Language：English   Publisher：THE JAPANESE SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE  

'Muscat of Alexandria' grapevines, grown under heated greenhouses, show abnormal swelling on the peduncles and rachises during an early stage of berry growth. The cause of this abnormality was investigated by controlling the light intensity to the clusters. Complete shading of the peduncular nodes for 4 weeks after full bloom caused a noticeable swelling in all the treated peduncles. Fifty % shading caused swelling in half the number of the treated peduncles. The rate and the degree of swelling were reduced by the exposure of clusters to sunlight or by using a sunlight reflector film. In vitro culture of excised disks from swollen peduncles revealed active division of callus cells even on hormone-free MS medium. The division was stimulated when the cultures were kept in the dark. These results suggest that accumulation of some light-decomposable factors at the peduncular nodes causes this abnormality.

DOI： 10.2503/jjshs.67.9

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The buried and raised soil bed systems which restrict root volume were compared for their effects on root environment, vine growth, and fruit development of 'Hone' grapes. In the buried beds, the soil and roots were enveloped with a polyester sheet that allowed free movement of moisture but which roots did not penetrate. In the raised beds, the root zones were sub-divided into two types: 1) isolated at the ground level with a plastic sheet, and 2) non-isolated.<BR>The characteristics and / or advantages of the buried bed system over those of the raised bed system are: a) the soil temperature was 0.8 to 1.7 °C higher from April to June; b) soil moisture changed slower so that it required less frequent irrigation; c) new primary and secondary roots were longer and their peroxidase activity was higher; d) leaf nitrogen and chlorophyll contents were higher; e) photosynthetic rate of leaves was faster during anthesis and berry set; f) shoot growth was more vigorous, and g) growth of berries, development of skin coloration, accumulation of total soluble solids content (TSS), and decrease in acid content were hastened.<BR>The above findings indicate that the buried bed system is suitable for dry regions because it promoted better vine growth and berry quality and required less frequent irrigation compared with the raised bed system.

DOI： 10.2503/jjshs.66.253

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Language：English   Publisher：THE JAPANESE SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE  

To identify granules present in abnormally swollen rachises of 'Muscat of Alexandria' grape, six kinds of histochemical tests as well as SEM and TEM observations were made. Most of the granules with the diameter ranging from 1 to 2 μm were supposed to be not starch grains but mainly polyphenol substances, based on the staining reactions with iodine, Sudan black and vanillin. Smaller granules (0.1 to 0.5 μm diameter) were suggested to be vesicles from their irregular size, non-staining reaction to hematoxilin, eosin and Bismark brown, lack of ribosome-like particles, and double membrane structure. They may be not the cause of the abnormal cell division but are produced as a result of unusual cell physiology.

DOI： 10.2503/jjshs.66.261

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Abnormal swelling of the rachis of 'Muscat of Alexandria' grapevines grown in a heated glasshouse was investigated. The swelling became apparent at the peduncular node or along the rachis three to four weeks after full bloom. Berry growth was inhibited thereafter with the degree of inhibition varying among clusters. Anatomical studies revealed that a mass of small parenchyma cells divided among or around the phloem tissue two to four weeks after anthesis, which stymied further development of sieve tubes. Numerous granules (0.52.0 μm in diam.) were observed in these meristematic cells under SEM.

DOI： 10.2503/jjshs.63.299

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Publisher：Japanese Society for Horticultural Science  

DOI： 10.2503/hortj.utd-012

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Publisher：Japanese Society for Horticultural Science  

