Authorship：Last author,　Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC), derived from cruciferous vegetables, is an organosulfur compound exerting antiproliferative effects in several human cancer cells. In this study, we assessed BITC as a potential osteoclastogenesis inhibitor and investigated its underlying mechanism. BITC at 5 μM significantly decreased the viability of the osteoclast-like differentiating RAW264.7 cells, coinciding with the downregulation of the primary biomarkers for osteoclast differentiation, such as the tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase activity and nuclear factor of activated T-cells gene expression. Not only BITC but also its metabolites, inhibited cell proliferation in the normal RAW264.7 cells, suggesting that BITC shows an anti-osteoclastogenesis effect in vivo after its ingestion and metabolism, possibly through an antiproliferative action. Both BITC and its metabolites also enhanced the DNA fragmentation and the caspase-3 activity, whereas their higher concentrations tended to suppress these effects. BITC was intracellularly accumulated when the cells were treated with its metabolites via their degradation into the free form. A quantitative experiment using the proteolysis/high performance liquid chromatography technique showed that the amount of BITC-lysine thiourea in the cells was also increased in a time-dependent manner, suggesting that lysine modification of the cellular proteins actually took place in the cells treated by BITC. Among the cellular proteins, the cleaved caspase-3 was identified as a potential target for lysine modification by BITC. Taken together, BITC dissociated from its metabolites as well as its free form might modulate osteoclastogenesis, possibly through inhibition of cell proliferation by protein modification.

DOI： 10.1002/jbt.23184

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Aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDHs) are the major enzyme superfamily for the aldehyde metabolism. Since the ALDH polymorphism leads to the accumulation of acetaldehyde, we considered that the enhancement of the liver ALDH activity by certain food ingredients could help prevent alcohol-induced chronic diseases. Here, we evaluated the modulating effects of 3-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (OPAC), the major metabolite of quercetin glycosides, on the ALDH activity and acetaldehyde-induced cytotoxicity in the cultured cell models. OPAC significantly enhanced the total ALDH activity not only in mouse hepatoma Hepa1c1c7 cells, but also in human hepatoma HepG2 cells. OPAC significantly increased not only the nuclear level of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), but also the AhR-dependent reporter gene expression, though not the nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-dependent one. The pretreatment of OPAC at the concentration required for the ALDH upregulation completely inhibited the acetaldehyde-induced cytotoxicity. Silencing AhR impaired the resistant effect of OPAC against acetaldehyde. These results strongly suggested that OPAC protects the cells from the acetaldehyde-induced cytotoxicity, mainly through the AhR-dependent and Nrf2-independent enhancement of the total ALDH activity. Our findings suggest that OPAC has a protective potential in hepatocyte models and could offer a new preventive possibility of quercetin glycosides for targeting alcohol-induced chronic diseases.

DOI： 10.3390/ijms23031762

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The aim of this study was to extract benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC) from green papaya by distillation apparatus without using organic solvents, and to improve the stability of BITC in aqueous solution. The distillation of mashed green papaya successfully yielded BITC as a water solution with more than 80% purity with good reproducibility. The amount of BITC in the distilled water gradually decreased during its storage at 4 °C, whereas it was not significantly changed at -20 °C for a few months. Moreover, the addition of l-cysteine ameliorated the BITC decomposition by the 4 °C-storage, but not affected by N-acetyl-cysteine and glutathione. These results suggested that the combination of BITC extraction by distillation and cysteine supplementation as well as frozen storage might be a useful method for the preparation and storage of the safer grade of BITC-containing extract.

DOI： 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125118

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Benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC) is a naturally-occurring isothiocyanate derived from cruciferous vegetables. BITC has been reported to inhibit the proliferation of various cancer cells, which is believed to be important for the inhibition of tumorigenesis. However, the detailed mechanisms of action remain unclear. In this study, we employed a budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a model organism for screening. Twelve genes including MTW1 were identified as the overexpression suppressors for the antiproliferative effect of BITC using the genome-wide multi-copy plasmid collection for S. cerevisiae. Overexpression of the kinetochore protein Mtw1 counteracts the antiproliferative effect of BITC in yeast. The inhibitory effect of BITC on the proliferation of human colon cancer HCT-116 cells was consistently suppressed by the overexpression of Mis12, a human orthologue of Mtw1, and enhanced by the knockdown of Mis12. We also found that BITC increased the phosphorylated and ubiquitinated Mis12 level with consequent reduction of Mis12, suggesting that BITC degrades Mis12 through an ubiquitin-proteasome system. Furthermore, cell cycle analysis showed that the change in the Mis12 level affected the cell cycle distribution and the sensitivity to the BITC-induced apoptosis. These results provide evidence that BITC suppresses cell proliferation through the post-transcriptional regulation of the kinetochore protein Mis12.

DOI： 10.1038/s41598-019-45248-2

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Authorship：Last author,　Corresponding author   Language：English   Publisher：The Society for Free Radical Research Japan  

DOI： 10.3164/jcbn.17-91

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DOI： 10.1080/09168451.2018.1444467

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DOI： 10.1016/j.fct.2017.08.016

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DOI： 10.1016/j.foodres.2016.09.034

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DOI： 10.1038/cddis.2014.495

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DOI： 10.1271/bbb.90731

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DOI： 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2009.07.011

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DOI： 10.1016/j.bbalip.2008.10.004

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DOI： 10.1016/j.bbadis.2008.07.002

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DOI： 10.1016/j.canlet.2008.02.044

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DOI： 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.107.167080

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DOI： 10.1021/jf070159w

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DOI： 10.1002/ijc.22350

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DOI： 10.1093/carcin/bgh051

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DOI： 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-03-2296

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DOI： 10.1016/S0891-5849(03)00440-4

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DOI： 10.1021/bi0340090

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DOI： 10.1074/jbc.M109760200

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DOI： 10.1074/jbc.M109641200

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DOI： 10.1016/S0891-5849(01)00481-6

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DOI： 10.1093/carcin/21.10.1899

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DOI： 10.1016/S0304-3835(00)00487-0

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Authorship：Lead author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Japanese Cancer Association  

DOI： 10.1111/j.1349-7006.1998.tb00572.x

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DOI： 10.1016/S0304-3835(96)04422-9

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DOI： 10.1016/j.fbio.2025.107118

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DOI： 10.1093/bbb/zbaf062

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DOI： 10.1016/j.jff.2025.106710

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Traditional Chinese Zhenjiang aromatic vinegar (Kozu) contains Fraglide-1 (FG1), a bioactive lactone with demonstrated peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) agonist and antioxidant activities. This study explored FG1's novel ability to antagonize the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) signaling pathway, which regulates artemin expression and contributes to itching and inflammation in atopic dermatitis. Through molecular docking simulations and cell-based assays in human keratinocytes, we demonstrated FG1's potent antagonistic activity against AhR signaling. FG1 effectively suppressed FICZ-induced inflammatory responses, including artemin expression, with potency (half maximal inhibitory concentration, IC50 = 5.1 μM) comparable to the synthetic antagonist StemRegenin 1 (SR1) while demonstrating a superior safety profile (median lethal concentration, LC50 > 100 μM vs. 27.5 μM for SR1). These findings expand our understanding of bioactive compounds from traditional fermented foods and their regulatory effects on AhR signaling, providing a foundation for future studies on FG1's role in modulating skin inflammation.

DOI： 10.1016/j.fct.2025.115301

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Abscisic acid (ABA) induces stomatal closure in higher plants under drought stress. Glutathione (GSH) negatively regulates ABA-induced stomatal closure and reactive carbonyl species (RCS) play a role as signal mediators downstream of reactive oxygen species production in ABA signaling pathway in Arabidopsis thaliana. Activation of slow (S-type) anion channels and inhibition of inward-rectifying potassium ion (Kin+) channels in the plasma membrane are essential for ABA-induced stomatal closure. However, there is limited evidence regarding role of GSH in the activation of S-type anion channels and the inhibition of Kin+ channels. We used Vicia faba to clarify the regulation of these ion channels by GSH and RCS. Pretreatment of guard-cell protoplasts with the GSH-supplementing agent, glutathione monoethyl ester (GSHmee), suppressed the activation of S-type anion channels and the inactivation of Kin+ channels induced by ABA. The pretreatment with the RCS scavenger carnosine suppressed the activation of S-type anion channels and the inactivation of Kin+ channels by ABA. On patch clamping guard-cell protoplasts, the addition of GSH to the pipette (cytosolic) buffer decreased the S-type anion currents and increased the Kin+ currents. These results suggest that cytosolic GSH is involved in ABA-induced stomatal closure via negative regulation of ABA signaling and via direct regulation of ion channel activities in V. faba.

DOI： 10.1016/j.jplph.2025.154447

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Myrosinase, referred to as thioglucoside glucohydrolase (TGG), plays a crucial role in plant physiology through catalyzing the hydrolysis of glucosinolates into bioactive isothiocyanates. In Arabidopsis thaliana, the myrosinases TGG1 and TGG2 are essential for abscisic acid- and methyl jasmonate-induced stomata closure. Allyl isothiocyanate (AITC), one of myrosinase products, triggers stomatal closure in A. thaliana. We investigated stomatal responses to AITC to clarify the role of TGG1 and TGG2 in Arabidopsis guard-cell signaling. Allyl isothiocyanate at 50 μM and 100 μM induced stomatal closure in the tgg1 and tgg2 single mutants but not in the tgg1 tgg2 double mutant. Furthermore, AITC at 50 μM induced the production of reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide, cytosolic alkalization, and oscillations in cytosolic free calcium concentration in guard cells of both wild-type and mutant plants. These findings suggest that TGG1 and TGG2 are involved in AITC signaling pathway through interaction with signal component(s) downstream of these signaling events, which is not accompanied by hydrolysis of glucosinolates because of the difference in subcellular localization between enzymes (myrosinases) and substrates (glucosinolates).

