記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：園藝學會  

根域制限栽培された'巨峰'ブドウ樹について, 休眠期から開花期に至る体内の炭水化物および窒素化合物の変化を調査し, 普通の地植え樹と比較した.12月上旬の両樹各部の糖, デンプン, 全窒素濃度に大きな相違はなかった.発芽期には, 樹体各部のデンプンが減少し, 糖濃度が上昇したが, 根域制限樹の小根ではその変化がとくに大きかった.窒素濃度の上昇は地植え樹の幹や母枝で著しかった.幹から採取した樹液や若い新梢でも根域制限樹の方が糖濃度が高く, 窒素濃度は低かった.この傾向は満開期の樹液, 新梢各部, 花穂でも同様であった.これらの根域制限樹の栄養条件の特徴と新梢の生長, 結実性との関係について考察した.

DOI： 10.2503/jjshs.67.577

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その他リンク： http://dl.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/10469232

記述言語：英語   出版者・発行元：園藝學會  

加温栽培した'マスカット・オブ・アレキサンドリア'で発生の多い穂軸肥厚症の原因を知るために, 満開期後の穂梗付近の光条件を変え, 症状の発生を調査した.穂梗節部分を完全に遮光すると, すべての穂軸が異常に肥厚したが, 50%遮光では約半数に発生した.一方, 果房付近の葉を横に誘引し, または地表に反射マルチを設置して穂軸の照度を高めると, 穂軸の発生が抑えられた.肥厚した穂梗の切片は, ホルモンフリーの培地上でカルス状細胞を増殖させ, 暗黒下ではその増殖が一層活発であった.これらのことから, 本症状には穂梗や穂軸に光によって分解されやすい物質の蓄積が関与していると推察される.

DOI： 10.2503/jjshs.67.9

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その他リンク： http://dl.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/10469092

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

Vitis coignetiae Pulliat, a dioecious grape cultivated for wine making, exhibits fluctuations in productivity from year to year. Pollination mode and stigma receptivity were studied in an attempt to identify the factors involved in this phenomenon. Analysis of airborne pollen using Durham samplers and experiments preventing insects visitation on clusters showed that wind contributed little to cross-pollination. There was no correlation between airborne pollen and the distance from pollenizer. A high level of self-pollination was noted, and insects contributed more to cross-pollination than did wind. The amount of fertile pollen (pollen from male vines) on stigmas was little, even for open pollinated flowers. Hand-pollination carried out at 0, 2, 4, and 6 days after anthesis showed that stigmas were most receptive two days after flower opening. Year to year yield variation in Vitis coignetiae may be due to differences in pollination level.

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：園藝學會  

ブドウ'ピオーネ'の根域制限栽培で,根域を地表下に埋め込む方式と,地上に盛土する方式について,地温,土壌水分および樹体の生長,果実の発育を比較した.なお,盛土方式では,盛土の下部をビニールシートで地面と隔離する区としない区を設けた.<BR>埋込み方式では,4~6月の地温が盛土方式より0.8~1.7°C高かった.また,土壌水分の変動が小さく,灌水回数は盛土•隔離区の約83%,盛土区の約76%と少なかった.埋込み区の樹では,1次および2次新根が盛土の2区より長く,新根のパーオキシダーゼ活性も高かった.開花結実期の葉の窒素含量とクロロフィル含量は埋込み区の方が高く,葉の光合成速度も高かった.その後成熟期までの新梢,副梢の生長は盛土区では不活発であったが,埋込み区では緩やかに持続した.結実は各区とも良好で,果粒の肥大,果皮の着色,果汁のTSSの蓄積と滴定酸の低下は,埋込み区の方が速く進行した.<BR>以上のように,盛土方式と比べ,埋込み方式の根域制限栽培では根域水分が安定で,かん水回数が少なくてすみ,樹体の生育や果実の成熟も良好である.従って,乾燥地域でのブドウの栽培により適合すると考えられる.

DOI： 10.2503/jjshs.66.253

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その他リンク： http://agriknowledge.affrc.go.jp/RN/2010560510

記述言語：英語   出版者・発行元：園藝學會  

ブドウ'マスカット•オブ•アレキサンドリア'の穂軸肥厚症は,穂軸の師部組織内での異常な細胞分裂によるものであるが,それらの細胞や周囲の組織細胞の中に直径0.1~2μmの顆粒が多数見られる.この顆粒状物質を同定するために,6種類の染色液を用いた組織化学的実験と電子顕微鏡観察を行った.<BR>直径1~2μmの顆粒のほとんどは,ヨード反応がなく,スダンブラックBによってオレンジ色に染色された.従って,この顆粒はデンプンではなく,ポリフェノールであると考えられる.また,直径0.1-0.5μmの顆粒も存在し,電子顕微鏡下で種々の形態および二重膜構造が見られた.これらは,内部が中空のものが多く,リボゾーム様の小球は確認されなかった.また,ヘマトキシリンなどのタンパク染色剤にも反応しなかった.従って,これらの小顆粒は微生物ではなく,細胞が強いストレスや感染を受けたときに現れる小胞(vesicles)であると考えられる.