DOI： 10.2503/hortj.okd-094

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Reddish pulp is one of the most serious disorders in peach production, in which originally white flesh undergoes pink to red discoloration with the development of a mealy texture. In order to clarify the relationship between the incidence of reddish pulp and flowering date, the occurrence of reddish pulp was investigated in 'Benishimizu' and 'Shimizu Hakuto' fruit with different flowering dates for three seasons. In both cultivars, the percentage of fruit with reddish pulp was higher in early flowering fruit than late flowering fruit in all three seasons. Analysis of pectin and boron contents in immature fruit sampled from June 23 to July 8, prior to observing the symptoms of reddish pulp, showed no statistically significant differences in pectin content between early and late flowering fruit. On the other hand, the boron content in flesh was significantly lower in early flowering fruit that bloomed on April 1 than in late flowering fruit that bloomed on April 11 in 'Benishimizu'. In addition, a significantly higher total polyphenol content, which is one of the characteristics of reddish pulp, was found in early flowering fruit. The results indicate that the flowering date has a large impact on the incidence of reddish pulp, and the disorder is more prevalent in early than late flowering fruit. The possible relationships among the development of reddish pulp, boron deficiency, pectin content, and increase in total polyphenol content are discussed.

DOI： 10.2503/hortj.OKD-012

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Effects of fertilizer application levels on fruit texture and flesh pectin compositions of a melting peach were investigated. Hakuho trees (Prunus persica Batsch) were supplied with normal (M), high (H; M x 2), and superhigh (SH; M x 4) levels of complete liquid fertilizer twice a week. Flesh firmness of the H and SH treatment fruit was lower than that of M treatment fruit at the hard-mature and firm-mature stages, although no difference was detected at the full ripe stage. Sensory scores for flesh texture at the full ripe stage were highest in the N treatment fruit and lowest in the SH treatment fruit. The content of water-soluble polyuronides (WSP) in flesh was highest in SH fruit and lowest in M fruit at the hard-mature stage, although the difference became smaller at the full ripe stage. Molecular mass analysis using a gel filtration column revealed that water-soluble polysaccharides in alcohol-insoluble solids (AIS) of the H and SH fruits had a peak of high molecular mass, approximate to 200 kDa, at the hard-mature stage, and the molecular mass decreased gradually to approximate to 23 kDa at the full ripe stage. In the M fruit, however, the molecular mass was rather constant during the ripening period, 112 kDa even at the full ripe stage. The analysis of acidic fractions (pectin) in the polysaccharides using an ion exchange column, as well as juice gellation test by adding Ca and Tris buffer, also indicated that high levels of fertilizer application impairs an early degradation of flesh polyuronides resulting in the accumulation of low-molecular-weight WSP. This may ultimately cause the inferior flesh texture of overfertilized peach fruit.

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Language：English   Publisher：BUNDESANSTALT ZUCHTUNGS FORSCHUNG KULTURPFLANZEN  

Berry skin coloration, the content and composition of anthocyanin and anthocyanic vacuolar inclusion (AVI) development were investigated in two black cultivars, Cabernet Sauvignon (Vitis vinifera) and Pione (V vinifera x V labrusca, 4x), and one red cv., Red Port (V vinifera x V labrusca). Pione had lower L* (lightness of the skin) and higher color index values than Cabernet Sauvignon, indicating that Pione had darker skin color than Cabernet Sauvignon. The two black cultivars had high contents of malvidin, while the major anthocyanidin of Red Port was cyanidin and delphinidin. This difference of anthocyanidin composition was responsible for the red color of Red Port. Whereas the anthocyanidin composition of the two black cultivars showed little difference, the percentage of acylated anthocyanins was markedly higher in Pione than in Cabernet Sauvignon. The diameter of Avis was similar between Pione and Cabernet Sauvignon, but the density of Avis was higher in cv. Pione. This difference in AVI development affects grape skin coloration. A comparison of the anthocyanin composition in isolated AVIs and that in whole cell tissue showed that in all three cultivars the percentage of acylated anthocyanins was high in the AVIs. In Pione skins the high percentage of acylated anthocyanins might result in many Avis to be formed, and might be responsible for the dark coloration.