DOI： 10.1007/s00709-025-02039-z

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DOI： 10.1016/j.jff.2025.106672

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An elicitor, chitosan (CHT), induces stomatal closure in plants, which is accompanied by salicylhydroxamic acid (SHAM)-sensitive peroxidases-mediated reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in guard cells. Reactive carbonyl species (RCS) function downstream of ROS in abscisic acid (ABA) and methyl jasmonate (MeJA) signalling in guard cells. However, the involvement of RCS in CHT-induced stomatal closure is still unknown. In this study, we used transgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) plants overexpressing Arabidopsis thaliana 2-alkenal reductase (AER-OE tobacco) and Arabidopsis wild-type (WT) plants to investigate whether RCS is involved in CHT-induced stomatal closure. Chitosan-induced stomatal closure was inhibited in the tobacco AER-OE plants. In the WT tobacco and Arabidopsis plants, CHT-induced stomatal closure was inhibited by RCS scavengers, carnosine and pyridoxamine. Chitosan significantly increased RCS production in the WT tobacco and Arabidopsis, but in the tobacco AER-OE plants, chitosan did not increase significantly RCS accumulation. Moreover, neither the application of RCS scavengers to both WT plants nor scavenging RCS by AER-OE affected the CHT-induced ROS accumulation. However, treatment with a peroxidase inhibitor, SHAM, significantly inhibited CHT-induced RCS accumulation in WT tobacco and Arabidopsis plants. Taken together, these results suggest that RCS acts downstream of ROS production in CHT signalling in guard cells of A. thaliana and N. tabacum.

DOI： 10.1111/ppl.70094

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In guard cells, cytosolic Ca2+ acts as a second messenger that mediates abscisic acid (ABA)- and pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-induced stomatal closure. It was reported that Arabidopsis cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channel 2 (CNGC2) functions as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)- and PAMP-activated Ca2+-permeable channels at the plasma membrane of mesophyll cells and mediates Ca2+-dependent PAMP-triggered immunity. In this study, we examined the role of CNGC2 in the regulation of stomatal movement because CNGC2 is also expressed in guard cells. We found that stomata of the CNGC2 disruption mutant cngc2-3 are constitutively closed even in the absence of ABA or the flagellar-derived PAMP, flg22. Consistently, leaf temperatures of the cngc2-3 mutant were higher than those of wild-type (WT) plants. The stomatal phenotype of the cngc2-3 mutant was restored by complementation with wild-type CNGC2 under the control of the guard cell preferential promoter, pGC1. Elevation of cytosolic free Ca2+ concentration in guard cells induced by flg22 and H2O2 remained intact in the cngc2-3 mutant. The introduction of the ost1-3 mutation into the cngc2-3 background did not alter the stomatal phenotype. However, the stomatal phenotype of the cngc2-3 mutant was successfully rescued in the double disruption mutant cngc2-3aba2-2. Taken together, these results suggest that CNGC2 negatively regulates stomatal closure response and does not function as flg22- and H2O2-activated Ca2+ channels in guard cells. Though CNGC2 is responsive for H2O2- and flg22-induced [Ca2+]cyt elevation in mesophyll cells, the involvement of CNGC2 in the response to H2O2 and flg22 in guard cells is questionable.

DOI： 10.1111/ppl.70396

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Heat treatment is the most common processing method in Apostichopus japonicus (A. japonicus) processing. However, improper heat treatment can lead to the degradation of protein. In an effort to mitigate this occurrence, we looked into how the protein in the body wall of A. japonicus (AJBWP) was affected by polyphenol oxidase (PPO)-mediated (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG). The results showed that polyphenol oxidase-mediated EGCG induced protein aggregation. Meanwhile, the antioxidant and thermal stability of the protein were enhanced, and the digestive properties of the protein were inhibited. Protein structure studies have shown that polyphenol oxidase mediated EGCG changes the secondary and tertiary structure of proteins and can maintain the microstructure of proteins after heat treatment. In conclusion, polyphenol oxidase-mediated EGCG was a way to improve the thermal stability of body wall proteins and alleviate the thermal degradation of proteins in A. japonicus.

DOI： 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.142710

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This research endeavored to engineer robust delivery matrices for bioactives, specifically benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC), by harnessing the synergistic covalent and non-covalent interactions between fish skin gelatin (FSG) and proanthocyanidins (PC) to synthesize novel composite emulsions. The objective was to delineate the influence of these molecular interactions on the emulsion's structural integrity and stability, which are pivotal for the efficacious encapsulation and controlled release of BITC. Employing a suite of analytical techniques, including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), fluorescence spectroscopy, and contact angle measurements, the study delineated the predominant molecular forces at play within the FSG-PC complex, identifying electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions as the cornerstones of this interaction. An assessment of the emulsions' physicochemical properties, encompassing chromaticity, antioxidant efficacy, microstructural attributes, particle dimensions, zeta potential, and BITC retention, was undertaken to discern the optimal encapsulation strategy. The data unequivocally indicated that emulsions enriched with 0.06 wt% PC, in non-covalent synergy with FSG, afforded the most pronounced stability and retention of BITC. This work paves the way for future studies and the translational application of FSG-PC composite emulsions in the realm of bioactive substance delivery, offering a promising avenue for innovation in pharmaceutical and nutraceutical formulations.

DOI： 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.139071

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GUARD CELL HYDROGEN PEROXIDE-RESISTANT1 (GHR1), a leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase, is involved in abscisic acid (ABA)-induced stomatal closure. We investigated the role of GHR1 in reactive oxygen species (ROS) signaling for ABA-induced stomatal closure. Abscisic acid induced ROS production in wild type (WT) and the ghr1 of Arabidopsis thaliana. Hydrogen peroxide induced stomatal closure, accompanying the generation of acrolein in guard cells. The reactive carbonyl species (RCS) scavengers inhibited the ABA- and H2O2-induced stomatal closure in WT. In the ghr1, H2O2 failed to induce acrolein production and stomatal closure while RCS induced stomatal closure. Thus, GHR1 functions downstream of ROS and is required for the generation of RCS in guard-cell ABA signaling. In the ghr1, Ca2+ induced stomatal closure but RCS did not activate ICa channels. The GHR1 may be also involved in a Ca2+-independent pathway for ABA-induced stomatal closure.

DOI： 10.1093/bbb/zbae135

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Recently, the increasing incidence of malignant melanoma has become a major public health concern owing to its poor prognosis and impact on quality of life. Consuming foods with potent antitumor compounds can help prevent melanoma and maintain skin health. Fucoxanthin (FX), a naturally occurring carotenoid found in brown algae, possesses antitumor properties. However, its bioavailability, safety risks, and in vivo effects and mechanisms against melanoma remain unclear. This research focused on evaluating the safety and prospective antimelanoma impact of simulated gastrointestinal digestion products (FX-ID) on HaCaT and A375 cells.The results indicate that FX-ID exerts negative effects on mitochondria in A375 cells, increases Bax expression, releases Cytochrome C, and activates cleaved caspase-3, ultimately promoting apoptosis. Additionally, FX-ID influences the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway by enhancing cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) levels, consequently facilitating apoptosis and inflammation without significantly impacting HaCaT cells. These findings provide insight into inhibitory mechanism of FX-ID against melanoma, guiding the development of functional foods for prevention.

DOI： 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.141003

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Fucoxanthin (FX), a non-provitamin-A carotenoid, is a well-known major xanthophyll contained in edible brown algae. The nanoencapsulation of FX was motivated due to its multiple activities. Here, nano-encapsulated-FX (nano-FX) was prepared according to our early method by using whey protein and flaxseed gum as the biomacromolecule carrier material, then in vivo antitumor effect and mechanism of nano-FX on xenograft mice were investigated. Thirty 4-week-old male BALB/c nude mice were fed adaptively for 7 days to establish xenograft tumor model with Huh-7 cells. The tumor-bearing mice consumed nano-FX (50, 25, and 12.5 mg kg-1) and doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX, 1 mg kg-1) or did not consume (Control) for 21 days, n = 6. The tumor inhibition rates of nano-FX were as high as 54.67 ± 1.04 %. Nano-FX intervention promoted apoptosis and induced hyperchromatic pyknosis and focal necrosis in tumor tissue by down-regulating the expression of p-JNK, p-ERK, PI3Kp85α, p-AKT, p-p38MAPK, Bcl-2, CyclinD1 and Ki-67, while up-regulating the expression of cleaved caspase-3 and Bax. Nano-FX inhibited tumor growth and protected liver function of tumor bearing mice in a dose-dependent manner, up-regulate the level of apoptosis-related proteins, inhibit the MAPK-PI3K/Akt pathways, and promote tumor cell apoptosis.

