Faculty Profiles - NISHINO Naoki

Papers - NISHINO Naoki

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Changes in Soluble Sugars and Fermentation Products of TMR Silages Prepared with High and Low Malt Type Brewer's Grains Reviewed

NISHINO Naoki, HARADA Hiroaki, SAKAGUCHI Ei

Japanese Journal of Grassland Science 49 ( 4 ) 367 - 372 2003

Authorship：Corresponding author Language：Japanese Publisher：Japanese Society of Grassland Science

Two types of brewer's grains (BG), derived from high and low malt brewing, were mixed with various dry feeds (BG : beet pulp : oats hay : wheat bran : molasses=5 : 2 : 1 : 1 : 1 on a fresh weight basis), and ensiled in polyethylene bottles to prepare a total mixed ration (TMR silage). Silos were opened after 5, 20 and 40 d of storage ; the composition of soluble sugars and the profile of fermentation products were determined. Experiment was duplicated using different lots of BG (Exp. 1 & 2). Regardless of the type of BG, lactic acid production occurred and large numbers of lactic acid bacteria were found at 12 h after BG production. Principal sugars were maltose and raffinose in both BG, whilst the amount was higher in low malt type BG. When TMR silage was made, the main sugars altered to fructose, glucose and sucrose due to added feeds, and the differences in sugar contents diminished. Lactic acid (Exp. 1) or ethanol (Exp. 2) was the major fermentation product in TMR silage, and this property was not influenced by the type of BG used. Mannitol accumulated in lactate silages as storage prolonged, indicating that heterolactic fermentation was enhanced even when lactate silage was obtained. Accelerated ethanol production was found in ethanol silage from the beginning of storage ; the highest content (75gkg^<-1> DM) was given in TMR silage prepared with low malt type BG. Propionic and butyric acids were almost undetectable and ammonia N accounted for less than 60gkg^<-1> N in any of the silages, suggesting that TMR silage can be considered "well preserved" regardless of lactate and ethanol fermentation. Significant differences due to high and low malt type BG were found in the fermentation of TMR silage ; however, the production lot had much greater effects in the two experiments.

DOI： 10.14941/grass.49.367

Other Link： http://agriknowledge.affrc.go.jp/RN/2010682300

Response of intestinal proteinase activities to the feeding of isolated winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus) and soya bean (Glycine max) trypsin inhibitors in rats Reviewed

N Nishino, M Taniguchi, E Sakaguchi

Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 81 ( 11 ) 1055 - 1059 2001.9

Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD

The antinutritional activities of trypsin inhibitors (TIs) were compared between winged beans (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus) and soya beans (Glycine max). The inhibitors of the two beans were isolated by trypsin-bound Sepharose 4B, and 50 mg of lyophilised powders were intubated intragastrically into 24 h fasted rats. The activities of trypsin and chymotrypsin were compared after 30, 60 and 180 min in the washings of the upper, middle and lower parts of the small intestine. The elution profiles of TI and non-TI compounds in the affinity chromatography were similar in the two beans, and the antitryptic activities were concentrated 5.5 and 6.2 times (based on specific activity) for winged beans and soya beans respectively. Regardless of the TI fed to rats, trypsin activity in the upper intestine was suppressed to almost undetectable levels at 30 and 60 min after intubation. The activities in the middle and lower intestines were also substantially lowered when rats were fed winged bean TI, and significant differences were detected at 30 and 60 min after intubation when compared with rats fed soya bean TI. However, at ISO min after feeding, no differences were found in the trypsin activity in any gut segments. Similar inhibitory properties of isolated TIs were observed in chymotrypsin activities in the small intestine. The results suggest that winged bean TI may have greater inhibitory activity on the intestinal proteinase compared with soya bean TI. (C) 2001 Society of Chemical Industry.