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The effects of post-veraison regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) on vine water status, ripening, and quality of table grapes, cv. Muscat of Alexandria grown under a polyhouse and root-zone restriction condition were investigated in the Okayama University Experimental vineyard, Japan. From bud break to veraison all vines were irrigated to a soil moisture tension of 3 kPa at a depth of 15 cm, and were re-irrigated when soil moisture tension approached 15 kPa. Starting 10 d after veraison, 3 irrigation regimes were imposed: (1) Control (C): Re-irrigation immediately when soil moisture tension reached 15 kPa; (2) Moderate Deficit Irrigation (MDI): Re-irrigation 2 d after reaching a soil moisture tension of 15 kPa; and (3) Severe Deficit Irrigation (SDI): Re-irrigation 4 d after reaching a soil moisture tension of 15 kPa. Treatments were continued for 6 weeks until harvest. By the end of the experiment, as the vine water status decreased, only SDI vines were wilted or necrotic in the fruit-zone. In SDI vines, the cumulative effect of increased vine water deficit indicated by lower Psi(l) resulted in berries that were lower in firmness and acidity, with a small increase in aroma, and a higher TSS than control at harvest. The decrease in vine water status in the MDI treatment had a slight effect on berry ripening as compared with control while RDI had no effect on berry weight or juice pH at harvest.

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Chardonnay vines planted in root zone restricting beds were subjected to water deficit stress by withholding irrigation for a period starting at 15 (early stress; ES) or 25 d (late stress; LS) after veraison and lasting until harvest. Control vines were provided with normal irrigation. Both ES and LS treatments significantly decreased leaf water potential and caused leaf wilting 2 d after the start of each treatment. ABA levels in fruit zone leaves increased significantly 4 and 5 d after the onset of LS and ES treatments, respectively. After 2 d of ES treatment, the berry ABA level greatly increased, while LS and control treatments resulted in a gradual increase in berry ABA. In ES-treated vines, clusters were harvested 10 d after the onset of treatment, 10 d earlier than in LS and control vines, due to the severe berry shrinking and leaf fall. Levels of juice TSS, fructose, glucose, and malate were generally lower than those of LS and control vines. Both ES and LS treatments resulted in significantly higher amino acid levels. The level of proline, however, the amino acid with highest amounts in Chardonnay grape berries, was lowest in ES-treated vines. This study reveals that the effect of water deficit stress on berry ripening of Chardonnay is different depending on the stage of berry ripening, which might be caused by different ABA levels in berries.

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Effects of different levels of a complete liquid fertilizer on grape berry coloration and anthocyanoplast (ACP) development in the skin were investigated. Four-year-old vines of cv. Pione (a tetraploid hybrid of Vitis vinifera L. and V labrusca L.) were planted in root zone-restricted beds and were treated with normal (N), high (H; Nx1.5), and excessively high (EH; Nx2) levels of a commercial liquid fertilizer. Fertilizer levels were decreased to one third after veraison to accelerate berry ripening. Skin anthocyanin contents in N- and H-treated berries increased at a constant rate after veraison, while the contents in EH berries were significantly lower. ACPs were first observed in epidermal cells at veraison in N and H berries and 2 weeks later in EH berries. In each treatment formation of ACPs in hypodermal cells occurred one week later than in epidermal cells. In each treatment the number of epidermal cells containing ACPs increased during ripening of the berries but the number of hypodermal cells with ACPs increased only in N vines. The average numbers of ACPs per epidermal and hypodermal cell were largest in N vines, followed by H and EH vines (two weeks after veraison). The number of ACPs decreased thereafter because most ACPs coalesced. The average ACP diameter at full ripeness was 16.7 mum in N vines, whereas in H and EH vines it was 9.5 mum and 9.7 mum, respectively. From these results, it can be deduced that in Pione grape berries high fertilizer levels inhibit ACP formation both in epidermal and hypodermal cells at veraison and/or induce their coalescence thereafter, resulting in poor coloration.