DOI： 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.134838

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DOI： 10.3390/nutraceuticals4030024

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Plants often face high salinity as a significant environmental challenge with roots being the first responders to this stress. Maintaining K+/Na+ ratio within plant cells is crucial for survival, as the intracellular K+ level decreases and the intracellular Na+ level increases under saline conditions. However, knowledge about the molecular regulatory mechanisms of K+ loss in response to salt stress through outward-rectifying K+ channels in plants is largely unknown. In this study, we found that the Arabidopsis double mutant gorkskor, in which the GORK and SKOR genes are disrupted, showed an improved primary root growth under salt stress compared to wild-type (WT) and the gork and skor single-mutant plants. No significant differences in the sensitivity to mannitol stress between the WT and gorkskor mutant were observed. Accumulation of ROS induced by salt stress was reduced in the gorkskor roots. The gorkskor mutant seedlings had significantly higher K+ content, lower Na+ content, and a greater resultant K+/Na+ ratio than the WT under salt stress. Moreover, salt-stress-induced elevation of cytosolic free Ca2+ concentration was reduced in the gorkskor roots. Taken together, these results suggest that Arabidopsis Shaker-type outward-rectifying K+ channels GORK and SKOR may redundantly function in regulation of primary root growth under salt stress and are involved in not only the late-stage response (e.g. K+ leakage) but also the early response including ROS production and [Ca2+]cyt elevation.

DOI： 10.1016/j.jplph.2024.154322

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Chitosan (CHT) is a deacylated derivative of chitin and improves growth and yield performance, activates defensive genes, and also induces stomatal closure in plants. Glutathione (GSH) has significant functions in the growth, development, defense systems, signaling, and gene expression. Glutathione negatively regulates abscisic acid (ABA)-, methyl jasmonate (MeJA)-, and salicylic acid (SA)-induced stomatal closure. However, the negative regulation by GSH of CHT-induced stomatal closure is still unknown. Regulation of CHT-induced stomatal closure by GSH in guard cells was investigated using two GSH-deficient mutants, cad2-1 and ch1-1, and a GSH-decreasing chemical, 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB). The cad2-1 and ch1-1 mutations and CDNB treatment enhanced CHT-induced stomatal closure. Treatment with glutathione monoethyl ester (GSHmee) restored the GSH level in the guard cells of cad2-1 and ch1-1 and complemented the stomatal phenotype of the mutants. These results indicate that GSH negatively regulates CHT-induced stomatal closure in A. thaliana.

DOI： 10.1093/bbb/zbae065

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Elsevier BV  

DOI： 10.1016/j.fbio.2024.103788

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Apostichopus japonicus (A. japonicus) has rich nutritional value and is an important economic crop. Due to its rich endogenous enzyme system, fresh A. japonicus is prone to autolysis during market circulation and storage, resulting in economic losses. In order to alleviate this phenomenon, we investigated the effect of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) mediated (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) on the activity and structure of endogenous cathepsin series protein (CEP) from A. japonicus. Research on cathepsin activity showed that PPO mediated EGCG could significantly reduce enzyme activity, resulting in a decrease in enzymatic reaction rate. SDS-PAGE and scanning electron microscopy results showed that PPO mediates EGCG could induce CEP aggregation to form protein aggregates. Various spectral results indicated that EGCG caused changes in the structure of CEP. Meanwhile, the conjugates formed by PPO mediated EGCG had lower thermal stability. In conclusion, PPO mediated EGCG was an effective method to inhibit the endogenous enzyme activity.

DOI： 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139166

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The aim of this study is to investigate the modulating effect of coexisting food components on the absorption and metabolism of quercetin and blood plasma antioxidant potentials. The combination of quercetin with α-tocopherol (αT), cellulose, or a commercially-available vegetable beverage containing αT and dietary fiber was orally administered to mice. Compared to the single administration of quercetin aglycone, the co-administration of αT with quercetin significantly increased the plasma quercetin concentration at 0.5 h, whereas the combination of quercetin and cellulose decreased it. Interestingly, the administration of quercetin mixed with the vegetable beverage showed no significant change of the quercetin concentration in the mice plasma. The treatment of the cells with the blood plasma after the co-administration of αT with quercetin significantly upregulated the gene expression of the antioxidant enzyme (heme oxygenase-1), whereas the quercetin and cellulose combination did not. In the plasma of the quercetin-administered mice, eight types of quercetin metabolites were detected and their quantities were affected by the combination with αT. The potentials of the heme oxygenase-1 gene expression by these metabolites were very limited, although several metabolites showed radical scavenging activities comparable to aglycone in the in vitro assays. These results suggested that the combination of αT potentiates the quercetin absorption and metabolism and thus the plasma antioxidant potentials, at least in part, by the quantitative changes in the quercetin metabolites.

DOI： 10.1080/10715762.2024.2317206

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In atopic dermatitis (AD), nerves are abnormally stretched near the surface of the skin, making it sensitive to itching. Expression of neurotrophic factor Artemin (ARTN) involved in such nerve stretching is induced by the xenobiotic response (XRE) to air pollutants and UV radiation products. Therefore, AD can be monitored by the XRE response. Previously, we established a human keratinocyte cell line stably expressing a NanoLuc reporter gene downstream of XRE. We found that 6-formylindolo[3,2-b]carbazole (FICZ), a tryptophan metabolite and known inducer of the XRE, increased reporter and Artemin mRNA expression, indicating that FICZ-treated cells could be a model for AD. Lavender essential oil has been used in folk medicine to treat AD, but the scientific basis for its use is unclear. In the present study, we investigated the efficacy of lavender essential oil and its major components, linalyl acetate and linalool, to suppress AD and sensitize skin using the established AD model cell line, and keratinocyte and dendritic cell activation assays. Our results indicated that lavender essential oil from L. angustifolia and linalyl acetate exerted a strong AD inhibitory effect and almost no skin sensitization. Our model is useful in that it can circumvent the practice of using animal studies to evaluate AD medicines.

DOI： 10.1371/journal.pone.0296408

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Our previous study reported that the marine dietary bioactive compound fucoxanthin (FX) has the potential to reduce the level of oxidation in retinal Müller cells (RMCs) induced by ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiation. However, the gastrointestinal environment can inhibit the bioavailability and absorption of FX in the cell systems. In the current study, FX was initially digested in a simulated in vitro gastrointestinal fluid. Nine main digestive products were identified, and the photoprotective activities of FX simulated in vitro gastrointestinal digestion products (FX-ID) were assessed in the same RMC model. FX-ID significantly reduced intracellular ROS and alleviated apoptosis. Western blot assays showed that FX-ID inhibited phosphorylated proteins in the MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways. Our proteomics analysis revealed that the differentially expressed proteins were linked to biological networks associated with antioxidation and metabolic processes. The data may provide insight into the photoprotective mechanisms of FX-ID and promote the development of various functional foods to prevent retinal disorders.

DOI： 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c03853

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Dihydroxyacetone (DHA) occurs in wide-ranging organisms including plants and can undergo spontaneous conversion to methylglyoxal (MG). While the toxicity of MG to plants is well-known, the toxicity of DHA to plants remains to be elucidated. We investigated the effects of DHA and MG on Arabidopsis. Exogenous DHA at up to 10 m m did not affect the radicle emergence, the expansion of green cotyledons, the seedling growth, or the activity of glyoxalase II while DHA at 10 m m inhibited the root elongation and increased the activity of glyoxalase I. Exogenous MG at 1.0 m m inhibited these physiological responses and increased both activities. DHA at 10 m m increased the MG content in the roots. These results indicate that DHA is not so toxic as MG in Arabidopsis seeds and seedlings and suggest that the toxic effect of DHA at high concentrations is attributed to MG accumulation by the conversion to MG.

DOI： 10.1093/bbb/zbad109

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Wiley  

DOI： 10.1111/ijfs.16208

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Authorship：Last author,　Corresponding author   Language：English   Publisher：Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University  

Since acetaldehyde is a toxic metabolite of ethanol, its accumulation causes several acute and chronic diseases related to the excessive intake of alcoholic beverages. Aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDHs) play an important role in the metabolism of not only exogenous aldehydes, but also endogenous ones including acetaldehyde. Among the ALDH family, ALDH2 mainly contributes to acetaldehyde elimination. This paper reviews the function of ALDH2 as well as auxiliary ALDHs in the ethanol metabolism. This paper also summarizes the regulation of the total ALDH activity by certain food chemicals, providing implication for their therapeutic potential against alcohol-related diseases.

DOI： 10.3107/jesss.12.mr03

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Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Elsevier BV  

DOI： 10.1016/j.fbio.2022.102215

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Elsevier BV  

To retard the protein degradation during sea cucumber processing, polyphenol extracts from Ascophyllum nodosum (PhE) was used as a potential antioxidant to maintain the structural integrity of sea cucumber body wall. Accordingly, the protection effects of PhE (0, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 mg PhE/g SFBW) against thermal degradation of the solid fragments of body wall (SFBW) have been investigated in order to evaluate their impact on the oxidation level and structural changes. Electronic Spin Resonance results showed that PhE could significantly inhibit the occurrence of oxidation by scavenging the free radicals. The effect of PhE on chemical analysis of soluble matters in SFBW was characterized by SDS-PAGE and HPLC. Compared with thermally treated SFBW, samples with PhE presented a decrease in protein dissolution. Thermal treatment resulted in the disintegration of collagen fibrils and fibril bundles in SFBW samples, while the density of collagen fibrils was increased, and the porosity decreased in samples with PhE. The results of FTIR and intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence confirmed that the structures of SFBW were modified by PhE. Besides, the denaturing temperature and decomposition temperature were both improved with the addition of PhE. These results suggested that PhE appeared to have a positive effect on lowering oxidation and improving thermostability and structural stability of SFBW, which could provide a theoretical basis for protecting sea cucumber body wall against degradation during thermal tenderization.

