Authorship：Last author,　Corresponding author   Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

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Key message CAP biosynthesis in the pericarp of chili pepper fruits occurs with an ambiguous boundary in the placental septum and pericarp. Capsaicinoid (CAP) is a pungent ingredient of chili pepper fruits. Generally, CAP biosynthesis is limited to the placental septum of fruits, but it has been reported that its biosynthesis occurs even in the pericarp of some extremely pungent varieties, resulting in a substantial increase in total content. To examine the mechanism of CAP biosynthesis in the pericarp, comparative transcriptome analysis of a variety that produces CAP in the pericarp (MY) and a variety that does not (HB) was carried out. RNA-seq revealed that 2264 genes were differentially expressed in the MY pericarp compared with the HB pericarp. PCA analysis and GO enrichment analysis indicated that the MY pericarp has a gene expression profile more like placental septum than the HB pericarp. The gene expression of CAP biosynthesis-related genes in the MY pericarp changed coordinately with the placental septum during fruit development. In most Capsicum accessions including HB, the distribution of slender epidermal cells producing CAP was limited to the placental septum, and the morphological boundary between the placental septum and pericarp was clear. In some extremely pungent varieties such as MY, slender epidermal cells ranged from the placental septum to the pericarp region, and the pericarp was morphologically similar to the placental septum, such as the absence of large sub-epidermal cells and abundant spaces in the parenchymal tissue. Our data suggest that CAP biosynthesis in the pericarp occurred with an ambiguous boundary in the placental septum and pericarp. These findings contribute to further enhancement of CAP production in chili pepper fruits.

DOI： 10.1007/s00299-021-02750-0

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Seedlessness is a desirable trait to improve eases of processing and fresh consumption of sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). Genetic resources for seedless pepper breeding are limited, compared with other Solanaceae crops. A new seedless mutant named tn-1, was identified by screening an ethylmethane sulfonate mutagenized population derived from ornamental chili pepper. Wild-type fruit contained about 40 seed; tn-1 contained no, or a few seed. Ninety-nine individuals in the F-2 population derived from a cross between tn-1 and other cultivars were classified into the groups: Normal with more than 3 seed in each fruit, and Seedless with less than 3 seed in each fruit. The Seedless group had smaller fruit compared with the Normal group. The average values of fruit weight, length, and width of Normal group were 2.94 g, 3.64 cm and 1.40 cm, respectively. On the other hand, mean values for the Seedless group were 0.64 g, 2.11 cm, and 0.90 cm, respectively. Genetic analysis indicated that seedlessness was determined by a single recessive gene. Bulk segregant analyses combined with genotyping-by-sequencing were conducted to identify the genomic region responsible for seedlessness in tn-1. It appears the gene responsible for seedlessness may be located near the end of chromosome 12. The tn-1 mutant will be a useful breeding material to develop seedless sweet pepper.

DOI： 10.1016/j.scienta.2020.109729

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In the present study, we evaluated the effects of intermittent low temperature storage (ILTS) following cold imbibition of Eustoma seeds as a low-cost method. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of the total number of cold storage days and the lengths of ILTS cycles for seedlings on the subsequent growth and flowering of three cultivars with different susceptibilities to rosetting: 'Nancy', 'Exe Lavender', and 'Bolero White'. Before sowing, the seeds were imbibed with water at 10 degrees C under a dark condition for 35 days. A cycle of 6D/6D (6 days in a refrigerator kept at 10 degrees C in the dark/6 days in a greenhouse kept at a high ambient temperature) was repeated 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 times to attain 0, 6, 12, 18, 24, and 30 days of cold storage (DCS), respectively. Using a cycle of 6D/6D at least one time (6 DCS) increased the bolting and flowering percentages and accelerated the bolting date by 6-10 days and the flowering date by 4-9 days in 'Nancy', a high-rosetting cultivar. The percentage of harvesting was above 80% only in seedlings subjected to 24 and 30 DCS in ILTS. In addition, under equal 30 DCS of ILTS, cycles of 3D/3D x 10 times, 6D/6D x 5 times, and 15D/15D x 2 times were investigated by exposing the seedlings to a high ambient temperature for 3, 6, and 15 days and then transferring them to a refrigerator (10 degrees C) for 3, 6, and 15 days, respectively. ILTS cycles of 3D/3D and 6D/6D resulted in earlier bolting and flowering dates than cycles of 15D/15D. The cycle of 15D/15D resulted in a lower percentage of marketable harvesting and an increased number of nodes to the first flower. These results suggest that applying ILTS with a cycle of 6D/6D at least four times can be an efficient method to promote the bolting and flowering of Eustoma without applying air conditioning to the entire greenhouse.