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The development of the transmitting tissue (TT) in pistils of diploid and tetraploid grapes was compared. Pre-bloom pistils of two diploid grapes, 'Campbell Early' and 'Muscat of Alexandria', and pistils of two tetraploid grapes, 'Kyoho' and 'Suiho', were cross-sectioned at intervals during 21 days before anthesis (IDBA). In mid-style sections the TT size and the number of TT cells per style were similar between the diploid and tetraploid cultivars, although the initiation of the TT began earlier in diploid grapes than in the tetraploid ones. In the ovaries of the diploid grapes, 3 to 5 layers of the cells in the outer septa at the position of the upper ovules became round and loosely packed, considered to be converted into TT cells 13 DBA. Similar cells, consisting of only I or 2 layers of the septum in the tetraploid grapes, were converted to TT cells in 9 or 6 DBA, depending on the cultivar. Ovary growth and pollen development during the 21 weeks before anthesis, however, proceeded faster in the tetraploid grapes than in the diploid ones. We concluded that the insufficient TT development in tetraploid grape ovaries is caused by an inactive conversion of septum cells into TT between 13 and 6 DBA, when the florets are growing actively.

DOI： 10.2503/jjshs.71.8

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Effects of shoot vigor on the development of transmitting tissue (TT) and pollen tube growth in pistils of Pione grapevines (a hybrid of Vitis vinifera L. and V. labrusca L., tetraploid) were investigated anatomically. Shoot vigor was reduced by root zone restriction and pre-bloom shoot tipping, and was increased by severe winter pruning and application of high concentration fertilizer. The TT development in long and short shoots of the vines without root restriction was also compared. In cross sections of the upper and middle ovaries, a thicker TT and more pollen tubes were found in root zone-restricted vines compared to unrestricted vines. Also, thicker TT and more pollen tubes were observed in less vigorous, short shoots of unrestricted vines. Tipping did not improve the TT development. However, spur pruning and application of high concentration fertilizer to root zone-restricted vines did not inhibit the TT development and pollen tube growth, though shoots grew vigorously. From these results, we conclude that promoted TT development in less vigorous shoots of Pione grapevines allows for more pollen tubes to penetrate into the ovary, resulting in the production of acceptable clusters with a sufficient number of seeded berries.

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Effects of different fertilizer application levels on the flesh texture of peach fruits were investigated. Four-year-old 'Hakuho' peach trees trained to a central leader system were supplied with complete liquid fertilizers comprising higher (160 ppm), medium (80 ppm), or lower (40 ppm) levels of N. The fertilizer levels were lowered to half for each at the stone hardening stage. The fruit harvested from the H treatment trees reached the shipping maturity stage 4 to 6 days later than the fruits from the L and M treatment trees. The flesh firmness of the H treatment fruit was significantly lower than those from the M and L treatment fruits when compared at the shipping maturity stage in each treatment. The flesh softening was apparently accompanied with increased ethylene emission from the fruit. The flesh of the H treatment fruits contained higher levels of water-soluble pectin and cellulose, and lower levels of HCl-soluble pectin and starch than those from the M and L treatment fruits at the pre-mature stage. In addition to that, a higher level of K and a lower level of Ca were analysed in the flesh of the H treatment fruit than the other treatments. These results indicate that the peach fruit grown under using a high amount of fertilizer application deteriorates the flesh texture at the time of harvest mainly because of the unbalanced mineral nutrition and delayed fruit ripening than the normally fertilized fruits.