DOI： 10.2503/jjshs.66.261

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その他リンク： http://agriknowledge.affrc.go.jp/RN/2010560511

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

A physiological explanation for the promotive effects of water stress on budbreak and fruitfulness of Kyoho grapevines was sought by determining the contents of abscisic acid, fructose, glucose, inositol, sucrose, starch and soluble, insoluble and total nitrogen in leaf, cane, trunk and root at the end of water stress treatments and budbreak stage. Abscisic acid content increased in response to water stress and decreased upon rewatering to levels comparable to those of unstressed vines, an indication that bud growth inhibition by the initial increase in ABA, if any, was not a long-term one. Sugar contents of water-stressed vines were greater than those of unstressed vines at the end of treatments, indicating a readily available energy source that might play a role in budbreak enhancement upon rewatering. Nitrogen contents of cane, trunk and root increased under water stress at the expense of leaf, indicating accumulation of nitrogen reserves in the vine's permanent organs, and whose remobilization upon rewatering might play a role in promoting budbreak and subsequent growth of the new shoots.

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

Commercial vineyards of Vitis coignetiae Pulliat, a wild dioecious grape species, have been planted to produce berries for wine making. Studies were conducted in an attempt to identify the factors causing irregular bearing in this grape vine. Flower types, morphology and germinability of pollen, ovule fertilization process and correlation between pollinizer distance and berry set were analyzed. Both sexual morphs presented distinct flower and pollen morphology. Only pollen from male plants germinated on agar medium. Each pollen grain had three furrows and germ pores on its surface. Pollen from female plants were nonfunctional and lacked furrows and germ pores. At full bloom pistils from female plants contained perfect ovules but showed only a small number of pollen tubes growing down their style after hand pollination. Examination of abscised pistils during the week following anthesis revealed ovules were poorly fertilized, indicating that deficiency in fertilization must be a factor contributing to lower yield. No correlation was found between pollinizers distance and berry set.

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

Experiments were conducted on cv. Muscat Bailey A (Vitis vinifera x Vitis labrusca) to study the activity of SM on ovule development, pollen germination and pollen tube growth with regard to seedlessness induction. Clusters were dipped in either GA 100 ppm, SM 200 ppm or in a combination of GA + SM at different dates during pre-bloom stage. Pollen germination and pollen tube growth were severely inhibited by GA while inhibition on ovule development was less expressive. SM added to GA solutions improve seedlessness of Muscat Bailey A when applied one to two weeks before anthesis. Pollen germination and pollen tube growth were not affected when clusters were treated with SM alone. Ovule size and internal structure did not differ between SM treated clusters and the control clusters till the blooming date. Periodical sampling and analysis of ovules showed that the effect of SM on ovule development became apparent after anthesis. SM inhibited endosperm formation, resulting in production of empty seeds of variable sizes.

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

The use of post-harvest water stress as a management practice in producing two crops of grapes annually was investigated using three-year-old own-rooted Kyoho grapevines. The vines were established under a restricted rooting-zone culture (ca. 30 L/vine). Five weeks after harvesting the first crop, vines were subjected to water stress treatments by completely cutting off irrigation. Control vines received normal watering throughout the year. Though vines in all the treatments produced a second crop, the severe water stress lasting for 16 days was effective in inducing early budbreak, enhancing blooming, and increasing fruitfulness, cluster size, berry set, and berry growth, compared to continuously well-watered vines. The mild water stress of 10 days was less effective. There was an apical dominance tendency in budbreak and a growth potential gradient favoring the upper shoots during the second cycle. Fruits from the two cycles did not differ significantly in their quality. The study shows the potential of water stress as a management practice, especially in increasing the productivity of warm-regions grapevines.

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出版者・発行元：園藝學會  

マスカット•オブ•アレキサンドリア'の加温栽培で, 開花3~4週間後から穂軸の穂梗節付近あるいは穂軸の全体が異常に肥厚する症状が発生し, 果房によっては果粒の発育や成熟が阻害される. 組織形態学的観察の結果, 師部組織の内部あるいは周辺に小型の柔細胞が異常増殖し, 師管の分裂が抑制されたり, 師部組織が圧迫されることが, 果粒の肥大や成熟を妨害する原因であると思われた. また, SEM観察により,異常分裂した細胞内に直径0.1~2μmの小顆粒が多数存在することが認められた.

DOI： 10.2503/jjshs.63.299

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その他リンク： http://agriknowledge.affrc.go.jp/RN/2010501505

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出版者・発行元：Japanese Society for Horticultural Science  

DOI： 10.2503/hortj.utd-012

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出版者・発行元：Japanese Society for Horticultural Science  

DOI： 10.2503/hortj.okd-094

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記述言語：英語   出版者・発行元：JAPAN SOC HORTICULTURAL SCI  

Reddish pulp is one of the most serious disorders in peach production, in which originally white flesh undergoes pink to red discoloration with the development of a mealy texture. In order to clarify the relationship between the incidence of reddish pulp and flowering date, the occurrence of reddish pulp was investigated in 'Benishimizu' and 'Shimizu Hakuto' fruit with different flowering dates for three seasons. In both cultivars, the percentage of fruit with reddish pulp was higher in early flowering fruit than late flowering fruit in all three seasons. Analysis of pectin and boron contents in immature fruit sampled from June 23 to July 8, prior to observing the symptoms of reddish pulp, showed no statistically significant differences in pectin content between early and late flowering fruit. On the other hand, the boron content in flesh was significantly lower in early flowering fruit that bloomed on April 1 than in late flowering fruit that bloomed on April 11 in 'Benishimizu'. In addition, a significantly higher total polyphenol content, which is one of the characteristics of reddish pulp, was found in early flowering fruit. The results indicate that the flowering date has a large impact on the incidence of reddish pulp, and the disorder is more prevalent in early than late flowering fruit. The possible relationships among the development of reddish pulp, boron deficiency, pectin content, and increase in total polyphenol content are discussed.