DOI： 10.2503/hortj.UTD-145

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By using a stable isotope method, partitioning of photosynthates was examined in a modified arching (MA) technique that achieved a high cut flower productivity to clarify how photosynthates produced by bent shoots are distributed within a plant at different developmental stages of harvest shoots. The translocation ratios from bent shoots at four days after harvest, eight days after harvest, for 10 cm-shoots, flower budding, and blooming were 44.0, 40.2, 51.0, 38.3, and 23.4%, respectively, and plants at the blooming stage had lower translocation ratios compared to those at the other developmental stages. The distribution of photosynthates produced by the bent shoot parts varied with the plant stage of the harvest shoots. The partitioning ratios of roots and crowns at four days, eight days, for 10 cm-shoots, flower budding, and blooming were 63.9, 53.5, 17.5, 26.6, and 81.0%, respectively. From these results, it was revealed that in the period from blooming to the next sprouting, roots and crowns were strong sinks. The partitioning ratios of mother stems were 36.2, 46.4, 7.2, 15.0, and 8.2%, respectively. We estimate that the mother stems are a strong sink right after harvest and absorb the photosynthates for the new sprouting. At the 10 cm-shoot and flower budding stages, photosynthates were partitioned to harvest shoots at 75.2% and 58.4%, respectively, indicating that they were distributed preferentially to vigorously growing harvest shoots. A total of 11.4% of the photosynthates were partitioned to harvest shoots at the blooming stage, suggesting that the photosynthates from the bent shoots were not involved directly in flower blooming. This study will contribute to improving the MA technique and cut rose production.

DOI： 10.2503/hortj.UTD-116

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The translocation of calcium (Ca) within the tomato plant and the causes of Ca deficiency, a factor associated with blossom-end rot (BER) in fruit, are still a matter of conjecture. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of defoliation on BER incidence and Ca transport into different size tomato fruit cultivars. Four experiments were conducted. The start and end dates for each experiment were; 14 March-2 May, 22 July-23 August, 30 August-7 October 2017, and 20 May-25 June 2018, for experiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. Five tomato cultivars including one large ('Momotaro fight (MF)', >= 200 g), three medium ('Lui60 (L60)', 'Flo cook (TC)', and 'Cindy sweet (CS)', 30-80 g), and one small ((Pepe (PP)', <= 20 g) fruit cultivars, respectively, were grown under moderate water stress controlled by a combination of root zone restriction and solar mediated fertigation. Leaf area of plants was reduced by 20-30% by removing alternate leaflets on all leaves. Defoliation significantly reduced BER in all experiments. In experiment 4, no BER was observed in defoliated plants of L60 and PP, and in MF and TC, BER incidence decreased to a quarter of the control. Defoliation increased the fruit growth rate (FGR) in experiment 1, in which the temperature was the lowest, by a ratio of 1.42 and by 1.39 in experiment 4, in which the radiation was strongest and day length longest. Defoliation increased the rate of daily Ca transport into fruit (CTR) in MF, L60, TC, CS, and PP by average ratios of 1.64, 1.55, 1.35, 1.30, and 1.13, respectively. The increase in CTR in defoliated plants was highest in experiment 4 with a ratio of 1.68 followed by 1.37, 1.33, and 1.28 in experiments 1, 3, and 2, respectively. Defoliation increased both FGR and CTR and there were significant linear relationships between them. However, the degree of increase was larger in CTR than that in FGR, especially in the BER-sensitive large fruit cultivar MF, and defoliation increased the total Ca concentration in fruit accordingly. We conclude that under moderate water stress by root zone restriction and certain other BER inductive conditions, defoliation could be a promising approach to reduce BER incidence by improving Ca nutrition in susceptible large fruit cultivars.

DOI： 10.2503/hortj.UTD-079

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Capsaicinoids are unique compounds that give chili pepper fruits their pungent taste. Capsaicinoid levels vary widely among pungent cultivars, which range from low pungency to extremely pungent. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this quantitative variation have not been elucidated. Our previous study identified various loss-of-function alleles of the pAMT gene which led to low pungency. The mutations in these alleles are commonly defined by Tcc transposon insertion and its footprint. In this study, we identified two leaky pamt alleles (pamt(L1) and pamt(L2)) with different levels of putative aminotransferase (pAMT) activity. Notably, both alleles had a Tcc transposon insertion in intron 3, but the locations of the insertions within the intron were different. Genetic analysis revealed that pamt(L1), pamt(L2) and a loss-of-function pamt allele reduced capsaicinoid levels to about 50%, 10% and less than 1%, respectively. pamt(L1) and pamt(L2) encoded functional pAMT proteins, but they exhibited lower transcript levels than the functional type. RNA sequencing analysis showed that intronic transposons disrupted splicing in intron 3, which resulted in simultaneous expression of functional pAMT mRNA and non-functional splice variants containing partial sequences of Tcc. The non-functional splice variants were more dominant in pamt(L2) than in pamt(L1). This suggested that the difference in position of the intronic transposons could alter splicing efficiency, leading to different pAMT activities and reducing capsaicinoid content to different levels. Our results provide a striking example of allelic variations caused by intronic transposons; these variations contribute to quantitative differences in secondary metabolite contents.