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Anatomical investigations were carried out to study the cause of poor berry set in tetraploid grape cultivars, Using 6 diploid and 6 tetraploid grape cultivars, the development of the transmitting tissue (TT) and pollen tube growth in their pistils were examined. The rates of berry set and seed number per berry were also investigated. TT was found to be cylindrical in the style and elliptic-conical in the ovaries. In the middle part of the ovary, the TT had developed along the inner surface of each septum projecting from both sides of the ovary wall. In the middle style, the TT diameter of tetraploid cultivars was larger than in diploid cultivars, However, TT development in the septum was markedly poorer in most of the tetraploid cultivars examined except for cv, Fujiminori where a sufficient number of seeded berries developed on the clusters. Most pollen tubes penetrating into the ovary tissue were inhibited to grow further in tetraploid cultivars except for cv, Fujiminori, These findings suggest that the poor set of normally seeded berries in most tetraploid grapes may be due to poor development of TT in the septum, which severely inhibits pollen tube penetration into the micropyle.

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Effects of restricted rooting volume on vine growth and berry development were evaluated on Kyoho grapevines. The grapevines were planted in three buried beds with volumes of 0.05 m(3), 0.1 m(3), 0.15 m(3) and in the field (unrestricted). Vines grown under restricted rooting volume had thinner and longer primary roots and more secondary and lateral roots. Smaller rooting volume tended to result in a more rapid reduction of soil moisture and led to a smaller trunk, shorter shoot, smaller leaf area, and lower photosynthetic rate. As a result, berry set was up 15 to 20% and almost all berries were seeded. For vines grown in the field, berry set was less than 10% and half were seedless fruitlets. Vines grown under restriction of rooting zone also showed improvement in accumulation of skin color and juice total soluble solids. Favorable vine growth and berry characteristics were achieved when rooting-zone depth was 20 cm and rooting-zone volume was adjusted to about 0.025 m(3) per square meter of leaf area in buried bed.

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The effect of amino acids on the taste of the peach fruit was investigated by sensory evaluation tests. Fruits were harvested from 'Hakuho' trees that were grown under three levels of complete liquid fertilizers, containing nitrogen at 40 ppm (L), 80 ppm (M), and 160 ppm (H). Major amino acids analyzed were asparagine (ASN), serine (SER), threonine (THR), arginine (ARG), and aspartic acid (ASP), which accumulated at significantly higher concentrations with increased fertilizer levels. Sensory evaluations showed that juice from the H treatment fruit was more sour and had a bitter taste, whereas that from the L treatment was equally sweet as the juice from the M treatment; the overall evaluation gave the highest mark to the M treatment. After removing amino acids from juice using ion exchange resins, the major amino acids were added again individually or cumulatively to the original concentrations of each treatment juice. SER, ARG, and ASN increased sweetness, whereas ASP increased sourness of each case. Such amino acids improved "umami" (deliciousness or deepness of the taste) and overall taste at the concentrations of those in the M treatment juice but they increased bitterness and, thereby, lowered the overall evaluation of the H treatment juice. These results indicate that amino acids improve the taste of peach fruit, but excessively high levels of ASN and ARG lower the sensory quality.

DOI： 10.2503/jjshs.69.135

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Effects of fertilizer levels on tree growth and fruit quality of 'Hakuho' peaches (Prunus persica) were evaluated. Three levels, High (H), Medium (M), and Low (L) of complete liquid fertilizers were applied twice a week from bud break. H, M, and L levels of fertilizers contained 160, 80, and 40 ppm of nitrogen (N), respectively. The application rates were reduced to half at the end of the pit hardening stage. Shoot growth proceeded quickly in trees of the II treatment before the pit hardening stage, but it became more vigorous in the M treatment thereafter. Leaf chlorophyll and leaf N contents were higher in trees treated with higher levels of fertilizer, but the photosynthetic rate was low in the H treatment. Total soluble solids (TSS) and sucrose contents of the fruit were highest in the M treatment and lowest in the H treatment at harvest, whereas the titratable acidity, citric acid and malic acid were highest in the H treatment. Skin coloration was poorest in the II treatment fruit. 7 -decalactone, a major constituent of peach aroma, was most abundant in fruit of the M treatment and lowest in the H treatment. Sensory evaluation of the M treatment fruit was rated the highest, whereas that of the H treatment was poorest. These results suggest that excessive fertilizer application for peach trees significantly diminishes fruit flavor by reducing sweetness as well as aroma.