DOI： 10.2503/hortj.OKD-012

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記述言語：英語   出版者・発行元：AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE  

Effects of fertilizer application levels on fruit texture and flesh pectin compositions of a melting peach were investigated. Hakuho trees (Prunus persica Batsch) were supplied with normal (M), high (H; M x 2), and superhigh (SH; M x 4) levels of complete liquid fertilizer twice a week. Flesh firmness of the H and SH treatment fruit was lower than that of M treatment fruit at the hard-mature and firm-mature stages, although no difference was detected at the full ripe stage. Sensory scores for flesh texture at the full ripe stage were highest in the N treatment fruit and lowest in the SH treatment fruit. The content of water-soluble polyuronides (WSP) in flesh was highest in SH fruit and lowest in M fruit at the hard-mature stage, although the difference became smaller at the full ripe stage. Molecular mass analysis using a gel filtration column revealed that water-soluble polysaccharides in alcohol-insoluble solids (AIS) of the H and SH fruits had a peak of high molecular mass, approximate to 200 kDa, at the hard-mature stage, and the molecular mass decreased gradually to approximate to 23 kDa at the full ripe stage. In the M fruit, however, the molecular mass was rather constant during the ripening period, 112 kDa even at the full ripe stage. The analysis of acidic fractions (pectin) in the polysaccharides using an ion exchange column, as well as juice gellation test by adding Ca and Tris buffer, also indicated that high levels of fertilizer application impairs an early degradation of flesh polyuronides resulting in the accumulation of low-molecular-weight WSP. This may ultimately cause the inferior flesh texture of overfertilized peach fruit.

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：日本ブドウ・ワイン学会  

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記述言語：英語   出版者・発行元：BUNDESANSTALT ZUCHTUNGS FORSCHUNG KULTURPFLANZEN  

Berry skin coloration, the content and composition of anthocyanin and anthocyanic vacuolar inclusion (AVI) development were investigated in two black cultivars, Cabernet Sauvignon (Vitis vinifera) and Pione (V vinifera x V labrusca, 4x), and one red cv., Red Port (V vinifera x V labrusca). Pione had lower L* (lightness of the skin) and higher color index values than Cabernet Sauvignon, indicating that Pione had darker skin color than Cabernet Sauvignon. The two black cultivars had high contents of malvidin, while the major anthocyanidin of Red Port was cyanidin and delphinidin. This difference of anthocyanidin composition was responsible for the red color of Red Port. Whereas the anthocyanidin composition of the two black cultivars showed little difference, the percentage of acylated anthocyanins was markedly higher in Pione than in Cabernet Sauvignon. The diameter of Avis was similar between Pione and Cabernet Sauvignon, but the density of Avis was higher in cv. Pione. This difference in AVI development affects grape skin coloration. A comparison of the anthocyanin composition in isolated AVIs and that in whole cell tissue showed that in all three cultivars the percentage of acylated anthocyanins was high in the AVIs. In Pione skins the high percentage of acylated anthocyanins might result in many Avis to be formed, and might be responsible for the dark coloration.

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記述言語：日本語  

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記述言語：英語   出版者・発行元：JKI-INSTITUT REBENZUCHTUNG  

The effects of post-veraison regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) on vine water status, ripening, and quality of table grapes, cv. Muscat of Alexandria grown under a polyhouse and root-zone restriction condition were investigated in the Okayama University Experimental vineyard, Japan. From bud break to veraison all vines were irrigated to a soil moisture tension of 3 kPa at a depth of 15 cm, and were re-irrigated when soil moisture tension approached 15 kPa. Starting 10 d after veraison, 3 irrigation regimes were imposed: (1) Control (C): Re-irrigation immediately when soil moisture tension reached 15 kPa; (2) Moderate Deficit Irrigation (MDI): Re-irrigation 2 d after reaching a soil moisture tension of 15 kPa; and (3) Severe Deficit Irrigation (SDI): Re-irrigation 4 d after reaching a soil moisture tension of 15 kPa. Treatments were continued for 6 weeks until harvest. By the end of the experiment, as the vine water status decreased, only SDI vines were wilted or necrotic in the fruit-zone. In SDI vines, the cumulative effect of increased vine water deficit indicated by lower Psi(l) resulted in berries that were lower in firmness and acidity, with a small increase in aroma, and a higher TSS than control at harvest. The decrease in vine water status in the MDI treatment had a slight effect on berry ripening as compared with control while RDI had no effect on berry weight or juice pH at harvest.

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記述言語：日本語  

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記述言語：日本語  

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：日本ブドウ・ワイン学会  

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記述言語：英語   出版者・発行元：BUNDESANSTALT ZUCHTUNGS FORSCHUNG KULTURPFLANZEN  

Chardonnay vines planted in root zone restricting beds were subjected to water deficit stress by withholding irrigation for a period starting at 15 (early stress; ES) or 25 d (late stress; LS) after veraison and lasting until harvest. Control vines were provided with normal irrigation. Both ES and LS treatments significantly decreased leaf water potential and caused leaf wilting 2 d after the start of each treatment. ABA levels in fruit zone leaves increased significantly 4 and 5 d after the onset of LS and ES treatments, respectively. After 2 d of ES treatment, the berry ABA level greatly increased, while LS and control treatments resulted in a gradual increase in berry ABA. In ES-treated vines, clusters were harvested 10 d after the onset of treatment, 10 d earlier than in LS and control vines, due to the severe berry shrinking and leaf fall. Levels of juice TSS, fructose, glucose, and malate were generally lower than those of LS and control vines. Both ES and LS treatments resulted in significantly higher amino acid levels. The level of proline, however, the amino acid with highest amounts in Chardonnay grape berries, was lowest in ES-treated vines. This study reveals that the effect of water deficit stress on berry ripening of Chardonnay is different depending on the stage of berry ripening, which might be caused by different ABA levels in berries.