DOI： 10.1111/tpj.14462

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Blossom-end rot (BER) in tomato has been generally reported as a calcium (Ca)-related physiological disorder influenced by cultivar and environmental factors. In our previous works, we found that different fruit-sized cultivars could share a similar threshold value of water-soluble Ca. In addition, seasonal susceptibility to BER was closely related to fruit growth rate. This study aimed to clarify the effect of fruit growth rate as a dominant factor determining the susceptibility in different fruit-sized tomato cultivars. A large-sized cultivar, 'Momotaro Fight', and medium-sized 'Cindy Sweet', with different susceptibility to BER disorder, were hydroponically grown with modified Hoagland nutrient solutions consisting of a range of Ca: K (potassium) ratios in four cropping seasons. In spring and summer, BER incidence was more than 60 and 10% in 'Momotaro Fight' and 'Cindy Sweet', respectively, when plants were fed with low Ca. BER was rarely observed when water-soluble Ca exceeded 0.30 mu mol.g-1 FW, and the rate of BER incidence increased with a decrease in water-soluble Ca concentration in both cultivars. Fruit growth rate was much more vigorous in 'Momotaro Fight' than 'Cindy Sweet', especially in summer. It was significantly favored by the increased temperature and solar radiation in both cultivars. The multiple regression analyses detected a significant effect of fruit growth rate on BER incidence, exclusively in 'Momotaro Fight'. Together with water-soluble Ca, fruit growth rate explained over 50% of the variation of BER incidence. A vigorous rate of fruit growth can play a more important role in decreasing water-soluble Ca in 'Momotaro Fight', and result in severe and frequent BER incidence, compared to 'Cindy Sweet'. Thus the cultivar difference in the susceptibility to BER is likely explained by the difference in the growth rate of young fruit affecting water-soluble Ca in the distal part of tomato fruit.

DOI： 10.2503/hortj.OKD-114

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A program library for use on open-source hardware was developed in order to construct a low-cost environmental control system for greenhouses. The library facilitated the development of environmental sensing and control devices that conform to the protocols of the Ubiquitous Environment Control System (UECS). The open-source hardware used was the “Arduino Ethernet” and the “Arduino Mega 2560 with Ethernet Shield” microcontroller boards. UECS is a system for controlling greenhouse environments that communicates information via a local area network, and devices utilizing the library that we developed can perform the UECS defined communication tasks automatically. With the help of this library, device developers no longer need to program the communications aspects of the device and can concentrate on programming setting and control logic of the device. The library occupies about 29 kilobytes of the read only memory area of the target board. The library and associated open-source microcontroller boards are powerful tools for developing low-cost environmental control systems.

DOI： 10.2525/ecb.56.107

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Capsinoids are low-pungent capsaicinoid analogues in chili pepper fruits. They exhibit various bioactivities in humans similar to capsaicinoids, but do not produce a nasty burning sensation, encouraging their application in foods and supplements. Previous reports demonstrated that loss-of-function of putative aminotransferase (pAMT) leads to low-pungency and capsinoid accumulation. Therefore, the pamt allele is a useful gene in chili pepper breeding programs to enhance health-promoting properties. Eight loss-of-function alleles have been identified in the Capsicum genus, but the variation in paint alleles remains to be fully elucidated. In this study, we identified one novel loss-of-function allele from the analysis of low-pungent chili pepper 'No. 4034' (C. chinense). 'No. 4034' contained mainly capsinoid with an undetectable level of capsaicinoid. A genetic complementation test was conducted by crossing 'No. 4034' with other accessions. The results indicated that 'No. 4034' possessed a loss-of-function pamt allele. Sequence analysis showed that the novel mutant allele contained a 7-bp insertion (TCGGTAC) in the 16th axon region, which we designated as pamt(9). The insertion caused a frameshift mutation and resulted in a truncated protein. Gene expression analysis showed that the expression level of pAMT specifically decreased among biosynthetic genes tested here in 'No. 4034', compared with that of pungent accession. pamt(9) will be useful for low-pungency and capsinoid breeding, and will provide additional information for variations in pAMT mutants.