DOI： 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.112419

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Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本食生活学会  

CiNii Books

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BACKGROUND: Fish skin gelatin (FSG) and luteolin (LUT) were used as composite emulsifiers, and benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC) was used as a model of nutrient delivery to construct a stable emulsion. The storage stability of the FSG-LUT emulsion and its effect on BITC release were investigated both in vitro and ex vivo. RESULTS: LUT can quench FSG fluorophores statically and form a stable complex through hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions. The FSG-LUT emulsion storage stability and embedding rate were higher than those of the FSG emulsion. The FSG-LUT emulsion microstructure was resistant to oral and gastric digestion, and the BITC retention rate and bioaccessibility were much higher than those of the FSG emulsion. Lastly, the ex-vivo everted gut sac of rat intestine study demonstrated that BITC showed the highest absorption in the ileum, and the FSG-LUT emulsion absorbed BITC and sustained a controlled release in a specific position. CONCLUSION: LUT could form stable complexes with FSG, which improved the stability and bioavailability of BITC in the FSG-LUT emulsion delivery system, and promoted further intestinal BITC absorption. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1002/jsfa.12411

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Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：American Chemical Society (ACS)  

DOI： 10.1021/acsfoodscitech.2c00216

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Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Informa UK Limited  

DOI： 10.1080/87559129.2022.2132261

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Secondary lymphoid tissues, such as the spleen and lymph nodes (LNs), contribute to breast cancer development and metastasis in both anti- and pro-tumoral directions. Although secondary lymphoid tissues have been extensively studied, very little is known about the immune conversion in mesenteric LNs (mLNs) during breast cancer development. Here, we demonstrate inflammatory immune conversion of mLNs in a metastatic 4T1 breast cancer model. Splenic T cells were significantly decreased and continuously suppressed IFN-γ production during tumor development, while myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) were dramatically enriched. However, T cell numbers in the mLN did not decrease, and the MDSCs only moderately increased. T cells in the mLN exhibited conversion from a pro-inflammatory state with high IFN-γ expression to an anti-inflammatory state with high expression of IL-4 and IL-10 in early- to late-stages of breast cancer development. Interestingly, increased migration of CD103+CD11b+ dendritic cells (DCs) into the mLN, along with increased (1→3)-β-D-glucan levels in serum, was observed even in late-stage breast cancer. This suggests that CD103+CD11b+ DCs could prime cancer-reactive T cells. Together, the data indicate that the mLN is an important lymphoid tissue contributing to breast cancer development.

DOI： 10.3390/ijms231911035

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Plants secrete malate from guard cells to apoplast under stress conditions and exogenous malate induces stomatal closure. Malate is considered as an extracellular chemical signal of stomatal closure. However, the molecular mechanism of malate-induced stomatal closure is not fully elucidated. We investigated responses of stomatal aperture, ion channels, and cytosolic Ca2+ to malate. A treatment with malate induced stomatal closure in Arabidopsis thaliana wild-type plants but not in the mutants deficient in the slow (S-type) anion channel gene SLOW ANION CHANNEL-ASSOCIATED 1 (SLAC1). The treatment with malate increased S-type anion currents in guard-cell protoplasts of wild-type plants but not in the slac1 mutant. In addition, extracellular rather than intracellular application of malate increased the S-type currents of constitutively active mutants of SLAC1, which have kinase-independent activities, in a heterologous expression system using Xenopus oocytes. The treatment with malate transiently increased cytosolic Ca2+ concentration in the wild-type Arabidopsis guard cells and the malate-induced stomatal closure was inhibited by the Ca2+ channel blocker and the Ca2+ chelator. These results indicate that extracellular malate directly activates SLAC1 and simultaneously stimulates Ca2+ signaling in guard cells, resulting in steady and solid activation of SLAC1 for stomatal closure.

DOI： 10.1111/nph.18400

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Salicylic acid (SA) is a ubiquitous phenolic phytohormone that induces stomatal closure. Glutathione (GSH) negatively regulates stomatal closure induced by other plant hormones such as abscisic acid (ABA) and methyl jasmonate (MeJA). However, the involvement of GSH in SA-induced stomatal closure is still unknown. We investigated the regulation of SA signaling by GSH in guard cells using an Arabidopsis thaliana mutant, cad2-1, which is deficient in the first GSH biosynthesis enzyme, γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase. Application of SA decreased stomatal apertures with decreasing intracellular GSH level in guard cells. Decreasing GSH by the cad2-1 mutation and by a GSH-decreasing chemical, 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene, enhanced the SA-induced stomatal closure. A treatment with glutathione monoethyl ester restored the GSH level in the cad2-1 guard cells and complemented the stomatal phenotype of the mutant. These results indicate that GSH negatively modulates SA-induced stomatal closure in A. thaliana.

DOI： 10.1093/bbb/zbac116

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

A primary metabolite malate is secreted from guard cells in response to the phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) and elevated CO2. The secreted malate subsequently facilitates stomatal closure in plants. Here, we investigated the molecular mechanism of malate-induced stomatal closure using inhibitors and ABA signaling component mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana. Malate-induced stomatal closure was impaired by a protein kinase inhibitor, K252a, and also by the disruption of a receptor-like kinase GHR1, which mediates activation of calcium ion (Ca2+) channel by reactive oxygen species (ROS) in guard cells. Malate induced ROS production in guard cells while the malate-induced stomatal closure was impaired by a peroxidase inhibitor, salicylhydroxamic acid, but not by the disruption of NAD(P)H oxidases, RBOHD and RBOHF. The malate-induced stomatal closure was impaired by Ca2+ channel blockers, verapamil and niflumic acid. These results demonstrate that the malate signaling is mediated by GHR1 and ROS in Arabidopsis guard cells.

DOI： 10.1093/bbb/zbac122

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Severe UV exposure induces skin inflammation, causing erythema. Lycii Fructus (Lycium barbarum and Lycium chinense) is a potential antioxidant agent with a high content of polyphenols, including rutin and chlorogenic acid. This study examined the effects of Lycii Fructus extract (LFE) on UVB-induced skin erythema in humans. Healthy volunteers were randomly assigned to one of two groups and received UVB irradiation at 1.5 minimal erythemal dose (MED) on day 0 at three designated sites on their backs, and the skin color was measured until day 7. After an 8-week treatment with LFE (900 mg/day) or placebo, UVB irradiation (l.5 MED) was applied again at different sites on day 63. Skin color was continuously measured in each group until day 69. LFE tablet administration for 8 weeks significantly inhibited UVB-induced erythema formation and increased the MED by 13%. Erythema formation peaked on the first day after UVB irradiation, but gradually dissipated over the next several days. LFE tended to accelerate erythema disappearance. To determine the polyphenol responsible for the protection against UVB-induced skin damage, the effects of LFE-derived polyphenols and their metabolites on UVB-induced cytotoxicity were examined in vitro. The major intestinal metabolite of rutin and LFE significantly attenuated phototoxicity and in human keratinocyte HaCaT cells. Quercetin enhanced intracellular glutathione levels in HaCaT cells, even though LFE did not increase it. Together, the results showed that LFE inhibited erythema formation and accelerated erythema dissipation, possibly through its direct antioxidative action.

DOI： 10.3892/br.2022.1545

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Authorship：Last author   Language：Japanese  

CiNii Books

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Chlorella pyrenoidosa is an excellent source of protein, and in this research, we assessed the antioxidant and emulsifying effects of Chlorella protein hydrolysate (CPH) using neutral proteases and alkaline proteases, as well as the properties of CPH-derived krill oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions. The CPHs exhibited the ability to scavenge several kinds of free radicals, including 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), O2-, hydroxyl, and ABTS. Additionally, the CPHs (5 mg/mL) scavenged approximately 100% of the DPPH and ABTS. The CPHs showed similar emulsifying activities to Tween 20 and excellent foaming activities (max FS 74%), which helped to stabilize the krill oil-in-water emulsion. Less than 10 mg/mL CPHs was able to form fresh krill oil-in-water emulsions; moreover, the CPHs (5 mg/mL) in a krill O/W emulsion were homogenous, opaque, and stable for at least 30 days. Based on their inhibitory effects on the peroxide value (POV) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TRABS), the CPHs were found to be able to inhibit lipid oxidation in both emulsifying systems and krill O/W emulsions. Thus, the CPHs could improve superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities by 5- or 10-fold and decrease the high reactive oxygen species (ROS) level caused by the addition of H2O2 in vitro. In conclusion, health-promoting CPHs could be applied in krill oil-in-water emulsions as both emulsifiers and antioxidants, which could help to improve the oxidative and physical stability of emulsions.