DOI： 10.1002/jsfa.891

Disappearance of Maillard reaction products during ensilage and rumen fermentation in vitro Reviewed

N Nishino, S Uchida

Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 81 ( 2 ) 275 - 280 2001.1

Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD

The disappearance of Maillard reaction products (MRPs) during ensilage and rumen fermentation was studied. MRPs were prepared by heating mixtures of D-glucose and glycine (GG) or D-xylose and glycine (XG); lyophilised powder (MW > 1000) was subjected to anaerobic incubation for 24h with lucerne juice or buffered rumen fluid. Changes in MRPs were assessed by comparing gel filtration profiles before and after incubation, and the proportion of disappeared MRPs was calculated based on the area under the curve. A portion of MRPs, particularly high-MW fractions, disappeared when incubated with lucerne juice, and the extent was greater (P < 0.01) in XG than in GG. The disappearance of GG was increased (P < 0.01) when ensilage was fortified with added glucose, while that of XG was unaffected with or without the fermentable substrate. Rumen fermentation had little impact on GG and XG, whereas a portion of MRPs disappeared when microbial activity was enhanced by adding lucerne hay to the media. Volatile fatty acid production was unaffected by MRPs in either ensilage or rumen fermentation. These results suggest that the effect on MRPs of anaerobic fermentation may be different between ensilage and rumen digestion. Significant amounts of MRPs would enter the intestine when ruminants are fed hay-based diets rather than silage-based diets. (C) 2000 Society of Chemical Industry.

DOI： 10.1002/1097-0010(20010115)81:2<275::AID-JSFA814>3.0.CO;2-L

Silage Making and Utilization of High Moisture By-products(Part 1) : 3. Ensiling Characteristics of Brewer's Grain Left after the Production of Beer and Happo-shu(Low Malt Beer)<Special Feature> Reviewed

NISHINO Naoki, HARADA Hiroaki, SAKAGUCHI Ei

Japanese Journal of Grassland Science 47 ( 3 ) 318 - 322 2001

Fermentation of Rhodesgrass and Guineagrass Silages with or without Wilting and Added Cell Wall Degrading Enzymes Reviewed

ZHU Yu, NISHINO Naoki, UCHIDA Senji

Japanese Journal of Grassland Science 46 ( 1 ) 22 - 27 2000

Authorship：Corresponding author Language：English Publisher：Japanese Society of Grassland Science

The effects of wilting and added enzymes on fermentation and in vitro digestion of rhodesgrass and guineagrass silages were examined. First cuts of the two forages were ensiled in laboratory silos directly or after being wilted for 4 h with or without cell wall degrading enzymes (0.2 g kg^<-1>). Silos were opened after 45 d and the chemical composition and the fermentation quality were determined. The silages were subjected to in vitro rumen incubation and the degradation of NDF was determined. Without enzymes rhodesgrass silage failed to achieve lactate type fermentation, while guineagrass silage had high proportion of lactate even without any of the treatments. Wilting inhibited the organic acid production but decreased the proportion of lactate in rhodesgrass silage. Use of enzymes improved the preservation of both the silages, as evidenced by the increase of lactate and the decrease of pH value and NH3-N. The contents of NDF and ADF were reduced by enzyme treatment, but the reduction was considerably suppressed when forages were wilted before ensiling. In vitro degradation of NDF was low in direct-cut rather than wilted silage. Addition of enzymes also lowered the degradation, but this effect was restrictedly found in guineagrass silage incubated for 72h. These results indicate that although added cell wall degrading enzymes can promise an improved fermentation of tropical grass silage, the benefit would be less pronounced when treated with low moisture material.

DOI： 10.14941/grass.46.22_1

Other Link： http://agriknowledge.affrc.go.jp/RN/2010611429

Ensiling characteristics and ruminal degradation of Italian ryegrass and lucerne silages treated with cell wall-degrading enzymes Reviewed

Y Zhu, N Nishino, Y Kishida, S Uchida

JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 79 ( 14 ) 1987 - 1992 1999.11

Authorship：Corresponding author Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD

Two experiments were carried out to investigate the effect of added cell wall-degrading enzymes at ensiling on the fermentation and in situ degradation of grass and legume silages. Primary growths of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam) and lucerne (Medicago sativa L) were wilted and ensiled in laboratory-scale silos with or without enzymes. Silages were opened at 2, 5, 15 and 45 days after storage; the fermentation quality and the contents of cell wall components (NDF, ADF, ADL) were determined. The 45 day silages were subjected to in situ incubation experiments, and the kinetics of DM and NDF degradation was estimated. The enzyme treatment enhanced the lactic acid production (P < 0.01) and reduced the pH value (P < 0.01) of both Italian ryegrass and lucerne silages. The contents of cell wall components, however, were not affected by enzymes, except for NDF of Italian ryegrass silage. The in situ incubation experiments revealed that added enzymes increased the rapidly degradable DM (P < 0.01) and appeared to decrease the rate of degradation of DIM and NDF of Italian ryegrass silage. The rapidly degradable DM was not altered when lucerne was treated, but the rate of degradation of NDF was significantly reduced (P < 0.05). These results suggest that although added cell wall-degrading enzymes could improve the preservation of grass and legume silages, the effects on ruminal degradation may be different according to the herbage treated. Enzymatic hydrolysis during ensilage may be restricted to easily digestible cell walls, leaving relatively less digestible components that would be retained in treated silages. (C) 1999 Society of Chemical Industry.