DOI： 10.2503/hortj.OKD-115

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This research reveals that the up-regulated expression of multiple capsaicinoid biosynthetic genes in pericarp tissue leads to the elevation of total capsaicinoid content in chili pepper fruit.Capsaicinoids are health-functional compounds that are produced uniquely in chili pepper fruits. A high capsaicinoid level is one of the major parameters determining the commercial quality and health-promoting properties of chili peppers. To investigate the mechanisms responsible for its high contents, we compared an extremely pungent cultivar 'Trinidad Moruga Scorpion Yellow' (MY) with other cultivars of different pungency levels (Fushimi-amanaga, Takanotsume, Red Habanero). Capsaicinoid concentrations were markedly higher in MY fruit (23.9 mg/g DW) than in other pungent cultivars including 'Red Habanero' (HB) fruit (14.3 mg/g DW). Comparative analysis of MY and HB reveals that both cultivars accumulated similar capsaicinoid concentrations in the placental septum, with that in the HB pericarp (1.8 mg/g DW) being markedly lower than that in the placental septum (69.1 mg/g DW). The capsaicinoid concentration in HB fruit is dependent on the placental septum, as reported in other accessions. Therefore, even though placental septum tissue contains high capsaicinoid concentrations, those in the pericarp and seeds attenuated its total content. In contrast, the MY pericarp exhibited a markedly higher concentration (23.2 mg/g DW). A qRT-PCR analysis revealed that multiple capsaicinoid biosynthetic pathway genes (Pun1, pAMT, KAS, and BCAT) were strongly up-regulated in placental septum of pungent cultivars. The genes were expressed exclusively in the MY pericarp, but were barely detected in the pericarps of other pungent cultivars. Collectively, the present study indicates that the up-regulated expression of these genes not only in placental septum but also in pericarp plays an important role in driving capsaicinoid accumulation in the whole fruit.

DOI： 10.1007/s00299-016-2078-8

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Pungency in peppers is due to the presence of the alkaloid capsaicin and its analogues, collectively known as capsaicinoids. These compounds are only produced in the Capsicum genus and function as deterrents to mammals from consuming the pepper fruits. Pungency in pepper is qualitatively controlled by the Pun1 locus, which encodes a putative acyltransferase enzyme. Mutations in the Pun1 gene result in a loss of pungency, and several Pun1 loss-of-function alleles have been identified in sweet peppers to date (pun1(1-3)). However, variations in pun1 alleles have not been completely elucidated. In the present study, we report a new type of loss-of-function pun1 allele, named pun1(4), in a Japanese sweet pepper cultivar, 'Nara Murasaki' (C. annuum). Sequence analysis at the Pun1 locus revealed that this type of Pun1 allele is caused by a single adenine nucleotide insertion in the second exon region. This insertion is unique to 'Nara Murasaki' and is not present in wild-type Pun1. This insertion causes a frameshift mutation and a change in the amino acid sequence, resulting in a truncated protein. The results of gene expression analysis indicated that the expression of Pun2 in 'Nara Murasaki' was hardly detectable, while the transcripts of this gene were strongly expressed in a pungent cultivar. In a co-segregation test, the pun1(4) genotype perfectly co-segregated with non-pungency in 103 F-2 population plants of a cross between 'Nara Murasaki' and a pungent cultivar. 'Nara Murasaki' and a DNA marker to distinguish the pun1(4) allele will be informative for understanding the domestication process of sweet peppers.

DOI： 10.2503/hortj.MI-148

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：農業情報学会  

The Arduino platform is suitable for the development of Ubiquitous Environmental Control System (UECS) nodes. However, its network capacity must be investigated to improve its reliability in practical use. In this study, we tested the UDP packet-receiving capacity of multiple combinations of Arduino platforms running on 16 MHz ATmega CPU and Ethernet communication shields. Test results showed that the mounted Ethernet controller was the primary determinant of packet-receiving capacity. The maximum receiving capacities for 200-byte UDP packets on W5100 and W5500 Ethernet controllers were 327 and 576 packets/second, respectively. Stress on the HTTP server response or on communication with an SHT75 humidity and temperature sensor lowered packet receiving capacity. Therefore, if a rapid response is required on a node, high-load processing must be eliminated. We estimated that the tested capacity of any Arduino platform was sufficient to control a small- or medium-scale greenhouse. In addition, if the packet communication area is adequately controlled, an Arduino platform could be employed in large-scale greenhouses. Sending packets to unused ports at an interval of 1,152 packets/second had no effect on receiving capacity, indicating that a method that would allow more nodes to coexist by isolating port assignments would be beneficial.