DOI： 10.3390/md20060345

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

BACKGROUND: An emulsion delivery system for benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC) was prepared using fish skin gelatin (FSG) and sodium alginate (Alg). The effects of the FSG-Alg complex on the emulsion stability and BITC release pattern from the emulsion were investigated in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS: The storage stability and embedding rate of the 10 g/kg FSG and 2.5 g/kg Alg (FSG-Alg) emulsion were the highest among all samples. The FSG-Alg complex provided BITC a better protection during in vitro digestion. The microstructure of the FSG-Alg emulsions was more stable during in vitro digestion, and the bioaccessibility and retention rate of BITC were much higher compared to those of the FSG emulsion. The results of the ex-vivo everted gut sac of rat intestine study showed that the FSG-Alg emulsion significantly increased the BITC absorption rate in the duodenum. CONCLUSION: The FSG-Alg emulsion delivery system is a highly stable system for the delivery of BITC that improves the bioaccessibility of BITC and promotes its absorption in the duodenum. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1002/jsfa.11915

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Authorship：Last author,　Corresponding author   Language：English   Publisher：Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University  

DOI： 10.3107/jesss.11.mr02

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

BACKGROUND: Zinc absorption in intestinal system could be strongly affected by the gastrointestinal digestion and absorption of zinc-chelating peptides serving as zinc carriers. In this study, a novel zinc-chelating sea cucumber synthetic peptide (SCSP) was synthesized to estimate its gastrointestinal digestion and promotive effect of zinc absorption in vitro. RESULTS: Analysis of isothermal titration calorimetry suggested that the binding of SCSP and zinc (N ≈ 1) was exothermic, with relatively weak binding affinity (K = 1.0х10-3 mol L-1 ). The formation of SCSP-Zn complexes brought morphological changes to the peptides confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), which also indicated 6.88% of the existence of zinc element. In addition, the SCSP-Zn complexes remained stable under simulated human gastrointestinal digestion. In vitro study, the SCSP-Zn complex could successfully transport through the intestinal membrane in the model of everted rat gut sacs (nearly 7.5 μM cm-2 ) as well as Caco-2 cells where the zinc transport reached 0.0014 mg mL-1 carried by SCSP. Fluorescence staining experiments revealed free zinc accumulation inside the tissues and cells treated with the SCSP-Zn. CONCLUSIONS: The chelation SCSP-Zn had the promotion ability of zinc absorption in vitro and ex vivo experiments, which suggested a theoretical basis for the design and production of effective zinc chelating peptides as zinc carriers to improve zinc bioavailability. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1002/jsfa.11811

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BACKGROUD: Zinc is an essential catalytic element in human health system but its absorption in intestinal system could be strongly affected by the gastrointestinal digestion. In this study, the food-derived potential zinc carrier, scallop adductor hydrolysates (SAHs), was produced and characterized. RESULTS: During the temporary storage in 4°C, the SAH decreased in zinc-chelating capacity in aqueous phase whereas the SAH-Zn complex exhibited high stability. Moreover, the secondary structure of SAH had no significant alteration. Zinc morphologically altered the surface structures of SAH, which was involving in carboxyl group of SAH. Results of in vitro gastrointestinal (GI) digestion suggested that the SAH-Zn maintained good stability in GI system and only proportion of high molecular weight cleaved. In addition, SAH could successfully carry and transport zinc while the fluorescence staining revealed free zinc accumulation inside the tissue. Finally, 3 representative absorbed peptides (around 600 Da) were identified and synthesized. Three synthetic peptides exhibit higher zinc-chelating capacity than SAH and could also successfully transported through the intestine. CONCLUSION: This study provided a theoretical basis for the investigation of digestion and absorption of marine animal-derived peptides as zinc carriers. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1002/jsfa.11673

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Arsenic is toxic for plants. Our previous results showed that the application of proline enhanced the sensitivity of tobacco BY-2 cells to arsenate. In order to clarify the enhancement mechanism, we investigated the effects of other amino acids on the arsenate-stressed BY-2 cells. Glutamate at up to 10 mM did not affect the cell growth in the absence or presence of arsenate. Arginine at up to 10 mM did not affect the growth in the absence of arsenate but arginine at 10 mM enhanced the inhibition of the cell growth by arsenate. Alanine at up to 10 mM did not affect the cell growth under non-stressed condition but alanine at 10 mM significantly improved the cell growth under arsenate stress. These results suggest that alanine mitigates arsenate stress in BY-2 cells and that arginine like proline enhances the sensitivity of BY-2 cells to arsenate.

DOI： 10.1093/bbb/zbab191

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Authorship：Last author,　Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

The purpose of this study is to compare the potentials to exhibit biologically active antioxidant actions between white rice (WR) and brown rice (BR) in in vitro assays and a cellular model. The Trolox equivalent (TE) per 1 mg ethanol extract of WR for the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl assay was slightly higher than that of BR, whereas the TE per 1 g whole WR was much lower than that for BR. This tendency was very comparable to those for the oxygen radical absorbance capacity and total polyphenol content. Both of the ethanol extracts also similarly suppressed the hydrogen peroxide-induced cytotoxicity and enhanced the gene expression of drug-metabolizing enzymes. Based on the α-tocopherol quantity, its contribution to the cytoprotective effect of the rice extracts is very limited. Taken together, the ethanol extract of WR might be a qualitatively, but not quantitatively, equivalent source of antioxidative phytochemicals to that of BR.

DOI： 10.1093/bbb/zbab133

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It is known that rice roots take up cadmium (Cd) via the symplastic route mediated by membrane-bound mineral transporters. Here we provide evidence that apoplastic bypass flow is another Cd uptake route in rice. High concentrations of Cd rendered apoplastic bypass flow rate increased in rice seedlings. These concentrations of Cd compromised membrane integrity in the root meristem and transition zone. Polyethleneglycol and proline inhibited the Cd-induced apoplastic bypass flow and Cd transfer to the shoots. Loss-of-function mutant of the Cd uptake transporter, nramp5, showed Cd transport to the shoot comparable to the wild type. At a low Cd concentration, increased apoplastic bypass flow rate by NaCl stress resulted in an elevation of Cd transport to shoots both in the wildtype and nramp5. These observations indicate that apoplastic bypass flow in roots carries Cd transport leading to xylem loading of Cd in addition to the symplastic pathway mediated by mineral transporters under stressed conditions.

DOI： 10.1007/s10265-021-01319-y

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Cytosolic calcium ([Ca2+]cyt) elevation activates plasma membrane anion channels in guard cells, which is required for stomatal closure. However, involvement of the anion channels in the [Ca2+]cyt elevation remains unclear. We investigated the involvement using Arabidopsis thaliana anion channel mutants, slac1-4 slah3-3 and slac1-4 almt12-1. Extracellular calcium induced stomatal closure in the wild-type plants but not in the anion channel mutant plants whereas extracellular calcium induced [Ca2+]cyt elevation both in the wild-type guard cells and in the mutant guard cells. The peak height and the number of the [Ca2+]cyt spike were lower and larger in the slac1-4 slah3-3 than in the wild type and the height and the number in the slac1-4 almt12-1 were much lower and much larger than in the wild type. These results suggest that the anion channels are involved in the regulation of [Ca2+]cyt elevation in guard cells.

DOI： 10.1093/bbb/zbab118

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Authorship：Last author,　Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

The increasing drug efflux through the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters is the most plausible mechanism that mediates resistance to the anticancer phytochemicals, such as benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC), as well as chemotherapy drugs. To identify a potential component to overcome this resistance by combinatory utilization, we focused on multidrug resistance-associated proteins (MRPs) pumping various drug metabolites with glutathione as well as the organic anions. The pharmacological treatment of an MRP inhibitor, MK571, significantly potentiated the BITC-induced antiproliferation, coincided with the enhanced accumulation of BITC and glutathione in human colorectal cancer HCT-116 cells. MK571 also enhanced the apoptosis induction as well as activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinases and caspase-3, whereas it did not affect their basal levels. These results suggested that, since MRPs might play a pivotal role in the BITC efflux, MK571 potentiates the BITC-induced antiproliferation in human colorectal cancer cells through inhibition of the glutathione-dependent BITC efflux.

DOI： 10.1002/jbt.22791

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Increased 5-hydroxytryptamine may be associated with the development and progression of inflammatory bowel disease. In this study, we examined the suppressive effect of flavonoids on the increased intra- and extracellular 5-hydroxytryptamine levels in rat mast RBL-2H3 cells, known to produce 5-hydroxytryptamine by the phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate stimulation. Among the flavonoids examined, luteolin and quercetin significantly reduced the cellular 5-hydroxytryptamine concentration. Gene and protein expression analyses revealed that luteolin significantly suppressed cellular tryptophan hydroxylase 1 expression induced by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate stimulation. Mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling was also suppressed by luteolin, suggesting that this pathway is one of targets of 5-hydroxytryptamine modulation by luteolin. An in vivo experimental colitis model was prepared by administering 2.5% dextran sodium sulfate in drinking water to C57BL/6 mice for seven days. The ingestion of 0.1% dietary luteolin suppressed the increasing 5-hydroxytryptamine in the colorectal mucosa. In conclusion, luteolin possesses a suppressive effect on extensive 5-hydroxytryptamine formation in both experimental RBL-2H3 cells and colitis models.

