Grant amount：\3120000 （ Direct expense: \2400000 、 Indirect expense：\720000 ）

This research will examine several problems regarding the social integration of Russian-speaking population in the Baltic states, including Estonia, focusing on some ploblems in relation to the collective memory and the national identity, which are closely connected with the historical awareness between nations. Particularly, the case will be examined the political behaviors of the Russian-speaking population in Estonia and Latvia, from the viewpoint comforming to the variability of identity. Mainly, this research attempts to disclose the political relationship between the ploblem of social integration and the issue of historical awareness in the Baltic states, including Estonia.

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Authorship：Coinvestigator(s) 

Grant amount：\16640000 （ Direct expense: \12800000 、 Indirect expense：\3840000 ）

A major aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between democratization and judicialization of politics in Southeast Asian countries. Judicialization is usually a product of democratization and often furthers democratization. However, it is essentially counter-majoritarian and might thwart democratic transition. Indeed, the numerical minorities in democratizing countries are not infrequently the politically weak people but the privileged under the pre-democratizing regime.
Judicial review is very much affected by two factors: 1) the way to appoint judges, and 2) the extent of political diffusion.

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Authorship：Coinvestigator(s) 

Grant amount：\17420000 （ Direct expense: \13400000 、 Indirect expense：\4020000 ）

Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Thailand and Korea were the most serious victims of the 1997 Asian economic crisis. Political regime in Indonesia was seriously devastated just after the crisis. However, in the next few years, Indonesia came to boast democracy and stability while politics in four other countries has become unstable or less democratic. We have tried to search for the reason for this sharp contrast. We found that advancement of neoliberalism was a major reason for the economic crisis and political instability. Neo-liberal policies have deepened social problem of growing inequality that is already becoming politically salient. Widening disparity between the poor mass and the relatively rich middle class has make it increasingly difficult for both to accept the same rule of political game. The poor puts emphasis on numerical legitimacy and the rich on moral superiority. It makes electoral democracy less stable.

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Authorship：Coinvestigator(s) 

Grant amount：\7670000 （ Direct expense: \5900000 、 Indirect expense：\1770000 ）

This research project examined how transnational networks were transformed by the attempt to strengthen and deepen the regional cooperation, as a response to globalization. The project focused on the islands in the Barents Sea, the Baltic Sea, the Mediterranean Sea, the East China Sea and the South Pacific. The results of the project were published as a report in Japanese and English, as well as the content in the university institutional repository.

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Grant amount：\14820000 （ Direct expense: \11400000 、 Indirect expense：\3420000 ）

This study inquires into cases about issues of social integration of immigrant foreigners regarding Europe and Asia-Pacific region, including Japan from a comparative and regional standpoint, focusing on their political membership. The results of this study help to search a fundamental course of Japanese policy on immigration from now on, in the animated discussions of various activities on regional cooperation with a transnational level.

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Authorship：Coinvestigator(s) 

Grant amount：\11960000 （ Direct expense: \9200000 、 Indirect expense：\2760000 ）

グローバルによる国民国家の変容という世界的な潮流に対するリアクション としてのナショナリズムの問題に注目し、欧米先進地域をはじめとする移民受け入れ国におけ るナショナル・ポピュリズム運動についての比較地域的な研究を通して、これらの地域におい て今日顕著な現象となっている「移民問題の政治化」というテーマに学究的に取り組んだ研究 である。本研究の成果は、移民流入時代の本格的な到来を見据える上で、これからのわが国が 着手するべき移民政策の基本的な在り方を模索する上での一助となるものである。

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Authorship：Coinvestigator(s) 

Grant amount：\14690000 （ Direct expense: \11300000 、 Indirect expense：\3390000 ）

民主主義が政治のグローバル・スタンダードになった今日でも、軍事クーデタは生じうることを複数の事例の比較研究から確認した.1 つには、政治の民主化が進んで、軍があからさまな政治介入を控えるようになっても、軍が政治から完全に撤退することは容易ではないからである.もう1 つには、クーデタに対する国際社会からの歯止めは、軍首脳が国際関係よりも国内事情を優先する場合には、あまり強く機能しないからである.