DOI： 10.3173/air.25.19

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Capsicum chinense is a domesticated hot pepper species in the Capsicum genus that originated in the Amazon and is consumed in USA, the Caribbean and South America. Although a characteristic of this species is high pungency, some non-pungent or low-pungent strains, called "Aji Dulce'' (sweet pepper in Spanish), exist in the Caribbean region. In the present study, low-pungent C. chinense accessions were analyzed in order to elucidate the genetic mechanisms responsible for low pungency. All low-pungent C. chinense accessions in this study carried non-functional alleles of putative aminotransferase (pAMT), which catalyzes the formation of vanillylamine from vanillin in the capsaicinoid biosynthetic pathway. These low-pungent accessions produced capsinoids, low-pungent capsaicinoid analogs. The pamt mutation in each strain was characterized using allele-specific markers, and one novel pamt allele (pamt(7)) was identified. The pamt(7) had a new hAT family transposon insertion in the second exon region, which caused the loss of pAMT expression. pamt(7) is apparently an ancestral allele for pamt(6) because the 7-bp insertion in pamt(6) can be regarded as a footprint of the transposon. A phylogenetic analysis of pamt alleles was performed to examine their relationships. Combined with previously reported pamt alleles, the Tcc family transposon insertion and its excision were involved in the generation of various pamt alleles in C. chinense. A phylogenetic analysis of pamt alleles showed that at least five occurred within C. chinense after speciation of the Capsicum genus. In conclusion, the results of the present study identified pamt as the main and most frequent gene controlling low pungency in C. chinense. Allelic variations in loss-of function pamt and their wide distribution demonstrated the potential of C. chinense bioresources for genetic improvements to pungency and metabolic profiles in hot pepper breeding programs.

DOI： 10.1007/s11032-015-0339-9

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To investigate the mechanism of yield increase by elevated carbon dioxide (CO2) and fogging in Japanese tomato cultivars (Solanum lycoperskum), total above-ground dry matter (TDM), fraction of dry matter distribution to fruit (FDF), and photosynthetic characteristics were measured in 3 Japanese cultivars grown in elevated CO2 with fogging and ambient CO2 without fogging. Fresh fruit yield and TDM were improved by the elevated CO2 and fogging in the 3 Japanese cultivars. Light use efficiency (LUE) was also increased by the elevated CO2 and fogging. No significant decrease in FDF was observed by the elevated CO2 and fogging in 2 Japanese cultivars, 'Asabiyori 10' and 'Junkei Aichi Fast'. Thus, the increase in TDM by higher LUE contributed directly to the yield increase in these 2 cultivars. However, FDF in 'Momotaro York' was decreased significantly by the elevated CO2 and fogging. Thereby, the yield increase by the elevated CO2 and fogging was diminished in 'Momotaro York' in spite of the increase in TDM. The number of trusses having immature fruit in 'Momotaro York' under elevated CO2 and fogging was significantly higher than those of the others, although no increase in the number of trusses having immature fruit was observed in the other 2 cultivars. Although vegetative growth characteristics such as leaf area, LAI, and fresh and dry weights of leaves and stem were increased by the elevated CO2 and fogging, no negative effects such as a change in light-extinction coefficient and a decrease in maximum photosynthetic rate were observed. The elevated CO2 and fogging increased the number of harvested fruit but decreased weight per fruit, namely, fruit size, in the 3 cultivars.

DOI： 10.2503/hortj.MI-010

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To understand the factors affecting the incidence of blossom-end rot (BER), the effect of the Ca/K ratio (4/12-12/4, in me.L-1) in nutrient solutions and Ca concentration in fractions in the distal part of young tomato fruits immediately before BER symptoms appear were investigated for three seasons. The rate of BER incidence increased with a decrease in the Ca/K ratio in the supplied solutions in the summer and spring, but little difference was observed in the winter. Ca concentration was highest in winter and lowest in summer, and the concentration in fractions decreased with a decrease in the Ca/K ratio of the solutions. When the results of all three experiments were pooled, among the fractions, water-soluble Ca concentration was found to have the highest significance in the relationship to BER incidence. The risk of BER incidence in rapidly growing tomato increased to a critical level when water-soluble Ca in the distal part of the fresh fruit decreased to less than 0.20 mu mol.g(-1) FW. Multiple-regression analysis revealed that the concentration of water-soluble Ca, which is predominantly recovering apoplastic or cytoplasmic Ca2+, and total Ca, which has been translocated during fruit development, are significantly affected by solar radiation and Ca concentration in the supplied solution rather than air temperature.

DOI： 10.2503/jjshs1.CH-107

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To improve the yield of a Japanese tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) cultivar and determine how fruit yield changes as a result of grafting, we investigated the effects of a Dutch rootstock ['Maxifort' (S. lycopersicum x S. habrochaites): Mx] on the dry matter (DM) production and fruit yield of Dutch and Japanese cultivars. The Japanese cultivar ('Momotaro York': My) grafted onto Mx (My/Mx: scion/rootstock) had significantly higher fresh and dry weights of fruits per unit area than My/My. Fruit fresh weight yield per unit area was highly correlated with fruit dry weight (DW) yield (r=0.96-0.97, P<0.001), and DW yield was significantly correlated with total aboveground DM (r=0.71-0.96,P<0.001) and with DM allocation to the fruits (r=0.52-0.75,P<0.01). Total aboveground DM (TDM) was significantly and highly correlated with light-use efficiency (r= 0.98, P<0.001). However, there was no significant correlation between light-use efficiency and the maximum photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, or the light-extinction coefficient. Although stomatal conductance significantly (P<0.05) differed between the rootstocks at 57 and 119 days after transplanting (DAT), there was no significant difference in the maximum photosynthetic rate between the scion/rootstock combinations at 57 and 119 DAT. These results indicated that the fruit yield of My could be improved by grafting onto Mx, and that the increases in yield and TDM were mainly determined by the increase in light-use efficiency.