DOI： 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0010(199911)79:14<1987::AID-JSFA466>3.0.CO;2-J

Laboratory evaluation of previously fermented juice as a fermentation stimulant for lucerne silage Reviewed

N Nishino, S Uchida

JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 79 ( 10 ) 1285 - 1288 1999.7

Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD

The potential use of forage juice anaerobically stored for 2 days (previously fermented juice, PFJ) as a silage additive was investigated. Lucerne (450 g) was ensiled in laboratory-scale silos (900 ml capacity) with or without sucrose (20 g kg(-1)) or PFJ (2.5 ml kg(-1)). Silages treated with both additives were also made and fermentation quality, in vitro dry matter digestibility and in vitro ruminal NH3 production were determined. The control silage showed very poor quality with high butyrate and NH3-N concentrations. Addition of sucrose significantly increased lactate but failed to inhibit the deterioration by clostridial fermentation. Use of PFJ further increased lactate and greatly reduced butyrate and NH3-N production during storage. The combination of sucrose and PFJ was more effective in improving fermentation than either additive on its own. In vitro digestibility appeared to be higher when lucerne was well preserved. Ruminal NH3 production in vitro digestibility appeared to be higher when lucerne was well preserved. Ruminal NH3 production in vitro was decreased in silages with sucrose and PFJ added at ensiling. This result indicates that use of PFJ can be a promising way to stimulate lactate production in some difficult direct cut silage. The potential of improving fermentation may be comparable to conventional sugar additives. (C) 1999 Society of Chemical Industry.

DOI： 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0010(19990715)79:10<1285::AID-JSFA362>3.0.CO;2-M

A note on the chemical changes associated with nonenzymatic browning of forages Reviewed

Nishino, N, Touno, E, Uchida, S

Grassland Science 44 ( 1 ) 86 - 89 1998.1

Effects of cell wall degrading enzymes and lactic acid bacteria on the fermentation of rhodesgrass (Chloris gayana Kunth.) silage stored at various ambient temperature Reviewed

NISHINO N

Grassland Science 44 199 - 203 1998

Effects of extraction and reconstitution of ryegrass juice on fermentation, digestion and in situ degradation of pressed cake silage Reviewed

Naoki Nishino, Keiko Miyase, Mitsuaki Ohshima, Hiro-Omi Yokota

Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 75 ( 2 ) 161 - 166 1997.10

Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)

Primary growth of Italian ryegrass was fractionated into green juice and pressed cake (PC). PC was ensiled either directly or after reconstitution with the juice which was spray dried and then added to water before ensiling (RPC). This process was aimed at distinguishing between chemical (removal of nutrients) and physical (mechanical disintegration) effects of fractionation. Two additional wilted silages were prepared from long cut or chopped Italian ryegrass (WL and WC, respectively). The fermentative quality, digestion and in situ degradation of dry matter for the four silages were compared. WC, RPC and PC silages indicated lactate-rich fermentation while WL silage had a comparatively low lactate content. PC silage had a lower (P &lt
0.05) pH value with lower (P &lt
0.05) amounts of organic acids compared with WC and RPC silage, suggesting that removal of buffering components with the juice had greater effects than shredding on fermentation of PC silage. The digestibility of protein was lower (P &lt
0.05) in PC than WL silage but the reduction was compensated for in RPC silage. Ruminal concentrations of total volatile fatty acids were the highest (P &lt
0.05) when goats fed WL silage while those on the other silages had similar concentrations. Ruminal pH was lower (P &lt
0.05) in goats fed PC than WC silage and the difference was not fully reversed by reconstituting the juice to PC. Juice extraction decreased (P &lt
0.05) the soluble fraction and the rate of disappearance of dry matter in the rumen but the potential degradability was not different among treatments. These results suggest that both chemical and physical changes due to the fractionation affect the characteristics of digestion of PC silage while the removal of nutrients has a major role in the modified silage fermentation.