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Grant amount：\4420000 （ Direct expense: \3400000 、 Indirect expense：\1020000 ）

(1)<高度な科学技術の開発は、生活水準を大きく向上させる一方で、予測不可能なリスクが国境を越えてひとびとの生活を脅かす「世界リスク社会」を到来させた>というリスク社会論の知見、(2)<人々の間の信頼関係・規範・ネットワーク>を計測・制御可能な「社会関係資本Social Capital」と捉え直すソーシャル・キャピタル論の知見、および(3)両者の接合可能性について、政治学、基礎法学、国際法学の観点から法政策学的な検討を試みた。

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Authorship：Coinvestigator(s) 

Grant amount：\8900000 （ Direct expense: \8900000 ）

We studied a new type of political leaders in several countries in Asia with comparison among Asian countries and with Russia in mind. We took up leaders (and a political party) as follows : Roh Moo-hyun, Korean president; Hu Jintao, Chinese president; Thaksin Shinawatra, Thai prime minister; Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, president, and Fadel Muhammad, governor of Gorontalo province of Indonesia; Khairy Jamaluddin, deputy chief of UMNO Youth wing, and a son-in-law of Malaysia's prime minister Badawi,; BJP of India; and Vladimir Putin, Russian president. The purpose of this study was to examine (1) the background factors giving way to the emergence of these leaders and (2) their effects upon democracy.
Regarding the background, several factors were identified. First of all, democratization was critically important in countries previously ruled by unelected rulers. Now rulers should be elected at the polls. Second, people in those countries yearned for a strong leader due to the economic and political crises in the 1990s. Third, these leaders pursued populist policies to rescue the poor and weak people suffering from economic hardship. China and India were not exceptions concerning this point. Fourth, these leaders were fond of direct appeal to the people with less dependence on political organizations including political parties. Tactical and fervent use of mass media (television, radio, and internet) was a common feature of those leaders.
Regarding the effect, it is important to note that not all leaders could exert strong leadership. While national leaders in Korea and Indonesia were not successful, national leaders in Russia and Thailand, and a provincial leader in Indonesia were successful. Significant was how to institutionalize the strong leadership. While Putin managed to build a new regime, Thaksin was resisted and toppled by old powers.

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Authorship：Coinvestigator(s) 

Grant amount：\3300000 （ Direct expense: \3300000 ）

1.リスク論とソーシャル・キャピタル論の接合の可能性の検討とその法政策学的インプリケーションの解明
リスク論とソーシャル・キャピタル論の関連・接合可能性については、2006年7月23日に山崎望氏(日本学術振興会特別研究員)を招き「リスク社会における政治の変容」という題で研究会を開催した。また、ソーシャル・キャピタル論と密接な関わりのある公共性をめぐる思想的、制度的な諸問題について研究を行い、成果として、小田川(研究代表者)は共著『共和主義の思想空間』(名古屋大学出版会、2007年7月)を、黒神(研究分担者)は単著『国際公務員法の研究』(信山社、2006年5月)を、大森(研究分担者)は単著『共和主義の法理論』(勁草書房、2006年6月)を刊行した。また、岡田(研究分担者)の論文「行政行為の瑕疵論「無効の行政行為」の意味」が『法治国家の展開と現代的構成』(法律文化社、2006年12月)に収録された。
2.リスク論の法政策学的研究
リスク論に関わる個別的な問題について研究を進め、具体的な成果として、河原(研究分担者)が植村和秀(京都産業大学)と共編で『外国人参政権問題の国際比較』(昭和堂、2006年11月)を刊行した。また成廣(研究分担者)は、2006年度比較政治学会研究会(10月7-8日、於立教大学)の共通論題「9-11事件と国内政治の変動」で、中山俊宏氏(津田塾大学)と共に「9-11事件と国内政治の変動アメリカ・イギリスについて」という報告を行っており、その成果は中山氏との共著論文「9-11事件と国内政治の変動:アメリカとイギリスの比較」として『日本比較政治学会年報』9巻(2007年近刊予定)に掲載されることになっている。

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Authorship：Coinvestigator(s) 