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記述言語：英語   出版者・発行元：岡山大学農学部  

Excess-water and drought tolerance of Vitis coignetiae grapevines were compared against 2 V. vinifera cultivars, Muscat of Alexandria and Rizamat; and 2 hydrids (V. vinifera × V. labrusca), Delaware and Kyoho. Three-year-old cutting vines of each, planted in root zone restricted beds in a plastic house, were tested under water logged and irrigation-withheld conditions starting from early and mid July, respectively. Control vines were irrigated at pF 2.2 of soil water tension. Effects of water logging were firstly observed in V. coignetiae vines where the basal leaves turned dark red after 12 days, and then abscised after 3 weeks. Under 2 weeks of water logged conditions, net assimilation rate (NAR) of the primary leaves decreased signficantly in V. coignetiae and the hybrid cultivars, Kyoho leaves turned yellow 3 weeks after the onset of the treatment and then dried out 4 weeks later. Leaves of Rizamat, Delaware, and Muscut of Alexandria vines exhibited a slight color fading or leaf curling after 4 weeks of irrigation withholding, but these symptoms did not extend thereafter. Leaf NAR and transpiration rate decreased significantly in all tested vines after 10 days of irrigation withholding, though the decrease was rapid in Kyoho vines. These results indicate that V. coignetiae vines have a lower tolerance for water logging than other ciltivars, whereas they have moderate drought tolerance.

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その他リンク： http://ousar.lib.okayama-u.ac.jp/10575

記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：日本ブドウ・ワイン学会  

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記述言語：英語   出版者・発行元：BUNDESANSTALT ZUCHTUNGS FORSCHUNG KULTURPFLANZEN  

Effects of different levels of a complete liquid fertilizer on grape berry coloration and anthocyanoplast (ACP) development in the skin were investigated. Four-year-old vines of cv. Pione (a tetraploid hybrid of Vitis vinifera L. and V labrusca L.) were planted in root zone-restricted beds and were treated with normal (N), high (H; Nx1.5), and excessively high (EH; Nx2) levels of a commercial liquid fertilizer. Fertilizer levels were decreased to one third after veraison to accelerate berry ripening. Skin anthocyanin contents in N- and H-treated berries increased at a constant rate after veraison, while the contents in EH berries were significantly lower. ACPs were first observed in epidermal cells at veraison in N and H berries and 2 weeks later in EH berries. In each treatment formation of ACPs in hypodermal cells occurred one week later than in epidermal cells. In each treatment the number of epidermal cells containing ACPs increased during ripening of the berries but the number of hypodermal cells with ACPs increased only in N vines. The average numbers of ACPs per epidermal and hypodermal cell were largest in N vines, followed by H and EH vines (two weeks after veraison). The number of ACPs decreased thereafter because most ACPs coalesced. The average ACP diameter at full ripeness was 16.7 mum in N vines, whereas in H and EH vines it was 9.5 mum and 9.7 mum, respectively. From these results, it can be deduced that in Pione grape berries high fertilizer levels inhibit ACP formation both in epidermal and hypodermal cells at veraison and/or induce their coalescence thereafter, resulting in poor coloration.

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：日本ブドウ・ワイン学会  

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記述言語：英語   出版者・発行元：岡山大学農学部  

Skin color and juice constituents in large(L), medium(M), nad small(S) fruits of four peach cultivars, Hashiba-hakuho(early maturing), were analyzed to elucidate the effect of fruit size on the quality. The fruits containing higher soluble solids than 12°Brix were samled at a commercial packing-house located in southen Okayama. They were stored at 25℃ until fully ripened. The skin color on the cheeks (yellowish) was dark in S fruits of Hashiba-hakuto and Hakurei, respectively, compared to the fruits of other sizes. The sucrose + fructose content in juice, the major source of the sweetness, was higher in S and M fruits in Hakuho, Shimisu-hakuto, and Hakurei, while the malic+citric acid content, the major sour constituent, was lower in L fruits in those cultivars, although no significant difference was found in Hashiba-hakuho. Asparagine, the biggest amino acid fraction and thought to deteriorate the fruit taste at high levels, was higher in L fruits tahn in S fruits in Hashiba-hakuho and Hakuho. The content in Shimizu-hakuto and Hakurei fruits was generally low and not affected by fruit size. The content of γ-decalactone, the major peachy aromatic substance, was higher in L fruits in Hashiba-hakuto, in M fruits in Hakuho and Shimizu-hakuto, and in S fruits in Hakurei, than in those of other sizes. Sensory tests revealed that the L fruits of Hakuho and S fruits of Hakurei were poor in flavor. These results suggest that the larger fruits of Hakuho, Shimizu-kakuto, and Hakurei, the representative white peach fruits in Okayama, have rather falatter tastes than medium size fruits because of their lower sweetness and sourness and weaker aroma, as well as poorer texture.岡山市一宮のモモの選果場に出荷された有袋栽培の'橋場白鳳'（早生），'白鳳'（早中生），'清水白桃'（中生）および'白麗'（晩生）から，３段階のサイズ（Ｌ，Ｍ，Ｓ）の果実を入手し，完熟状態（手で皮が剥ける）に達するまで25℃の室温においた．それらの果実について，果皮色と果汁成分の分析と果肉の食味テストを行い，果実のサイズによる品質の相違を検討した．'橋場白鳳'では，Ｓ果実は地色が暗く，'清水白桃'のＬ果実は着色が濃いが色調が暗く，'白麗'のＬ果実は着色が薄くて黄色が強く，いずれも外観が劣った．果汁中の主要な甘味成分であるスクロース＋フルクトース含量は，'白鳳'，'清水白桃'および'白麗'ではＳまたはＬ果実で高く，酸味成分のリンゴ酸＋クエン酸含量は，それら３品種のＬ果実で最も低かった．'橋場白鳳'では果実サイズによる糖・酸含量の有意な差がなかった．果実に苦みを与えるアスパラギン含量は，'橋場白鳳'と'白鳳'ではＬ果実で高かったが，'清水白桃'と'白麗'ではどのサイズでも含量が低かった．モモ香の主成分であるγ-decalactoneは，'橋場白鳳'ではＬ果実で高かったが，'白鳳'と'清水白桃'ではＭ果実で，'白麗'ではＳ果実で高かった．官能テストの結果，'白鳳'のＬ果実と'白麗'のＳ果実は食味が劣った．これらの結果から，岡山の「白桃」を代表する'白鳳'，'清水白桃'，'白麗'の大果は，中程度の大きさの果実より甘味と酸味が低く，アロマが弱いなど，食味が薄く，肉質も劣ると考えられる．