DOI： 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0010(199710)75:2<161::AID-JSFA854>3.0.CO;2-Q

Ruminal and whole tract digestion of long cut, short cut and pressed cake hay prepared from Italian ryegrass by goats Reviewed

Nishino, N, Miyase, K, Ohshima, M, Yokota, H

Grassland Science 43 ( 2 ) 83 - 87 1997

Authorship：Lead author Language：English Publisher：Japanese Society of Grassland Science

From a winter harvest of autumn-sown Italian ryegrass, long cut, short cut and pressed cake hay were prepared. The three hays were solely fed to goats equipped with rumen cannulae and the digestibility of nutrients, rumen fluid characteristics and in situ disappearance of dry matter were determined. The content of fibrous components increased during hay-making and the increased proportion was the highest in short cut hay and the lowest in pressed cake hay. The digestibility of pressed cake hay was similar to those of the other hays except for protein which was lower in pressed cake hay. The digestibilities of NDF and hemicellulose of short cut hay were significantly higher than those of long cut hay. Goats given pressed cake hay showed lower ruminal pH than those given short cut hay while maintaining less concentrations of volatile fatty acids after feeding. Ruminal degradation characteristics of dry matter revealed that short cut hay had less soluble fraction but higher rate of degradation compared with long cut hay. The pressing of macerated Italian ryegrass further decreased the soluble fraction but potential degradability was not lowered despite of the removal of highly digestible nutrients. The rate of degradation was similar between long cut and pressed cake hay. These results indicate that the chopping before hay-making would alter the characteristics of ruminal digestion of Italian ryegrass while not affecting the whole tract digestibility. Pressed cake hay was comparable to long cut hay in terms of digestibility and rate of degradation in the rumen.

DOI： 10.14941/grass.43.83

Other Link： http://agriknowledge.affrc.go.jp/RN/2010560580

Changes in nitrogenous compounds and rates of in situ N loss of soybean meal treated with sodium hydroxide or heat Reviewed

N Nishino, Y Masaki, S Uchida

Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 44 ( 9 ) 2667 - 2671 1996.9

Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：AMER CHEMICAL SOC

Rates of in situ N loss of soybean meal (SBM) were altered by various combinations of sodium hydroxide and heat treatment; some nitrogenous compounds involving the modified proteolysis were investigated. The amount of lysinoalanine (LAL), neutral detergent insoluble nitrogen, 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene reactive lysine, and reducing power of SBM were linearly related (P < 0.01) to rate of in situ N loss with correlation coefficients of -0.847, -0.835, 0.793, and -0.846, respectively. The results indicate that the LAL formation and the Maillard reaction are related to change in susceptibility of SBM protein to microbial degradation in the rumen.

DOI： 10.1021/jf9602481

Nitrogen utilization of goats fed silage with or without supplements having different rumen degradability Reviewed

Nishino, N, Miyase, K, Ohshima, M, Yokota, H

Grassland Science 41 ( 3 ) 202 - 206 1995

Authorship：Lead author Language：English Publisher：Japanese Society of Grassland Science

Effects of feeding corn, barley and sugar beet pulp to silage based diet on the nitrogen (N) utilization of goats were studied. These supplements were selected due to having the difference in rumen degradation. Four rumen cannulated goats were fed the diets consisting of wilted ryegrass (Lolium multiftorum Lam) silage and the supplements (4 : 1 on dry matter (DM) basis). Silage was solely used for the control diet and N intake was adjusted by urea added to the diets including supplements. The wilted silage showed the pH value 4.72 and relatively high NH3-N concentration (16.7%/total-N). The soluble fraction of DM in the rumen was 58.0, 26.8 and -1.25%, and the rate of degradation was 0.042, 0.107 and 0.099h^<-1>, for corn, barley and sugar beet pulp, respectively. Dietary inclusion of corn significantly increased DM and organic matter digestibility, and that of barley increased hemicellulose digestibility compared with the control diet. Urinary excretion of allantoin increased when goats fed the supplements, but the difference failed to be significant. Ruminal concentration of NH_3-N and retention of N showed no significant difference among the treatments, but feeding barley tended to lose more N compared with the other supplements in this study.