DOI： 10.3164/jcbn.20-192

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Language：English   Publisher：THE SOCIETY FOR HARD TISSUE REGENERATIVE BIOLOGY  

<p>Rosemary is used as an herb in cooking and aromatic oils, and has long been used as a medicinal herb because of its functional components. According to folklore, monks recommended a remedy of rosemary in alcohol ("Hungarian water") to a Hungarian queen suffering from limb numbness, resulting in instant recovery and rejuvenation. This is why the queen married a 20-year-old king of Holland while in her seventies. In order to clarify the "rejuvenation" mechanisms of traditional Hungarian water, we examined the anti-oxidant activity, anti-glycation activity, inhibition of melanin production and suppression of tumor growth of ethanol extracts of rosemary in this study. It was found that the ethanol extract had high anti-oxidant activity, high anti-glycation activity, high inhibition of melanin production and high suppression of tumor cell growth.</p>

DOI： 10.2485/jhtb.30.291

CiNii Article

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Authorship：Corresponding author  

J-GLOBAL

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Allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) induces stomatal closure accompanied by reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and glutathione (GSH) depletion in Arabidopsis thaliana. In this study, stomatal responses to three other isothiocyanates (ITCs), benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC), sulforaphane (SFN), and phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC), were investigated in A. thaliana. All these ITCs significantly induced stomatal closure, where PEITC and BITC were most effective. The selected ITCs also induced ROS accumulation, cytosolic alkalization, and GSH depletion in guard cells. Moreover, all ITCs increased the frequency of cytosolic free calcium ([Ca2+]cyt) spikes (transient elevation), while PEITC and BITC showed the highest frequency. There was a strong positive correlation between the number of [Ca2+]cyt spikes per guard cell and the decrease in stomatal aperture. Both cytosolic alkalization and GSH content have a positive correlation with the decrease in stomatal aperture, but ROS production did not have a significant correlation with the decrease in stomatal apertures. These results indicate that the molecules with a functional ITC group induce stomatal closure that is accompanied by GSH depletion, cytosolic alkalization, [Ca2+]cyt spikes, and ROS production, and that the former three cellular events, rather than ROS production, are highly correlated with the decrease in stomatal aperture.

DOI： 10.1093/jxb/eraa420

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Fucoxanthin is a xanthophyll carotenoid abundant in marine brown algae. The potential therapeutic effects of fucoxanthin on tumor intervention have been well documented, which have aroused great interests in utilizing fucoxanthin in functional foods and nutraceuticals. However, the utilization of fucoxanthin as a nutraceutical in food and nutrient supplements is currently limited due to its low water solubility, poor stability, and limited bioaccessibility. Nano/micro-encapsulation is a technology that can overcome these challenges. A systematic review on the recent progresses in nano/micro-delivery systems to encapsulate fucoxanthin in foods or nutraceuticals is warranted. This article starts with a brief introduction of fucoxanthin and the challenges of oral delivery of fucoxanthin. Nano/micro-encapsulation technology is then covered, including materials and strategies for constructing the delivery system. Finally, future prospective has been discussed on properly designed oral delivery systems of fucoxanthin for managing cancer. Natural edible materials such as whey protein, casein, zein, gelatin, and starch have been successfully utilized to fabricate lipid-based, gel-based, or emulsion-based delivery systems, molecular nanocomplexes, and biopolymer nanoparticles with the aid of advanced processing techniques, such as freeze-drying, high pressure homogenization, sonication, anti-solvent precipitation, coacervation, ion crosslinking, ionic gelation, emulsification, and enzymatic conjugation. These formulated nano/micro-capsules have proven to be effective in stabilizing and enhancing the bioaccessibility of fucoxanthin. This review will inspire a surge of multidisciplinary research in a broader community of foods and motivate material scientists and researchers to focus on nano/micro-encapsulated fucoxanthin in order to facilitate the commercialization of orally-deliverable tumor intervention products.

DOI： 10.1039/d0fo02176h

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Selenium (Se) causes oxidative damage to plants. Proline is accumulated as a compatible solute in plants under stress conditions and mitigates stresses. Selenate at 250 µM increased cell death and inhibited the growth of tobacco BY-2 cells while exogenous proline at 10 mM did not mitigate the inhibition by selenate. Selenate increased accumulation of Se and ROS and activities of antioxidant enzymes but not lipid peroxidation in the BY-2 cells. Proline increased Se accumulation and antioxidant enzyme activities but not either ROS accumulation or lipid peroxidation in the selenate-stressed cells. Glutathione (GSH) rather than ascorbic acid (AsA) mitigated the growth inhibition although both reduced the accumulation of ROS induced by selenate. These results indicate that proline increases both antioxidant enzyme activities and Se accumulation, which overall fails to ameliorate the growth inhibition by selenate and that the growth inhibition is not accounted for only by ROS accumulation. Abbreviations: APX: ascorbate peroxidase; AsA: ascorbic acid; BY-2: Bright Yellow-2; CAT: catalase; DAI: days after inoculation; DW: dry weight; FW: fresh weight; GSH: glutathione; ROS: reactive oxygen species.

DOI： 10.1080/09168451.2020.1799747

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Authorship：Last author,　Corresponding author   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Springer Science and Business Media {LLC}  

DOI： 10.1007/s40495-020-00227-4

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Production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is a key signal event for methyl jasmonate (MeJA)- and abscisic acid (ABA)-induced stomatal closure. We recently showed that reactive carbonyl species (RCS) stimulates stomatal closure as an intermediate downstream of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production in the ABA signaling pathway in guard cells of Nicotiana tabacum and Arabidopsis thaliana. In this study, we examined whether RCS functions as an intermediate downstream of H2O2 production in MeJA signaling in guard cells using transgenic tobacco plants overexpressing A. thaliana 2-alkenal reductase (n-alkanal + NAD(P)+ ⇌ 2-alkenal + NAD(P)H + H+) (AER-OE tobacco) and Arabidopsis plants. The stomatal closure induced by MeJA was impaired in the AER-OE tobacco and was inhibited by RCS scavengers, carnosine and pyridoxamine, in the wild-type (WT) tobacco plants and Arabidopsis plants. Application of MeJA significantly induced accumulation of RCS including acrolein and 4-hydroxy-(E)-2-nonenal in the WT tobacco but not in the AER-OE plants. Application of MeJA induced H2O2 production in the WT tobacco and the AER-OE plants and the H2O2 production was not inhibited by the RCS scavengers. These results suggest that RCS functions as an intermediate downstream of ROS production in MeJA signaling as well as in ABA signaling in guard cells.

DOI： 10.1093/pcp/pcaa107

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Reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide (NO•) concomitantly play essential roles in guard cell signaling. Studies using catalase mutants have revealed that the inducible and constitutive elevations of intracellular hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) have different roles: only the inducible H2O2 production transduces the abscisic acid (ABA) signal leading stomatal closure. However, the involvement of inducible or constitutive NO• productions, if exists, in this process remains unknown. We studied H2O2 and NO• mobilization in guard cells of catalase mutants. Constitutive H2O2 level was higher in the mutants than that in wild type, but constitutive NO• level was not different among lines. Induced NO• and H2O2 levels elicited by ABA showed a high correlation with each other in all lines. Furthermore, NO• levels increased by exogenous H2O2 also showed a high correlation with stomatal aperture size. Our results demonstrate that ABA-induced intracellular H2O2 accumulation triggers NO• production leading stomatal closure. ABBREVIATIONS: ABA: abscisic acid; CAT: catalase; cGMP: cyclic guanosine monophosphate; DAF-2DA: 4,5-diaminofluorescein-2 diacetate; H2DCF-DA: 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate; MeJA: methyljasmonate; NOS: nitric oxide synthetase; NR: nitrate reductase; POX: peroxidase; ROS: reactive oxygen species; SNAP: S-nitroso-N-acetyl-DL-penicillamine; SNP: sodium nitroprusside; NOX: NADP(H) oxidase.

DOI： 10.1080/09168451.2020.1743168

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The glucosinolate-myrosinase system is a well-known defense system that has been shown to induce stomatal closure in Brassicales. Isothiocyanates are highly reactive hydrolysates of glucosinolates, and an isothiocyanate, allyl isothiocyanate (AITC), induces stomatal closure accompanied by elevation of free cytosolic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]cyt) in Arabidopsis. It remains unknown whether AITC inhibits light-induced stomatal opening. This study investigated the role of Ca2+ in AITC-induced stomatal closure and inhibition of light-induced stomatal opening. AITC induced stomatal closure and inhibited light-induced stomatal opening in a dose-dependent manner. A Ca2+ channel inhibitor, La3+, a Ca2+chelator, EGTA, and an inhibitor of Ca2+ release from internal stores, nicotinamide, inhibited AITC-induced [Ca2+]cyt elevation and stomatal closure, but did not affect inhibition of light-induced stomatal opening. AITC activated non-selective Ca2+-permeable cation channels and inhibited inward-rectifying K+ (K+in) channels in a Ca2+-independent manner. AITC also inhibited stomatal opening induced by fusicoccin, a plasma membrane H+-ATPase activator, but had no significant effect on fusicoccin-induced phosphorylation of the penultimate threonine of H+-ATPase. Taken together, these results suggest that AITC induces Ca2+ influx and Ca2+ release to elevate [Ca2+]cyt, which is essential for AITC-induced stomatal closure but not for inhibition of K+in channels and light-induced stomatal opening.