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その他リンク： http://eprints.lib.okayama-u.ac.jp/10589

記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：日本ブドウ・ワイン学会  

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記述言語：英語   出版者・発行元：JAPAN SOC HORTICULTURAL SCI  

The development of the transmitting tissue (TT) in pistils of diploid and tetraploid grapes was compared. Pre-bloom pistils of two diploid grapes, 'Campbell Early' and 'Muscat of Alexandria', and pistils of two tetraploid grapes, 'Kyoho' and 'Suiho', were cross-sectioned at intervals during 21 days before anthesis (IDBA). In mid-style sections the TT size and the number of TT cells per style were similar between the diploid and tetraploid cultivars, although the initiation of the TT began earlier in diploid grapes than in the tetraploid ones. In the ovaries of the diploid grapes, 3 to 5 layers of the cells in the outer septa at the position of the upper ovules became round and loosely packed, considered to be converted into TT cells 13 DBA. Similar cells, consisting of only I or 2 layers of the septum in the tetraploid grapes, were converted to TT cells in 9 or 6 DBA, depending on the cultivar. Ovary growth and pollen development during the 21 weeks before anthesis, however, proceeded faster in the tetraploid grapes than in the diploid ones. We concluded that the insufficient TT development in tetraploid grape ovaries is caused by an inactive conversion of septum cells into TT between 13 and 6 DBA, when the florets are growing actively.

DOI： 10.2503/jjshs.71.8

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：ASEV日本ブドウ・ワイン学会  

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記述言語：英語   出版者・発行元：BUNDESANSTALT ZUCHTUNGS FORSCHUNG KULTURPFLANZEN  

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記述言語：英語   出版者・発行元：BUNDESANSTALT ZUCHTUNGS FORSCHUNG KULTURPFLANZEN  

Effects of shoot vigor on the development of transmitting tissue (TT) and pollen tube growth in pistils of Pione grapevines (a hybrid of Vitis vinifera L. and V. labrusca L., tetraploid) were investigated anatomically. Shoot vigor was reduced by root zone restriction and pre-bloom shoot tipping, and was increased by severe winter pruning and application of high concentration fertilizer. The TT development in long and short shoots of the vines without root restriction was also compared. In cross sections of the upper and middle ovaries, a thicker TT and more pollen tubes were found in root zone-restricted vines compared to unrestricted vines. Also, thicker TT and more pollen tubes were observed in less vigorous, short shoots of unrestricted vines. Tipping did not improve the TT development. However, spur pruning and application of high concentration fertilizer to root zone-restricted vines did not inhibit the TT development and pollen tube growth, though shoots grew vigorously. From these results, we conclude that promoted TT development in less vigorous shoots of Pione grapevines allows for more pollen tubes to penetrate into the ovary, resulting in the production of acceptable clusters with a sufficient number of seeded berries.

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記述言語：英語   出版者・発行元：JAPAN SOC HORTICULTURAL SCI  

Effects of different fertilizer application levels on the flesh texture of peach fruits were investigated. Four-year-old 'Hakuho' peach trees trained to a central leader system were supplied with complete liquid fertilizers comprising higher (160 ppm), medium (80 ppm), or lower (40 ppm) levels of N. The fertilizer levels were lowered to half for each at the stone hardening stage. The fruit harvested from the H treatment trees reached the shipping maturity stage 4 to 6 days later than the fruits from the L and M treatment trees. The flesh firmness of the H treatment fruit was significantly lower than those from the M and L treatment fruits when compared at the shipping maturity stage in each treatment. The flesh softening was apparently accompanied with increased ethylene emission from the fruit. The flesh of the H treatment fruits contained higher levels of water-soluble pectin and cellulose, and lower levels of HCl-soluble pectin and starch than those from the M and L treatment fruits at the pre-mature stage. In addition to that, a higher level of K and a lower level of Ca were analysed in the flesh of the H treatment fruit than the other treatments. These results indicate that the peach fruit grown under using a high amount of fertilizer application deteriorates the flesh texture at the time of harvest mainly because of the unbalanced mineral nutrition and delayed fruit ripening than the normally fertilized fruits.