DOI： 10.14941/grass.41.202

Other Link： http://agriknowledge.affrc.go.jp/RN/2010532124

Formation of lysinoalanine following alkaline processing of soya bean meal in relation to the degradability of protein in the rumen Reviewed

N. Nishino, S. Uchida, M. Ohshima

Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 68 ( 1 ) 59 - 64 1995

Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)

Effects of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) treatment on the formation of lysinoalanine (LAL) and on in‐situ and in‐vivo utilisation of soya bean meal (SBM) protein were investigated. Defatted SBM was sprayed with 0 (water), 25, 50 and 100 g NaOH (kg−1 dry matter), dried at 80°C for 2 h and then fed to four rumen cannulated goats in a 4 × 4 Latin square as a mixed diet (9: 1 w/w) of sudangrass hay and the SBM. LAL was not detected in non‐alkaline SBM, but the cross‐linked amino acid increased according to the level of NaOH addition. The maximum concentration of LAL was 1.26 g per 16 g nitrogen when the highest level of NaOH was applied. The NaOH treatment did not alter the digestibility or the retention of nitrogen of the mixed diet. Addition of NaOH at 25 and 50 g (kg−1 dry matter) lowered the solubility of protein, while the highest level of treatment had little effect. Lag time and rate of degradation of protein decreased due to the increasing level in NaOH treatment. A significant correlation (r = —0.860, P &lt
0.01) between LAL content and rate of protein degradation suggested that the formation of cross‐linked amino acid would render protein more resistant to microbial degradation in the rumen. Copyright © 1995 John Wiley &amp
Sons, Ltd

DOI： 10.1002/jsfa.2740680110

Influence of conservation method on the fiber digestion of Italian ryegrass by goats Reviewed

Nishino, N, Wakita, Y, Uchida, S

Animal Science and Technology 65 ( 8 ) 709 - 715 1994.8

Authorship：Lead author Language：Japanese Publisher：Japanese Society of Animal Science

Effect of preservation as hay and silage on the fiber digestion of Italian ryegrass was investigated. From the same harvest at heading stage, field dried hay and wilted silage were prepared. These forages were restrictedly fed to four rumen cannulated goats as a diet consisting of forage-soybean meal (9:1) mixture to determine nutrient digestibility, nitrogen balance, rumen degradability of DM and NDF, particle-bound carboxymethylcellulase (CMCase) activity, and rate of passage of liquid (Co-EDTA) and solid digesta (Cr-CWC). The wilted silage (DM 30.8%) showed a relatively high pH value 4.75 and a butyrate-rich fermentation. The hay showed higher NDF, NDIN and ADIN contents than silage, suggesting some protein became associated with fibrous components during hay-making. All the digestibility of silage diet was higher than those of hay diet, while significant difference could not be detected in fiber digestibility. When goats were fed silage, they retained more nitrogen than those on hay. The silage had more rumen soluble (5.5 and 0.0%) and less degradable (71.4 and 74.4%) NDF compared with hay. The rate of NDF degradation was lower in silage than hay (3.2 and 4.2%h^-1), which may partly be ascribed to lower CMCase activity of silage. No significant difference was observed in the rate of passage of either liquid or feed particles. These results indicate that there is considerable difference as energy source in the fibrous components between hay and silage as well as a marked difference of soluble carbohydrate and volatile fatty acid contents.

DOI： 10.2508/chikusan.65.709

Other Link： https://jlc.jst.go.jp/DN/JALC/00367137654?from=CiNii

Effect of sodium hydroxide or ammonia treatment on digestion and rumen degradation of alfalfa silage in goats Reviewed

Nishino, N, Uchida, S, Ohshima, M

Journal of Japanese Society of Grassland Science 39 ( 4 ) 437 - 445 1994

Authorship：Lead author Language：English Publisher：Japanese Society of Grassland Science

Three rumen cannulated goats were used to investigate the effect of NaOH and NH_3 treatment (2.74% DM) at ensiling on digestion, nitrogen utilization and in situ protein degradation of low moisture alfalfa silage. Wilted alfalfa was sprayed with water (control), NaOH or NH_3 solution, and fed to goats after 6 months storage in 3×3 Latin square design. Both alkali treatments increased the pH value, NH_3-N and butyric acid of the silage, but NH_3-treated silage preserved as much amino acids as control silage. The two alkali treatments could not improve digestibilities of fibrous components (NDF, ADF and cellulose), and NaOH addition significantly reduced the digestibility of crude protein. The NaOH treatment decreased the rate of N degradation in the rumen, while solubility and potential degradability was not affected by the treatment. The NH_3 addition increased ruminal soluble nitrogen in the silage, but rate of N degradation was similar to that of control silage. These results suggest that NaOH treatment would make protein less susceptible to microbial degradation in the rumen despite of deteriorating the fermentation quality of the silage.

