivalent weight of CO2 emission from the oyster shell is lower by 0.0504 kg-CO2/kg-waste than that from alkali or only 0.15 times. In methanogenesis stage, alkali treatment produced 31 % higher methane gas yield (429.82 mL CH4/g VS in 1.64 g VS/L/d) compared to oyster shell treatment (321.32 mL CH4/g VS in 2.8 g VS/L/d). Methane gas yields of oyster treatment are stable through the different range of organic loading rate (OLR) while in alkali treatment the gas yield tends to increase in proportion with higher OLR. Highest methane gas percentage in biogas produced from alkali treatment (77.53 %), while in oyster shell treatment highest methane gas percentage is 71.11 %. Alkali treatment performs better in methane gas production using two stage anaerobic digesters, but oyster shells offer advantages in terms of practicality, stability and environmental impact.

DOI： 10.3303/CET2183081

Scopus

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Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper, summary (national, other academic conference)  

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Authorship：Lead author   Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Article, review, commentary, editorial, etc. (bulletin of university, research institution)   Publisher：京都大学環境安全保健機構附属環境科学センター  

2. 環境保全業務報告

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