DOI： 10.2503/jjshs1.CH-048

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE  

In recent years, efforts have been made to utilise carbon dioxide (CO2) enrichment and reduce the emissions of CO2 from greenhouses. In this study, efficiency of CO2 enrichment in an unventilated greenhouse was investigated based on balance measurements of CO2 in the short-term and an estimate of CO2 leakage in the medium-term. A greenhouse covered with plastic film (floor area 178 m(2)) was used. Pure CO2 was supplied to a tomato crop trained to a high-wire system, maintaining a CO2 concentration nearly 1000 mu mol [CO2] mol(-1) [air] during daylight. For CO2 balance measurements, the leakage rates, the amount of CO2 leakage and crop uptake were derived hourly from a CO2 balance equation of greenhouse air and leakage measurements using a tracer gas technique. The leakage rate of the unventilated greenhouse was within similar ranges found in literatures investigating other types of greenhouses. The amount of CO2 leakage was comparable to crop uptake in windy or overcast conditions. The efficiency of CO2 enrichment in the medium-term was estimated using the regression equation of the leakage rate, measurements of outside wind velocity, amount of CO2 supply, and CO2 concentrations inside and outside. The estimated results in the medium-term showed an average efficiency of 45.5%; the highest efficiency was around 50%. Higher efficiencies were achieved when it was less windy and there was higher solar radiation. (C) 2014 IAgrE. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2014.01.007

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A nondestructive measurement system for continuously counting the average number of leaf layers (ANL) of a crop canopy was developed to evaluate the vegetative growth instead of the leaf area index (LAI). A virtual near-infrared light sensor with a peak between 700 and 800 nm was developed by calculating the difference in electrical current outputs of two low-cost Si photodiodes for detecting visible light and visible plus near-infrared light. Two virtual sensors were placed on the top and bottom of the crop canopy each, and apparent ANL as the value of the light path length was calculated from the measured values using the Beer-Lambert Law. The far red light transmittance of the leaves of most greenhouse fruit vegetables is approximately 60%. The ANL may be measured in up to approximately six leaves when a near-infrared light sensor with a 13.3 dB dynamic range is used. To measure more accurately the amount of received light from leaves that spreads in various directions, the virtual sensor was covered by a diffusion hemisphere made from a half of a Ping-Pong ball. The sensing system was installed in a device based on a ubiquitous environment control system (UECS), a type of decentralized autonomous computer measurement and control system for crop production in greenhouses. The measurement system was located and tested in muskmelon, cucumber, and tomato production greenhouses in Japan. The calculated ANL from measured daily cumulative optical sensing data for muskmelons was highly correlated (R 2=0.90) with LAI obtained manually. The correlation between ANL and LAI of the other tests was relatively high.

DOI： 10.17660/ActaHortic.2014.1037.80

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Carbon dioxide is a serious contributor to climate change processes, and fundamental measures to reduce its emission are sought worldwide. The authors have previously proposed a method for separating carbon dioxide from industrial exhaust gases. On the other hand, many horticultural growers artificially elevate the concentration of carbon dioxide within greenhouses in 600 to 1,000 ppm during the daytime to boost growth and yields. Here, we propose a system that takes carbon dioxide gas captured from exhaust gases using our technique, stores it as carbon dioxide hydrate, and supplies it to a greenhouse. We describe the system and its energy-use efficiency. We conducted an experiment with small plant growth chambers equipped with a heatexchange unit. The chambers were placed in an air conditioned room with lighting provided by a metal-halide lamp. Four cucumber seedlings were placed in each of two chambers. Carbon dioxide from liquefied carbon dioxide was mixed with cold water in a high-pressure vessel (1.0 L volume) at 2.0 MPa and stored at -20°C overnight. Carbon dioxide from the carbon dioxide hydrate was directed into the chambers via a tube to maintain the concentration above 1,000 ppm. Cold thermal energy from the hydrate was transferred to the chamber via a heat-exchange unit which maintained the air temperature below 25°C. We demonstrated that cucumber seedlings could be grown using carbon dioxide hydrate as a source of carbon dioxide and to supplement cooling. Larger trials are needed to demonstrate the feasibility of commercial-scale operation and the potential for capturing carbon dioxide from industrial emissions.