Grant amount：\3100000 （ Direct expense: \3100000 ）

This research project focuses on regional cooperation on the sea to fulfill human security, which is different from military cooperation that we usually regard as the equivalent of regional security cooperation on the sea. Regional human security cooperation on the sea is now attracting attention in the Asia-Pacific, namely ASEAN sea region and the South Pacific. While these regions are still on the process of regional human security cooperation on the sea, Northern Europe (Barents Sea) and the Baltic Sea are known as the regions which have been actively engaged in this kind of regional cooperation. The purpose of this research project is to investigate regional human security cooperation on the sea, by comparing Northern Europe (Barents Sea) and the Baltic Sea as the precedents to Asia (ASEAN sea region) and the Pacific (South Pacific) as succeeding cases, and clarifying the characteristic of each case.
As the first step, the project examined regional human security cooperation in theoretical perspective. Then, it collected the references on regional human security cooperation on the sea of the above regions, and carried out interviews in the regional organizations, government offices and local NGOs in the concerning regions. Based on them, the project compared each case and analyzed how regional human security cooperation on the sea has been conducted.
From the analysis, the project clarifies not only the states but also various non-state actors, such as representatives of regional councils, NGOs and local communities, are involved in regional human security cooperation on the sea in each region. It is important to note that this reflects each particular regional context. This enables regional human security cooperation on the sea in each region to develop in a flexible form beyond inter-state cooperation.

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Authorship：Principal investigator 

Grant amount：\9500000 （ Direct expense: \9500000 ）

This Study aims to analyze the status-quo of citizenship policies in several regions/countries, which had once accepted many immigrants, and investigate the conditions for coexistence in multi-ethnic societies in the 21st century.
There are three main pillars in this study : first, theoretical study of globalization, nationalism and political systems, such as electoral systems and party politics ; second, study of historical processes how immigrants have been dealt in the regions/countries concerned ; third, comparative study of citizenship policy for the foreign-born permanent residents in these regions/countries, such as electoral franchise for them.
Six case studies are presented as follows : the Korean in Japan; political rights for the foreigners in Thailand ; suffrage for the "Europeans" in Germany ; the Russian-speaking population in the former Soviet countries, namely Estonia and Latvia ; suffrage for the foreign-born permanent residents in the USA and the UK.

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Authorship：Coinvestigator(s) 

Grant amount：\8300000 （ Direct expense: \8300000 ）

It is agreed widely that both democratization and stability of politics are desirable. However, their coexistence is not easy. Our aim is to clarify the conditions enabling political democracy and stability to coexist in countries in East and Southeast Asian regions.
There are several countries in the regions that have succeeded in democratization in the last two decades. Six countries from the regions (South Korea, the Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia, Cambodia, and Thailand) were studied. National elections were held from 2003 to 2005 in these six countries. We can regard rising political tension due to the elections as a good evidence of democratization. To draw a regional comparison, we take Estonia which is a rare case of successful democratization among the countries formerly dominated by the USSR.
Estonia is a good example to show how important institutional design is for the coexistence of democracy and stability. Leaders of the republic deprived Russian residents of citizenship when they began to democratize the socialist regime. Although it evoked a great deal of criticism from the international society at first, the Russians were accorded citizenship later and the country succeeded in democratization due to the discriminative measures.
In Asian countries, it is often difficult to hold the balance between democracy and stability. In Thailand, an emphasis was placed on stability in drafting the 1997 constitution, resulting in emergence of a too strong national leader. The procedure to dismiss national leaders was a hot issue in the Philippines, South Korea, and Indonesia. Moreover, deficiencies in democratic procedures often hamper legitimatization and stabilization of news democracies.
However, we are observing a new type of national leaders in Asian countries. They rely on populist measures instead of institutions and enjoy strong leadership. We are to carry out a research into them.

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Authorship：Coinvestigator(s) 

Grant amount：\3000000 （ Direct expense: \3000000 ）

2001
The head investigator and investigators had four workshops titles Pride and Logic of Nationalisms for this study at Kyoto University, on May 19th, October 27th, December 15^<th> in 2001, and March 2^<nd> in 2002, to confirm premises and methods of this study.
As the result of the confirmation, the head investigator and investigators studied along their plan, and published the results, as shown on next pages.
2002
The head investigator and investigators had four workshops titles Pride and Logic of Nationalisms for this study at Kyoto University, on May 18th, 2002, July 27th, November 16th, December 28^<th>, to check the situations of the study of each investigator, and exchange views for the final report.
As the result of the workshops and exchanging each view from each study of investigators, each investigator reported or published their results of their study at academic conferences or on academic journals as shown on next pages.
The head investigator gathered the results as their final reports. The head investigator also published another book titled Authoritarianization of South Korea in the 1950s from Minerva Shobo, as a part of results of this study.

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