DOI： 10.14941/grass.39.437

Other Link： http://agriknowledge.affrc.go.jp/RN/2010510133

A note on the fermentation characteristics and rumen degradation of low moisture alfalfa silage treated with sodium hydroxide or ammonia Reviewed

N. Nishino, M. Ohshima, S. Uchida

Animal Feed Science and Technology 47 ( 3-4 ) 297 - 304 1994

Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)

The effects of alkali treatment on the fermentation characteristics and rumen degradation of low moisture alfalfa silage were investigated. First crop alfalfa was wilted and ensiled, either directly or after being sprayed with NaOH or NH3 solution (1.72% dry matter (DM)). The herbages were stored in laboratory silos and opened at 1, 2, 7, 14, 28 and 56 days after storage. Each NaOH and HN3 addition increased the pH value and delayed lactic acid production of the silage. Both alkali treatments decreased proteolysis during ensilage, and NaOH-treated silage showed the highest protein (hot water insoluble nitrogen) content. Nitrogen solubility in a mineral buffer solution was decreased by the alkali treatments, and NaOH-treated silage showed the lowest solubility. Degradation characteristics of DM and N in the rumen were determined by nylon bag incubation of 56th day silage samples with two rumen fistulated goats. The NaOH treatment significantly decreased the soluble N fraction (63.7%, 54.7% and 60.6% for untreated, NaOH-treated and NH3-treated silage, respectively) but did not influence the extent of degradation. The treatment tended to decrease the rate of N degradation. In contrast, the NH3 treatment significantly increased the rate of DM degradation (0.158 h-1, 0.151 h-1 and 0.182 h-1 for untreated, NaOH-treated and NH3-treated silage, respectively) without any great changes in the proportions of soluble and degradable fraction. © 1994.

DOI： 10.1016/0377-8401(94)90132-5

Ruminal degradation of alfalfa protein as influenced by sodium hydroxide and heat treatment Reviewed

Nishino, N., Uchida, S., Ohshima, M.

Animal Feed Science and Technology 48 ( 1-2 ) 131 - 141 1994

Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)

Effects of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and heat treatment of alfalfa on the degradation of protein in the rumen was investigated in relation to the changes of nitrogenous compounds. Fresh alfalfa was treated with 0, 1.16, 2.32 or 4.64 g NaOH per 100 g dry matter (DM) and then subjected to freeze-drying, or oven-drying for 24 h at 60 or 120°C. Both NaOH and heat treatment produced lysinoalanine at increasing rate with level of treatment to reach a maximum value of 238 mg per 100 g protein. Both treatments also increased neutral detergent insoluble nitrogen (NDIN) according to the increase in level of treatment. Acid detergent insoluble nitrogen (ADIN) was not affected by NaOH treatment but was significantly increased by heating at 120°C. Both NaOH and heat treatment modified protein into being less soluble and more slowly degradable in the rumen, but heating showed greater effects than NaOH treatment. The proportion of potentially degradable protein was little influenced by the treatments. Both NaOH and heat treatment decreased the rate of protein degradation, but significant differences were detected only with the highest level of treatment (4.64 g NaOH per 100 g DM or 120°C). Correlation coefficients of lysinoalanine, NDIN and ADIN content with rate of protein degradation in the rumen were -0.716, -0.950 and -0.834, respectively. These results suggest that lysinoalanine formation in protein by NaOH and heat treatment can make protein less susceptible to microbial degradation in the rumen, while protein-carbohydrate reaction enhanced the effects on protein degradation in this study. © 1994.

DOI： 10.1016/0377-8401(94)90117-1

Digestion of alkali-treated alfalfa silage by goats Reviewed

Nishino, N, Miyase, K, Ohshima, M, Yokota, H

Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 6 5 - 11 1993.1

Nutritive value of silages prepared from fiber and liquid residues after the separation of leaf nutrient concentrate from Italian ryegrass in goats Reviewed

Reddy, G.U, Ohshima, M, Nishino, S

Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 5 249 - 256 1992

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