DOI： 10.2503/jjshs.68.487

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Effects of fertilizer levels on tree growth and fruit quality of 'Hakuho' peaches (Prunus persica) were evaluated. Three levels, High (H), Medium (M), and Low (L) of complete liquid fertilizers were applied twice a week from bud break. H, M, and L levels of fertilizers contained 160, 80, and 40ppm of nitrogen (N), respectively. The application rates were reduced to half at the end of the pit hardening stage. Shoot growth proceeded quickly in trees of the H treatment before the pit hardening stage, but it became more vigorous in the M treatment thereafter. Leaf chlorophyll and leaf N contents were higher in trees treated with higher levels of fertilizer, but the photosynthetic rate was low in the H treatment. Total soluble solids (TSS) and sucrose contents of the fruit were highest in the M treatment and lowest in the H treatment at harvest, whereas the titratable acidity, citric acid and malic acid were highest in the H treatment. Skin coloration was poorest in the H treatment fruit. γ-decalactone, a major constituent of peach aroma, was most abundant in fruit of the M treatment and lowest in the H treatment. Sensory evaluation of the M treatment fruit was rated the highest, whereas that of the H treatment was poorest. These results suggest that excessive fertilizer application for peach trees significantly diminishes fruit flavor by reducing sweetness as well as aroma.

DOI： 10.2503/jjshs.68.487

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Seasonal changes in monoterpene concentrations in the juice of Muscat of Alexandria grape were investigated. Volatile monoterpenes were analyzed by trapping them in the headspace with Tenax-TA. Reproductive results were obtained when headspace gas was trapped at 40℃ for 180 min. In the headspace trapping method, the concentration of each monoterpene was slightly lower compared to those extracted with n-pentane directly from juice. Clear peak separations were obtained by gas chtomatography. Linalool increased rapidly from 30 days after veraison and reached a maximum in late September, it then declined. Geraniol increased slowly from the stone hardening stage to the overripe stage. Percentages of linalool and geraniol to total monoterpene at harvest were 66.3 and 27.0, respectively.

DOI： 10.2503/jjshs.67.907

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：THE JAPANESE SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE  

Seasonal changes in monoterpene concentrations in the juice of Muscat of Alexandria grape were investigated. Volatile monoterpenes were analyzed by trapping them in the headspace with Tenax-TA. Reproductive results were obtained when headspace gas was trapped at 40℃ for 180 min. In the headspace trapping method, the concentration of each monoterpene was slightly lower compared to those extracted with n-pentane directly from juice. Clear peak separations were obtained by gas chtomatography. Linalool increased rapidly from 30 days after veraison and reached a maximum in late September, it then declined. Geraniol increased slowly from the stone hardening stage to the overripe stage. Percentages of linalool and geraniol to total monoterpene at harvest were 66.3 and 27.0, respectively.

DOI： 10.2503/jjshs.67.907

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Publisher：THE JAPANESE SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE  

The contribution of lateral and primary leaves to the growth and quality of 'Kyoho' (Vitis vinifera × V. labrusca) berries was investigated. The total leaf area on each bearing shoot was adjusted to ca. 1500 cm² by removing primary or lateral leaves at veraison so that the percentage of lateral leaf area (LL) beyond or distal to the cluster was : ca. 100 (100 - LL), 70 (70 - LL), 30 (30 - LL), and 0 (0 - LL) of the ca. 1000 cm².<BR>The net photosynthetic rate (Pn) of the primary and lateral leaves on treated and intact shoots were determined.<BR>1. The berries on 100- and 70 - LL shoots ripened faster than they did on 30- and 0 - LL shoots. Berries on 100- and 70 - LL shoots accumulated total soluble solids (TSS) and anthocyanin faster than they did on 30- and 0 - LL shoots. Contrarily, titratable acidity of the berries on 100- and 70 - LL shoots decreased more rapidly than they did on 30- and 0 - LL shoots.<BR>2. During the ripening stage of the berry, the Pn of lateral leaves was faster than that of primary leaves. The Pn of basal primary leaves was significantly slower which may be responsible for the retarded ripening of berries on 0 - LL shoot.<BR>3. No significant difference was found in the leaf structure or the mineral nutrient content between primary and lateral leaves when measured before the veraison.