DOI： 10.1093/jxb/eraa073

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Myrosinase (β-thioglucoside glucohydrolase, enzyme nomenclature, EC 3.2.1.147, TGG) is a highly abundant protein in Arabidopsis guard cells, of which TGG1 and TGG2 function redundantly in abscisic acid (ABA)- and methyl jasmonate-induced stomatal closure. Reactive carbonyl species (RCS) are α,β-unsaturated aldehydes and ketones, which function downstream of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in the ABA signalling pathway in guard cells. Among the RCS, acrolein is the most highly reactive, which is significantly produced in ABA-treated guard cells. To clarify the ABA signal pathway downstream of ROS production, we investigated the responses of tgg mutants (tgg1-3, tgg2-1 and tgg1-3 tgg2-1) to acrolein. Acrolein induced stomatal closure and triggered cytosolic alkalization in wild type (WT), tgg1-3 single mutants and in tgg2-1 single mutants, but not in tgg1-3 tgg2-1 double mutants. Exogenous Ca2+ induced stomatal closure and cytosolic alkalization not only in WT but also in all of the mutants. Acrolein- and Ca2+-induced stomatal closures were inhibited by an intracellular acidifying agent, butyrate, a Ca2+ chelator, ethylene glycol tetraacetic acid (EGTA) and a Ca2+ channel blocker, LaCl3. Acrolein induced cytosolic free calcium concentration ([Ca2+]cyt) elevation in guard cells of WT plants but not in the tgg1-3 tgg2-1 double mutants. Exogenous Ca2+ elicited [Ca2+]cyt elevation in guard cells of WT and tgg1-3 tgg2-1. Our results suggest that TGG1 and TGG2 function redundantly, not between ROS production and RCS production, but downstream of RCS production in the ABA signal pathway in Arabidopsis guard cells.

DOI： 10.1093/pcp/pcaa024

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Chitosan (CHT) induces stomatal closure and thus plays a crucial role in plants to adapt to the adverse environments. Our previous results of a SA-deficient mutant nahG suggest that endogenous salicylic acid (SA) is involved in the CHT signaling in guard cells. Here in order to make the involvement definite, we examined stomatal responses to CHT of another SA-deficient mutant, sid2, and an SA receptor mutant, npr1-3. The sid2 mutation impaired CHT-induced stomatal closure and reactive oxygen species production and both impairments were complemented with exogenous SA application. Moreover, the CHT-induced stomatal closure is disrupted in the npr1-3 mutant. These results suggest that endogenous SA is involved in the CHT-induced stomatal closure via the SA receptor, NPR1.Abbreviations: SA: salicylic acid; ABA: abscisic acid; ROS: reactive oxygen species; NPR1: nonexpresser of pathogenesis-related genes1; CHT: chitosan; DAB: 3,3'-diaminobenzidine.

DOI： 10.1080/09168451.2020.1718485

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Background: Conductive sheets of cellulose and carbon nanomaterials and its human skin applications are an interesting research aspect as they have potential for applications for skin compatibility. Hence it is needed to explore the effects and shed light on these applications. Method: To fabricate wearable, portable, flexible, lightweight, inexpensive, and biocompatible composite materials, carbon nanohorns (CNHs) and hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC) were used as precursors to prepare CNH-HEC (Cnh-cel) composite sheets. Cnh-cel sheets were prepared with different loading concentrations of CNHs (10, 20 50,100 mg) in 200 mg cellulose. To fabricate the bio-compatible sheets, a pristine composite of CNHs and HEC was prepared without any pretreatment of the materials. Results: The obtained sheets possess a conductivity of 1.83 × 10- 10 S/m and bio-compatible with human skin. Analysis for skin-compatibility was performed for Cnh-cel sheets by h-CLAT in vitro skin sensitization tests to evaluate the activation of THP-1 cells. It was found that THP-1 cells were not activated by Cnh-cel; hence Cnh-cel is a safe biomaterial for human skin. It was also found that the composite allowed only a maximum loading of 100 mg to retain the consistent geometry of free-standing sheets of < 100 μm thickness. Since CNHs have a unique arrangement of aggregates (dahlia structure), the composite is homogeneous, as verified by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and other functional properties investigated by Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), conductivity measurement, tensile strength measurement, and skin sensitization. Conclusion: It can be concluded that cellulose and CNHs sheets are conductive and compatible to human skin applications.

DOI： 10.1186/s40824-020-00194-3

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DOI： 10.1002/jsfa.9919

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Leptosperin (methyl syringate β-d-gentiobioside) is abundantly found in manuka honey, which is widely used because of its antibacterial and possible anti-inflammatory activities. The aim of this study was to examine the molecular mechanism underlying the metabolism of leptosperin. Five phytochemicals (leptosperin, methyl syringate (MSYR), glucuronate conjugate of MSYR (MSYR-GA), sulfonate conjugate of MSYR (MSYR-S), and syringic acid (SYR)) were separately incubated with HepG2 and Caco-2 cells. After incubation, we found that the concentration of MSYR decreased, whereas the concentrations of SYR, MSYR-GA, and MSYR-S increased. By profiling with inhibitors and carboxylesterases (CES1, 2), we found that the conversion from MSYR to SYR was mediated by CES1. Lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW264.7 cells restored MSYR-GA to MSYR possibly by the secreted β-glucuronidase. All of the mice administered with leptosperin, MSYR, or manuka honey showed higher MSYR (13.84 ± 11.51, 14.29 ± 9.19, or 6.66 ± 2.30 nM) and SYR (1.85 ± 0.66, 6.01 ± 1.20, or 8.16 ± 3.10 nM) levels in the plasma compared with that of the vehicle controls (3.33 ± 1.45 (MSYR) and 1.85 ± 0.66 (SYR) nM). The findings of our study indicate that the unique metabolic pathways of these compounds may account for possible functionalities of manuka honey.

DOI： 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b03894

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Signal crosstalk between jasmonate and ethylene is crucial for a proper maintenance of defense responses and development. Although previous studies reported that both jasmonate and ethylene also function as modulators of stomatal movements, the signal crosstalk mechanism in stomatal guard cells remains unclear. Here, we show that the ethylene signaling inhibits jasmonate signaling as well as abscisic acid (ABA) signaling in guard cells of Arabidopsis thaliana and reveal the signaling crosstalk mechanism. Both an ethylene precursor 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) and an ethylene-releasing compound ethephon induced transient stomatal closure, and also inhibited methyl jasmonate (MeJA)-induced stomatal closure as well as ABA-induced stomatal closure. The ethylene inhibition of MeJA-induced stomatal closure was abolished in the ethylene-insensitive mutant etr1-1, whereas MeJA-induced stomatal closure was impaired in the ethylene-overproducing mutant eto1-1. Pretreatment with ACC inhibited MeJA-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production as well as ABA-induced ROS production in guard cells but did not suppress ABA activation of OPEN STOMATA 1 (OST1) kinase in guard cell-enriched epidermal peels. The whole-cell patch-clamp analysis revealed that ACC attenuated MeJA and ABA activation of S-type anion channels in guard cell protoplasts. However, MeJA and ABA inhibitions of Kin channels were not affected by ACC pretreatment. These results suggest that ethylene signaling inhibits MeJA signaling and ABA signaling by targeting S-type anion channels and ROS but not OST1 kinase and K+ channels in Arabidopsis guard cells.

DOI： 10.1093/pcp/pcz121

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DOI： 10.3390/md17080438

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DOI： 10.1093/pcp/pcz031

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Benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC), a dietary isothiocyanate (ITC) derived from cruciferous vegetables, has anticancer properties. It is believed that the ITC moiety (-N═C═S) that reacts predominantly with thiol compounds plays a central role in triggering the activities resulting from these properties. Recent studies have demonstrated that ITCs also covalently modify amino moieties in a protein. In this study, we examined the chemical reaction between BITC and the aminophospholipid, phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), in the cell membrane or lipoprotein particle. To detect the BITC-modified PE, the bond between ethanolamine (EA) and phosphatidic acid in PE was cleaved using phospholipase D to form the BITC-EA adduct, which was then measured. BITC-EA was detected from the BITC-treated unilamellar liposome and low-density lipoprotein even with only a few micromoles of BITC treatment, suggesting that BITC might react with not only a thiol/amino group of a protein but also an amino moiety of an aminophospholipid. Moreover, after incorporating BITC-PE included in the liposomes into the cultured cells or after direct exposure of BITC to the cells, free BITC-EA was excreted and accumulated in the medium in a time-dependent manner. It indicates that an intracellular enzyme catalyzes the cleavage of BITC-PE to produce BITC-EA. Because the ITC-amine adduct is stable, the ITC-EA adduct could be a promising indicator of ITC exposure in vivo.

DOI： 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.8b00331

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DOI： 10.3389/fcell.2019.00160

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<title>ABSTRACT</title>
Methyl-β-cyclodextrin (MβCD) is an effective agent for the removal of plasma membrane cholesterol. In this study, we investigated the modulating effects of MβCD on the antiproliferation induced by benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC), an ITC compound mainly derived from papaya seeds. We confirmed that MβCD dose-dependently increased the cholesterol level in the medium, possibly through its removal from the plasma membrane of human colorectal cancer cells. The pretreatment with a non-toxic concentration (2.5 mM) of MβCD significantly enhanced the BITC-induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis induction, which was counteracted by the cholesterol supplementation. Although BITC activated the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway, MβCD dose-dependently inhibited the phosphorylation level of Akt. On the contrary, the treatment of MβCD enhanced the phosphorylation of mitogen activated protein kinases, but did not potentiate their BITC-induced phosphorylation. These results suggested that MβCD might potentiate the BITC-induced anti-cancer by cholesterol depletion and thus inhibition of the PI3K/Akt-dependent survival pathway.