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記述言語：英語   出版者・発行元：BUNDESANSTALT ZUCHTUNGS FORSCHUNG KULTURPFLANZEN  

Anatomical investigations were carried out to study the cause of poor berry set in tetraploid grape cultivars, Using 6 diploid and 6 tetraploid grape cultivars, the development of the transmitting tissue (TT) and pollen tube growth in their pistils were examined. The rates of berry set and seed number per berry were also investigated. TT was found to be cylindrical in the style and elliptic-conical in the ovaries. In the middle part of the ovary, the TT had developed along the inner surface of each septum projecting from both sides of the ovary wall. In the middle style, the TT diameter of tetraploid cultivars was larger than in diploid cultivars, However, TT development in the septum was markedly poorer in most of the tetraploid cultivars examined except for cv, Fujiminori where a sufficient number of seeded berries developed on the clusters. Most pollen tubes penetrating into the ovary tissue were inhibited to grow further in tetraploid cultivars except for cv, Fujiminori, These findings suggest that the poor set of normally seeded berries in most tetraploid grapes may be due to poor development of TT in the septum, which severely inhibits pollen tube penetration into the micropyle.

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記述言語：日本語  

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記述言語：英語   出版者・発行元：AMER SOC ENOLOGY VITICULTURE  

Effects of restricted rooting volume on vine growth and berry development were evaluated on Kyoho grapevines. The grapevines were planted in three buried beds with volumes of 0.05 m(3), 0.1 m(3), 0.15 m(3) and in the field (unrestricted). Vines grown under restricted rooting volume had thinner and longer primary roots and more secondary and lateral roots. Smaller rooting volume tended to result in a more rapid reduction of soil moisture and led to a smaller trunk, shorter shoot, smaller leaf area, and lower photosynthetic rate. As a result, berry set was up 15 to 20% and almost all berries were seeded. For vines grown in the field, berry set was less than 10% and half were seedless fruitlets. Vines grown under restriction of rooting zone also showed improvement in accumulation of skin color and juice total soluble solids. Favorable vine growth and berry characteristics were achieved when rooting-zone depth was 20 cm and rooting-zone volume was adjusted to about 0.025 m(3) per square meter of leaf area in buried bed.

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：ASEV日本ブドウ・ワイン学会  

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記述言語：英語   出版者・発行元：岡山大学農学部  

Volatile monoterpenes, evolved from the whole berries, skin, and peeled and unpeeled flesh (diced into 2×2×2mm blocks) of Muscat of Alexandria grapes, were measured by the head space method and GC analysis. Four kinds of monoterpene such as linalool and geraniol, known to be the main aromatic substances in Muscat of Alexandria berries, were analyzed. The highest levels of linalool and geraniol, expressed per 100g of samples per 3 hours, were evolved from the skin, followed by the juice, peeled flesh, unpeeled flersh, and whole berries, in descending order. Linalool and geraniol evolved from the skin were found to be at nearly the same level, though the levels of linalool from the juice and flesh were far higher than those of geraniol. The distribution of linalool among the various berry parts was highest in the juice, thoush that of geraniol was highest in the skin. Difference in the strength and quality of the aroma between peeled and unpeeled flesh were discussed. On the other hand, monoterpenes evolved from harvested whole berries increased rapidly for up to 2 days after, then decreased gradually until 7 days after. This change may be caused by the degradation of bound monoterpenes stored in the skin and flesh in excised fruit bunches.'マスカット・オブ・アレキサンドリア'の収穫果実について，果粒，果汁，皮，果肉（２㎜角に細断）からモンテルペンアルコールをヘッドスペース法によって捕集し，GCで分析した．マスカット香の主成分であるlinaloolとgeraniolなど４種のモノテルペンが分析された．生体重100 ，３時間当たりのモノテルペン捕集量は，皮からが最も多く，続いて，果汁，果肉，皮付きの果肉，果粒の順であった．皮からはlinaloolとgeraniolがほぼ同程度に得られたが，果肉や果汁からはlinaloolがはるかに多量に発散した．100 の果粒を構成する各部に含まれる香気成分の分布をみると，linaloolは果汁に最も多く含まれ，geraniolは皮に多く存在した．これらの結果から，剥皮または皮つきでマスカットの果実を食べる場合の，香りの強さと質の相違を検討した．一方，果粒から発散するモノテルペンは，収穫２日後に主要成分の発生量がピークとなり，その後減少して７日後には最低となった．この現象は，果実内に蓄積されたモノテルペンの配糖体が，収穫と同時に分解された結果と推察される．

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：ASEV日本ブドウ・ワイン学会  

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記述言語：英語   出版者・発行元：JAPAN SOC HORTICULTURAL SCI  

The effect of amino acids on the taste of the peach fruit was investigated by sensory evaluation tests. Fruits were harvested from 'Hakuho' trees that were grown under three levels of complete liquid fertilizers, containing nitrogen at 40 ppm (L), 80 ppm (M), and 160 ppm (H). Major amino acids analyzed were asparagine (ASN), serine (SER), threonine (THR), arginine (ARG), and aspartic acid (ASP), which accumulated at significantly higher concentrations with increased fertilizer levels. Sensory evaluations showed that juice from the H treatment fruit was more sour and had a bitter taste, whereas that from the L treatment was equally sweet as the juice from the M treatment; the overall evaluation gave the highest mark to the M treatment. After removing amino acids from juice using ion exchange resins, the major amino acids were added again individually or cumulatively to the original concentrations of each treatment juice. SER, ARG, and ASN increased sweetness, whereas ASP increased sourness of each case. Such amino acids improved "umami" (deliciousness or deepness of the taste) and overall taste at the concentrations of those in the M treatment juice but they increased bitterness and, thereby, lowered the overall evaluation of the H treatment juice. These results indicate that amino acids improve the taste of peach fruit, but excessively high levels of ASN and ARG lower the sensory quality.