DOI： 10.17660/ActaHortic.2014.1037.73

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：農業情報学会  

We proposed and developed a &quot;one-stop service system to support protected horticultural production&quot; in greenhouses based on the working standard for the Ubiquitous Environment Control System (UECS) standard. To record and share crop cultivation information in the form of an electronic field note, we developed and tested two applications based on the Android platform and the extended UECS communication protocol (UECS-CCM). We named the applications the UECS tweeting application (Tsubuyaki-appli) and the UECS tweet-sharing application (Kyoyu-appli). Tsubuyaki-appli sends extended UECS-CCM packets over a greenhouse local area network (LAN). The packets include a photo of the greenhouse crop and a short description, and are transmitted using mobile devices such as an Android smartphone. Kyoyu-appli receives the extended UECS-CCM packets and displays the received information by using a social network service interface. Our testing of both applications revealed that they promoted sharing of information among greenhouse workers, with the only requirement being a low-cost Android device. We expect that such applications will lead to further advances in greenhouse crop production technology.

DOI： 10.3173/air.22.96

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Japanese Society of Agricultural, Biological and Environmental Engineers and Scientists  

The technical features of NA RO plant factory in Tsukuba consists of three main objectives. (1)Investigation of cultivars for hydroponics: productivities of tomato, cucumber and paprika cultivars are investigated with hydroponics. (2)Environment control system for low carbon emission: newly developed ubiquitous environment control system (UECS) is installed to investigate the effectiveness of integrative environment control and demonstrate the effective use of heat accumulation from sunlight. (3)Improvement of work environment by use of automation and ICT: comfortable environment for workers is established and efficient improvement using automatic conveying system is tried.<br>Four consortiums of the efficient vegetable production are conducted in Tsukuba. Con-sortium 1 is concerned with long and middle term cultivation with high yielding tomato cultivar. Consortium 2 is concerned with short term and year-round cultivation of early tomato cultivar. Takii Seeds Co.Ltd. is the leader of these consortiums.<br>Consortium 3 is concerning high yielding cultivation of paprika. Consortium 4 is concerning high yielding cultivation of cucumber. Kaneko Seed Co.Ltd. is the leader of these consortiums.<br> This research system with the targets will lead to the innovation of Japanese greenhouse production including the plant factory.

DOI： 10.2525/shita.24.219

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Other Link： http://agriknowledge.affrc.go.jp/RN/2010850087

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE  

The yield of greenhouse tomatoes in Japan has not increased since the 1980s and remains much less than 30 kg.m(-2) per year. To investigate the cause of this low yield, we compared six Japanese tomato cultivars that were commonly grown or released during the past 80 years to see whether fruit yield (fruit fresh weight per area) and dry matter (DM) content per fruit improved under current cultivation conditions. Fruit yield in 'Momotaro' (released in 1985) was lower than that in older cultivars. Total DM was determined mainly by light use efficiency and photosynthetic rate, and light use efficiency was correlated with maximum photosynthetic rate. The more modern cultivars did not show improved DM content per fruit. The DM content per fruit was strongly correlated with the soluble solids content in fruits except in 'Momotaro' and 'Momotaro colt', but soluble solids in fruits of the 'Momotaro'-type cultivars were higher than in other cultivars for a given DM content per fruit. Thus, tomato breeding in Japan appears to have focused on fruit soluble solids content per unit DM rather than fruit yield or DM content; as a result, only the former parameter has improved greatly.

DOI： 10.21273/HORTSCI.47.10.1408

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：THE JAPANESE SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE  

The effects of pinching and lowering on cucumber yield and yield components were investigated. A short-term experiment was conducted on 3 cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) cultivars grown hydroponically in a greenhouse from July to October 2011. Pinching plants were pinched at above 20 leaves on a main branch and at the 2nd leaf on the first lateral branches. Lowering plants were pinched at above 15&ndash;19 leaves on a main branch and not pinched on 4 lateral branches that were lowered with their growth. The fresh fruit yield of pinching plants in all cultivars was higher than in lowering plants. The high fresh fruit yield was caused by the high dry weight yield, and the high dry weight yield was caused by the high dry matter production and distribution of it to fruits. Total dry matter production was correlated with light interception at 40 days after transplanting, but was correlated with light use efficiency, i.e., dry matter production per intercepted light, during the entire experimental period.<br>

DOI： 10.2503/hrj.11.523

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV  

The aim of the present study was to elucidate how fruit growth was limited by the source and sink capacities in a Japanese ('Momotaro York') and a Dutch ('Dundee') tomato cultivar. The two cultivars were grown hydroponically with a high-wire system in greenhouses for 25 weeks, and the growth characteristics and sink strength of fruit were determined. Fruits were pruned to four (4F) or one (1F) per truss. The latter were used to determine potential fruit growth, an indicator of fruit sink strength. Growth was also determined under normal (LC) and enriched (HC, 700 mu mol mol(-1)) CO2 concentrations to examine the effect of source enhancement on fruit production. In both cultivars under normal CO2, the growth rate of fruit pruned to 4F per truss was lower than that in 1F, indicating that maximum potential fruit growth was not achieved. Under HC conditions, fruit growth rate of 'Dundee' achieved in 4F trusses was lower than that in 1F. In 'Momotaro York' in HC, fruit growth in 4F trusses was close to potential. This implies that fruit growth was source-limited irrespective of CO2 concentrations in 'Dundee' cultivar while fruit growth in 'Momotaro York' under normal and enriched CO2 conditions was limited by source and sink strengths, respectively. Adjustments of cultural practices including increasing fruit number per truss and/or genetic approaches to enhancing fruit sink strength by breeding may improve fruit yields of Japanese cultivars under high source/sink conditions. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.scienta.2010.12.009