Abbreviations: CDs: cyclodextrins; MβCD: methyl-β-cyclodextrin; ITCs: isothiocyanates; BITC: benzyl isothiocyanate; PI3K: phosphoinositide 3-kinase; PDK1: phosphoinositide-dependent kinase-1; MAPK: mitogen activated protein kinase; ERK1/2: extracellular signal-regulated kinase1/2; JNK: c-Jun N-terminal kinase; PI: propidium iodide; FBS: fatal bovine serum; TLC: thin-layer chromatography; PBS(-): phosphate-buffered saline without calcium and magnesium; MEK: MAPK/ERK kinase; PIP2: phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate; PIP3: phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate

DOI： 10.1080/09168451.2018.1514249

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<title>ABSTRACT</title>
Benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC) is an organosulfur compound derived from cruciferous vegetables and papaya seeds. In this study, we investigated the effect of BITC on the lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes during adipocyte differentiation. The treatment of BITC during the differentiation-inducing stage significantly ameliorated the lipid accumulation, whereas it had no inhibitory effect during the differentiation-maintaining stage. BITC also significantly suppressed the mRNA expression of the adipocyte-specific markers, such as CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α (C/EBPα), C/EBPβ, C/EBPδ and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ. BITC significantly inhibited the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase phosphorylation, whereas it enhanced that of AMP-activated protein kinase. Furthermore, BITC significantly suppressed the intracellular 2-deoxyglucose uptake as well as glucose transporter 4 expression. These results suggest that inhibition of the adipocyte differentiation and glucose uptake may mainly contribute to the inhibitory effect of BITC on the lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes.


Abbreviations: PPARγ: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ; CEBP: CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein; GLUT4: glucose transporter 4; AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase; ERK1/2: extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2; MAPK: a mitogen-activated protein kinase; ITCs: isothiocyanates; BITC: benzyl isothiocyanate; FBS: fetal bovine serum; CS: calf serum; AITC: allyl ITC; IBMX: 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine; LDH: lactate dehydrogenase; KRH: Krebs-Ringer-Hepes-bicarbonate; 2-DG: 2-deoxy-d-glucose

DOI： 10.1080/09168451.2018.1514247

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DOI： 10.1080/09168451.2018.1487274

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DOI： 10.1104/pp.18.00321

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DOI： 10.1016/j.abb.2018.03.024

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DOI： 10.1002/jbt.22054

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Obesity, a principal risk factor for the development of diabetes mellitus, heart disease, and hypertension, is a growing and serious health problem all over the world. Leptin is a weight-reducing hormone produced by adipose tissue, which decreases food intake via hypothalamic leptin receptors (Ob-Rb) and the Janus kinase 2/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (JAK2/STAT3) signaling pathway. Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) negatively regulates leptin signaling by dephosphorylating JAK2, and the increased activity of PTP1B is implicated in the pathogenesis of obesity. Hence, inhibition of PTP1B may help prevent and reduce obesity. In this study, we revealed that phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC), a naturally occurring isothiocyanate in certain cruciferous vegetables, potently inhibits recombinant PTP1B by binding to the reactive cysteinyl thiol. Moreover, we found that PEITC causes the ligand-independent phosphorylation of Ob-Rb, JAK2, and STAT3 by inhibiting cellular PTP1B in differentiated human SH-SY5Y neuronal cells. PEITC treatment also induced nuclear accumulation of phosphorylated STAT3, resulting in enhanced anorexigenic POMC expression and suppressed orexigenic NPY/AGRP expression. We demonstrated that oral administration of PEITC to mice significantly reduces food intake, and stimulates hypothalamic leptin signaling. Our results suggest that PEITC might help prevent and improve obesity.

DOI： 10.1371/journal.pone.0206748

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DOI： 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.07.078

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DOI： 10.1002/jbt.21932

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DOI： 10.1002/jbt.21901

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DOI： 10.1080/10715762.2017.1331038

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DOI： 10.1080/09168451.2017.1361809

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DOI： 10.1080/09168451.2017.1308244

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DOI： 10.1080/09168451.2017.1340088

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DOI： 10.1080/09168451.2017.1332979

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DOI： 10.1080/09168451.2017.1374830

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DOI： 10.1093/pcp/pcw166

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DOI： 10.3136/fstr.22.847

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Authorship：Last author,　Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Elsevier B.V.  

DOI： 10.1016/j.bbrep.2016.06.020

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DOI： 10.1093/pcp/pcw102

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DOI： 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2016.02.034

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DOI： 10.1080/09168451.2015.1083396

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：一般社団法人 日本調理科学会  

Regular intake of vegetables suppresses the risk of lifestyle-related diseases. In Japan, a large amount of cruciferous vegetables that contain glucosinolates are consumed in cooked or pickled form. Glucosinolates are hydrolysed to isothiocyanates in plants by the enzyme myrosinase, which is released by tissue damage. Isothiocyanates have characteristic flavours and can inhibit carcinogenesis in some cases. In this study, we investigated the effects of NaCl and ascorbic acid concentration on myrosinase activity in vitro. Maximum myrosinase activity was observed for 1% NaCl or 0.1% ascorbic acid, although myrosinase activity was suppressed by a combination of NaCl and ascorbic acid. The degree of suppression of myrosinase activity decreased as the concentration of ascorbic acid increased.We prepared lightly pickled turnip and Chinese cabbage with final NaCl concentrations of 1%, 2%, and 3% to determine the effect of NaCl on isothiocyanate formation in pickles. 3-Butenyl, 4-pentenyl, and phenethyl isothiocyanate were detected by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses; these compounds were formed in the highest amounts at 3% NaCl in both types of pickles. Moreover, the addition of 0.4% ascorbic acid increased the formation of isothiocyanate by 1.4-1.6 times compared with the control in both types of pickles. In sensory evaluation, panellists preferred the pickles with 2% NaCl.

DOI： 10.11402/cookeryscience.49.138

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DOI： 10.1016/j.abb.2015.10.002

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DOI： 10.1080/09168451.2015.1045827

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DOI： 10.1111/plb.12321

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DOI： 10.1093/pcp/pcv051

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DOI： 10.1080/09168451.2014.963503

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DOI： 10.1080/09168451.2014.951028

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DOI： 10.1111/plb.12175

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DOI： 10.3136/fstr.20.1245

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DOI： 10.1002/ptr.5152

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DOI： 10.1080/09168451.2014.905190

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DOI： 10.1002/jbt.21549

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Frontiers Research Foundation  

DOI： 10.3389/fpls.2013.00472

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DOI： 10.1161/01.res.0000436790.06133.5a

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DOI： 10.1104/pp.113.224055

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DOI： 10.1104/pp.113.223826

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DOI： 10.1271/bbb.130336

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DOI： 10.1016/j.jplph.2013.03.011

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DOI： 10.1271/bbb.130033

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DOI： 10.1271/bbb.120980

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DOI： 10.1111/j.1438-8677.2012.00671.x

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DOI： 10.1007/s00344-012-9291-7

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DOI： 10.3136/fstr.19.983

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本食品照射研究協議会  

In Arabidopsis wild-type (Col-0 ecotype) and &lt;i&gt;cat2&lt;/i&gt; mutant plants, gamma radiation induced H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; accumulation and lipid peroxidation at 10 kGy but not at 0.1 to 1 kGy. There were no significant differences in H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; accumulation and lipid peroxidation between the wild type and the &lt;i&gt;cat2&lt;/i&gt; mutant. Hence, CAT2 may not be a key enzyme to protect gamma irradiation-induced damage.

DOI： 10.5986/jrafi.48.38

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DOI： 10.1271/bbb.120928

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本食品照射研究協議会  

Food irradiation using γ-rays is one of powerful tools to reduce insect infestation in crops and spices. We examined the effects of γ-irradiation on larvae and adults of &lt;i&gt;Tribolium castaneum&lt;/i&gt;. Eclosion for larvae was completely inhibited by irradiation at 500 Gy. A survival rate for adults was markedly reduced by irradiation at more than 500 Gy. The neutral comet assay presented that irradiation irreversibly increased DNA damage at 500 and 1000 Gy and transiently increased DNA damage at 100 Gy, suggesting possible DNA repair in larvae and adults stages. These results indicate that γ-irradiation at 500 Gy is available to eradicate the beetle at larval and adults stages.

DOI： 10.5986/jrafi.48.19

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DOI： 10.1271/bbb.120384

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DOI： 10.1016/j.ab.2012.07.018

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DOI： 10.1111/j.1438-8677.2012.00607.x

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DOI： 10.1271/bbb.120228

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DOI： 10.1271/bbb.120233

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DOI： 10.1002/jbt.21423

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DOI： 10.1016/j.bbagen.2012.04.012

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DOI： 10.1016/j.jplph.2012.02.007

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DOI： 10.1016/j.fct.2012.03.011

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DOI： 10.1271/bbb.111000

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