DOI： 10.2503/jjshs.63.515

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Other Link： http://agriknowledge.affrc.go.jp/RN/2010511025

Publisher：THE JAPANESE SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE  

The contribution of lateral and primary leaves to the growth and quality of 'Kyoho' (Vitis vinifera × V. labrusca) berries was investigated. The total leaf area on each bearing shoot was adjusted to ca. 1500 cm² by removing primary or lateral leaves at veraison so that the percentage of lateral leaf area (LL) beyond or distal to the cluster was : ca. 100 (100 - LL), 70 (70 - LL), 30 (30 - LL), and 0 (0 - LL) of the ca. 1000 cm².<BR>The net photosynthetic rate (Pn) of the primary and lateral leaves on treated and intact shoots were determined.<BR>1. The berries on 100- and 70 - LL shoots ripened faster than they did on 30- and 0 - LL shoots. Berries on 100- and 70 - LL shoots accumulated total soluble solids (TSS) and anthocyanin faster than they did on 30- and 0 - LL shoots. Contrarily, titratable acidity of the berries on 100- and 70 - LL shoots decreased more rapidly than they did on 30- and 0 - LL shoots.<BR>2. During the ripening stage of the berry, the Pn of lateral leaves was faster than that of primary leaves. The Pn of basal primary leaves was significantly slower which may be responsible for the retarded ripening of berries on 0 - LL shoot.<BR>3. No significant difference was found in the leaf structure or the mineral nutrient content between primary and lateral leaves when measured before the veraison.

DOI： 10.2503/jjshs.63.515

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Other Link： http://agriknowledge.affrc.go.jp/RN/2010511025

Publisher：THE JAPANESE SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE  

The contribution of lateral and primary leaves to the growth and quality of 'Kyoho' (Vitis vinifera × V. labrusca) berries was investigated. The total leaf area on each bearing shoot was adjusted to ca. 1500 cm² by removing primary or lateral leaves at veraison so that the percentage of lateral leaf area (LL) beyond or distal to the cluster was : ca. 100 (100 - LL), 70 (70 - LL), 30 (30 - LL), and 0 (0 - LL) of the ca. 1000 cm².<BR>The net photosynthetic rate (Pn) of the primary and lateral leaves on treated and intact shoots were determined.<BR>1. The berries on 100- and 70 - LL shoots ripened faster than they did on 30- and 0 - LL shoots. Berries on 100- and 70 - LL shoots accumulated total soluble solids (TSS) and anthocyanin faster than they did on 30- and 0 - LL shoots. Contrarily, titratable acidity of the berries on 100- and 70 - LL shoots decreased more rapidly than they did on 30- and 0 - LL shoots.<BR>2. During the ripening stage of the berry, the Pn of lateral leaves was faster than that of primary leaves. The Pn of basal primary leaves was significantly slower which may be responsible for the retarded ripening of berries on 0 - LL shoot.<BR>3. No significant difference was found in the leaf structure or the mineral nutrient content between primary and lateral leaves when measured before the veraison.

DOI： 10.2503/jjshs.63.515

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Other Link： http://agriknowledge.affrc.go.jp/RN/2010511025

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Language：English  

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Other Link： http://ousar.lib.okayama-u.ac.jp/910

Language：Japanese  

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Other Link： http://ousar.lib.okayama-u.ac.jp/861

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