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Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

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Language：English   Publisher：THE JAPANESE SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE  

Effect of 2, 3, 5-triiodobenzoic acid (TIBA) on growth of pollinated tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Momotaro) fruits was investigated. Lanolin with and without TIBA was applied to peduncles of tomato trusses and the flowers pollinated by vibrating them. In TIBA-treated plants, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) level was maintained higher in fruits up to 21 days after pollination, the seeds weighed less than those from normally pollinated fruits, the degree of puffiness was more severe, and many fruits had symptoms of a physiological disorder, blossomend rot.

DOI： 10.2503/jjshs.67.210

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Other Link： http://dl.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/10469143

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Total pages：vi, 569p   Language：Japanese

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Total pages：270p, 図版4p   Language：Japanese

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Total pages：xiii, 399p   Language：Japanese

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Total pages：3, 11, 517, 15p, 図版16p   Language：Japanese

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Total pages：xvii, 326p, 図版1枚   Language：Japanese

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Language：English   Publishing type：Book review, literature introduction, etc.   Publisher：JAPAN SOC HORTICULTURAL SCI  

Agricultural lands in the Kesen area, which is located in the coastal area of Iwate Prefecture, were severely damaged by the Great East Japan Earthquake on March 11, 2011. Empirical research was undertaken to promote agricultural restoration and reconstruction. This project was conducted to realize low-cost protected horticulture utilizing local resources effectively. In this area, where forestry was popular, there was abundant unnecessarily thinned timber. Three types of low-cost greenhouses were developed, including a wooden frame house built using lumber derived from thinning. A stove to use thinned timber as a fuel was also developed. To establish protected horticulture at a low cost, greenhouses that could be constructed with accessible materials were developed along with a device for sterilizing nutrient solutions using charged plasma. An environmental control program was developed based on a "ubiquitous environment control system (UECS)" for small-scale facilities. Disease control using hot water for long-term cultivation was carried out. Strawberry and tomato production was conducted to demonstrate the use of these developed elements and resulted in yields significantly higher than those obtained for these crops before the disaster.

DOI： 10.2503/hortj.OKD-SI01

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Japanese Society of Agricultural Informatics  

A Java class library was developed to construct a Ubiquitous Environment Control System (UECS), and the developed system was used to control the environment in a greenhouse using information communication. The library was able to implement the UECS communication protocol, so a developer could write a program without referring to the complicated communication protocol. Specifically, we created a program for operating a ventilation fan using data on air temperature that was received automatically via a local area network. In this case, only 45 lines of programming were needed, just 3.6% of the the number that would be needed to create an equivalent program without the library. Java programs can run on a variety of platforms, so the scope of the library&#039;s application is wide. In addition, both the development of UECS devices and construction of UECS systems will be facilitated through the use of this library.

DOI： 10.3173/air.25.12

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Other Link： http://agriknowledge.affrc.go.jp/RN/2010871337

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Other Link： http://agriknowledge.affrc.go.jp/RN/2010833776

Language：Japanese   Publisher：養賢堂  

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Other Link： http://agriknowledge.affrc.go.jp/RN/2010812273

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Other Link： http://agriknowledge.affrc.go.jp/RN/2010812276

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Other Link： http://agriknowledge.affrc.go.jp/RN/2010812274

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Other Link： http://agriknowledge.affrc.go.jp/RN/2010791691

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Japanese Society for Root Research  

Root zone heating suppressed the yellowing of tomato leaf by stimulation of magnesium uptake on the rock wool cultivation of hydroponics. The reaction to root zone heating is different between the varieties (&#039;Reiyo&#039; and &#039;Momotaro Haruka&#039;). &#039;Reiyo&#039; did not appear any symptom of leaf yellowing, even on the medium without heating. The concentrations of the two valence cations; Ca and Mg, and micro nutrient; Cu, Zn decreased in the leaf whose leaf became yellow. Especially Mg contents of yellow leaves of &#039;Momotaro Haruka&#039; remarkably decreased up to 55% of that of the heating treatment. Because the correlation coefficient between Mg concentration and the values of chlorophyll content is highest among the 7 different minerals, these result supposed that the decrease of chlorophyll contents caused by Mg deficiency induced on the lower root zone temperature.

DOI： 10.3117/rootres.17.41

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本農業気象学会  

DOI： 10.14877/agrmet2.08sp.0.105.0

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