DOI： 10.2503/jjshs.69.135

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：ASEV日本ブドウ・ワイン学会  

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：ASEV日本ブドウ・ワイン学会  

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記述言語：英語   出版者・発行元：岡山大学農学部  

Root and cane of own-root 'Kyoho' grapevunes were tested for winter cold resistance using EC(electrical conductivity) and TTC(triphenyl tetrazorium chloride) tests, as well as anatomical observations and survival tests. Vines were exposed to various subzero temperatures for various durations in two separate experimental trials, one in December, one in January. The EC and TTC reduction of small roots (φ3-5mm)were slightly affected. After exposure to -4℃ for only 12 hours the EC markedly increased and TTC reduction decreased in both small and large roots. Cells of cortex and ray tissues in the root were ruptured. New root growth on root cuttings taken from the vine previously exposed to -4℃ was servely inhibited. These results indicate that 'Kyoho' roots cannot resist temperatures of -4℃ or lower even for a single night during winter. On the other hand, 'Kyoho' canes survived -15℃ even for 24 days. However, exposure to -20℃ or -30℃ greatly affected the EC and TTC reduction in the cane and inhibited bud bursting entirely.冬季が寒冷な地域で'巨峰'の地域制限栽培を行うためには、根の耐寒性限界を知ることが必要である。そこで、'巨峰'の2年生挿し木個体を12月及び1月に種々の低温で処理し、根のEC及びTTCテスト、組織形態の観察、根挿しによる発根テストなどを行った。その結果、-3.0℃で24日間処理しても直径1～2mmの細根ではEC,TTC還元力とも変化がないが、直径3～5mmの大根ではやや変化した。-4℃で12時間処理すると、細根、大根のECとTTC還元力が大きく変化し、根挿しの発根も抑制された。また、根の皮層と放射組織の細胞が破壊され、空洞が生じた。処理した個体の翌春の生長も著しく不良であった。したがって、自根の'巨峰'樹の根は－4℃以下の低温に１晩でも遭遇すると危険である。一方、母枝は－15℃で24日間処理してもECやTTC還元力の変化はなく、挿し木した後の発根も正常であった。しかし、－20℃処理ではECとTTC還元力が大きく変化し、発芽も完全に抑制された。

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記述言語：英語  

DOI： 10.2503/jjshs.68.487

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：ASEV日本ブドウ・ワイン学会  

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記述言語：英語   出版者・発行元：園藝學會  

モモ'白鳳'に対する施肥濃度が樹体生長と果実品質に及ぼす影響を調査した.施肥には大塚ハウス液肥を用い, 発芽期から硬核終了期まで窒素160ppm(H), 80ppm(M), 40ppm(L)となるように調整したものを週2回与え, その後は液肥濃度をそれぞれ半分の濃度にした.新梢の生長は, 硬核期まではH区で優れたが, その後はM区で最も旺盛となった.新根の合計長はM区で最も長く, 続いてH区, L区の順であった.葉のクロロフィルと窒素含量は施肥濃度の高い区ほど高かったが, 光合成速度は高濃度区の方が低かった.収穫果実のTSSとシュクロース含量はM区で高く, H区で最も低かった.滴定酸, リンゴ酸, クエン酸, アミノ酸含量はH区で最も高かった.果皮の着色はH区で劣った.モモ果実の主要な香気成分であるγ-decalactoneはM区で最も高く, H区で低かった.食味試験の結果, M区の果実が最も優れ, H区で劣った.以上のように, モモ樹に対する過剰な施肥は, 甘味が薄く, 酸味が強いためだけでなく, 香りも乏しいために, 果実の食味を低下させる.

DOI： 10.2503/jjshs.68.487

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その他リンク： http://dl.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/10469480

記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：園藝學會  

Tenax-TAによるヘッドスペースガス捕集法によりブドウ'マスカット・オブ・アレキサンドリア'の果汁のモノテルペン濃度の消長を調査した.抽出時間を検討した結果,本実験の捕集条件では40℃で180分捕集することで,安定した結果を得ることができた.n-ペンタンによる直接抽出法と比較すると,各成分の濃度は若干少なかったが,各成分の分離が良好なクロマトグラムが得られた.この方法で,硬核期から'マスカット・オブ・アレキサンドリア'の果汁中の各モノテルペンの変化を測定したところ,リナロールはベレゾーンの約1カ月後から急激に増加し,9月下旬にピークに達した後減少した.ゲラニオールは硬核期から果実が過熱になるまで緩やかに増加し続けた.収穫期時にはリナロールとゲラニオール濃度は全モノテルペンの約93%を占めた.

DOI： 10.2503/jjshs.67.907

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その他リンク： http://dl.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/10469353

記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：園藝學會  

Tenax-TAによるヘッドスペースガス捕集法によりブドウ'マスカット・オブ・アレキサンドリア'の果汁のモノテルペン濃度の消長を調査した.抽出時間を検討した結果,本実験の捕集条件では40℃で180分捕集することで,安定した結果を得ることができた.n-ペンタンによる直接抽出法と比較すると,各成分の濃度は若干少なかったが,各成分の分離が良好なクロマトグラムが得られた.この方法で,硬核期から'マスカット・オブ・アレキサンドリア'の果汁中の各モノテルペンの変化を測定したところ,リナロールはベレゾーンの約1カ月後から急激に増加し,9月下旬にピークに達した後減少した.ゲラニオールは硬核期から果実が過熱になるまで緩やかに増加し続けた.収穫期時にはリナロールとゲラニオール濃度は全モノテルペンの約93%を占めた.

DOI： 10.2503/jjshs.67.907

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その他リンク： http://ousar.lib.okayama-u.ac.jp/11104

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出版者・発行元：園藝學會  

果実の成熟促進を目的として,着色開始期から結果枝上の葉面積を約1500cm²に制限し,果房着生節より先端部(約1000cm²)の本葉と副梢葉の葉面積の割合を変えて果実の成熟を調査し,本葉と副梢葉の特性を比較した.<BR>1.副梢葉0%区と30%区に比べ,副梢葉70%区と100%区では成熟が早く進み,果汁の糖含量,果皮のアントシアニン含量の蓄積や滴定酸度の減少が早かった.<BR>2.成熟期に,処理に用いた新梢と無処理の新梢の本葉と副梢葉の光合成速度を測定した.副梢葉は本葉よりも光合成速度が高く,新梢の基部付近の本葉の光合成速度は著しく低かった.この本葉と副梢葉の光合成活性の違いが成熟の早晩につながったと思われる.<BR>3.硬核期における葉の内部形態,無機成分含量には本葉と副梢葉の間で差異は認められなかった.

DOI： 10.2503/jjshs.63.515

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その他リンク： http://agriknowledge.affrc.go.jp/RN/2010511025

出版者・発行元：園藝學會  

果実の成熟促進を目的として,着色開始期から結果枝上の葉面積を約1500cm²に制限し,果房着生節より先端部(約1000cm²)の本葉と副梢葉の葉面積の割合を変えて果実の成熟を調査し,本葉と副梢葉の特性を比較した.<BR>1.副梢葉0%区と30%区に比べ,副梢葉70%区と100%区では成熟が早く進み,果汁の糖含量,果皮のアントシアニン含量の蓄積や滴定酸度の減少が早かった.<BR>2.成熟期に,処理に用いた新梢と無処理の新梢の本葉と副梢葉の光合成速度を測定した.副梢葉は本葉よりも光合成速度が高く,新梢の基部付近の本葉の光合成速度は著しく低かった.この本葉と副梢葉の光合成活性の違いが成熟の早晩につながったと思われる.<BR>3.硬核期における葉の内部形態,無機成分含量には本葉と副梢葉の間で差異は認められなかった.

DOI： 10.2503/jjshs.63.515

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その他リンク： http://agriknowledge.affrc.go.jp/RN/2010511025

出版者・発行元：園藝學會  

果実の成熟促進を目的として,着色開始期から結果枝上の葉面積を約1500cm²に制限し,果房着生節より先端部(約1000cm²)の本葉と副梢葉の葉面積の割合を変えて果実の成熟を調査し,本葉と副梢葉の特性を比較した.<BR>1.副梢葉0%区と30%区に比べ,副梢葉70%区と100%区では成熟が早く進み,果汁の糖含量,果皮のアントシアニン含量の蓄積や滴定酸度の減少が早かった.<BR>2.成熟期に,処理に用いた新梢と無処理の新梢の本葉と副梢葉の光合成速度を測定した.副梢葉は本葉よりも光合成速度が高く,新梢の基部付近の本葉の光合成速度は著しく低かった.この本葉と副梢葉の光合成活性の違いが成熟の早晩につながったと思われる.<BR>3.硬核期における葉の内部形態,無機成分含量には本葉と副梢葉の間で差異は認められなかった.

DOI： 10.2503/jjshs.63.515

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その他リンク： http://agriknowledge.affrc.go.jp/RN/2010511025

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記述言語：英語   出版者・発行元：岡山大学  

To breed new seedless grape cultivars we crossed 'Muscat of Alexandria' (2x) and its 4x mutant reciprocally and cultured the immature ovules and embryos in vitro. Ovules sampled 50 days after crossing could develop embryos on a liquid medium of half strength of MS supplemented with 2 ppm of IAA, 0.4 ppm of GA3 and 0.1 % of activated charcoal. After 55 days culture, normally developed embryos were obtained from 20 to 30 % of the ovules from 4x×2x and 50 to 70 % of those from 2x×4x. Embryos taken out from the cultured ovules were planted on an agar medium of MS or N&N for 55 to 65 days. Ten to twenty % of embryos from 2x×4x crossing grew to rooted plantlets successfully. They were proved to be triploid after the measurement of chromosome number. Embryos from 4x×x2x, however, could not grow to plantlets because of the failure of rooting.

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その他リンク： http://ousar.lib.okayama-u.ac.jp/910

記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：岡山大学  

1.マスカット系の無核品種を育成するために,2倍体品種と4倍体品種の正逆交雑を行い,結実及び種子形成率,胚の発育,種子の発芽と実生の生育を2倍体品種の自家受粉の場合と比較した. 2.4倍体×2倍体の組み合わせでは,結実率は高い傾向であったが,無核果が多く,有核果の含種子数も少なく,2倍体×4倍体の組み合わせに比べて種子の獲得数ははるかに少なかった.これに比べ,2倍体の自家受粉では有核果率及び含種子数がもっとも高かった. 3.2倍体の自家受粉では結実した子房内の胚珠の約67%が正常に発育していたが,2倍体×4倍体及び4倍体×2倍体では珠心の萎縮による胚珠の退化が多く,正常なものはそれぞれ約47%,約10%にすぎなかった.それらの胚は,2倍体×4倍体では2倍体の自家受粉と大差なくその後も発達したが,4倍体×2倍体では球状胚以上に発達するものはなかった. 4.成熟果粒から取り出した種子に休眠打破処理を行い,播種した2倍体×4倍体の種子の発芽率と実生の獲得率は,2倍体の自家受粉種子の約3分の1であった.4倍体×2倍体では実生は得られなかった。

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その他リンク： http://ousar.lib.okayama-u.ac.jp/861

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