Language：Japanese  

Since 2016, active learning has been implemented in Japan as part of a direction for school education that can respond to the unpredictable future in store for children, in order to develop the ability to live in a globalized, knowledge-based society. Okayama University, which has been designated as a Super Global University in 2014, is engaged in education reform to develop people with the advanced, specialized knowledge as well as mental fundamentals to support a knowledge-based, global society. This study examines the results of the "lifestyle and environment"which were developed as foundation for a "home economics project from an ESD standpoint," one that is central to active learning in the "Contemporary Issues in Education" course, required for liberal arts education in the Faculty of Education.

DOI： 10.18926/CTED/55811

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Language：Japanese  

DOI： 10.18926/bgeou/55703

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Other Link： http://ousar.lib.okayama-u.ac.jp/55703

Language：Japanese  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Japan Curriculum Research and Development Association  

Children must make decisions about how to wear clothes depending on the environmental conditions for sustainable clothing life. Damage from UV radiation should be minimized. Therefore, this study developed educational content for Home Economics classes in which the children were required to develop a sun protection scheme using clothing. It was intended that children explore the following questions: (1) Why do we need a sun protection scheme? (2) How should clothing be used for it? Transmission of UV radiation through clothing was examined in the environmental conditions such as season, weather, and location. Measurements using UV labels were examined for their potential in a sun protection scheme. The main results are as follows: (1) Clothing is extremely useful for sun protection. The amount of UV rays transmitted is affected by a fabric's density, thickness, and hue (brightness). (2) In the sample fabric and clothing, considering the above-mentioned characteristics, the transmission of UV rays was higher in clear weather and outdoors. In spring, the amount of UV rays and its transmission is high. However, we did not observe a significant difference due to season (ANOVA, p<0.05). Although UV protection has been actively conducted only in summer, protection is necessary also in winter and spring. (3) As a qualitative method to examine the transmission of UV rays through clothing, the use of ultra-sensitive UV labels (UV indicators) was effective. We expect that sustainable clothing life will enable students to use the knowledge that they acquire.

DOI： 10.18993/jcrdajp.40.1_69

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Japan Curriculum Research and Development Association  

One of the significant aspects of the learning content in Home Economics in elementary school is comfortable clothing. However, the meaning of comfortable clothing is only briefly dealt with in the curriculum. The previous report defined comfortableness of clothing from the perspective of clothing studies. The clothing microclimate, clothing pressure, and the feel of clothing were discussed as aspects of physiological comfort. Moreover, learning content concerning the feel of comfortable clothing was suggested for further learning. Therefore, the present study developed learning content about the clothing microclimate. Particularly, this is an experiment for facilitating the pupils' understanding regarding the differences in the water vapor permeability of various fabrics. This method is based on JIS L 1099; A-2 (2012). The results indicate that the water vapor permeability of various fabrics has a close relationship with the chemical property of fibers and the constitutive property of fabrics. The learning content can be combined in this experiment with a sensory evaluation. First, pupils feel the difference between the clothes and the skin in insensible and sensible perspiration. Then, they learn about the moisture permeability of fabrics through this experiment. Thus, it is believed that pupils are able to scientifically understand the relationship between themselves and clothes through practical learning. It is expected that pupils will be able to choose comfortable clothing according to purpose and environmental conditions. It is possible for pupils to construct a sustainable lifestyle by using the educational content proposed here.

DOI： 10.18993/jcrdajp.39.2_37

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Japan Curriculum Research and Development Association  

The 2008 Junior High School Course of Study explores the inclusion of education for sustainable development (ESD) to build a sustainable society, with environmental issues being one of the themes in ESD. This study aims to discuss the content of a clothing learning unit of a junior high school home economics class in the 2008 Course of Study from the perspective of ESD, and attempts to create a new structure. Based on this, we restructured the unit on laundry, developed a lesson plan, and put it into practice. This study introduced the three viewpoints--limited nature, circulation of water resources and protection of the aquatic environment--to conventional instruction on laundry practice, to help the students grasp the concept of environmental sustainability the teaching objectives were to get students to think about and take ESD into account in their own laundering practices. After the class, in comparison with a class implemented under the 1998 Course of Study, the students are expected (1) to have acquired the knowledge of sustainability (environmental conservation) and (2) to show their understanding of the acquired knowledge through their selections of laundry detergents. In the future, I will develop the necessary content and improved lesson plans in order to get students to systematically explore a sustainable lifestyle with regard to clothing.

DOI： 10.18993/jcrdajp.38.4_11

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Japan Research Association for Textile End-Uses  

<p>A method for the removal of India ink dirt from fabrics involving the reduction of the protective colloid of the glia present in the ink was investigated. The experiment was conducted using gelatin instead of glia. The gelatin was decomposed by the enzymes trypsin, papain and uguis (nightingale feces), and the quantity of generated amino acids was measured with a conductivity meter. It was found that the decomposition was rapid, and a significant amount of decomposition occurred, indicating that a large quantity of the enzymes was present. When the mixture of enzymes was added to an India ink solution, the transmittance of trypsin and papain increased. A washing test was then conducted using these enzymes, and the results were subjected to an analysis of variance test. There was no significant difference observed for the results obtained with the different enzymes after washing (p < 0.05). The results show the detergency higher than enzyme Blank according to fabrics is as follows: uguis and trypsin for PET, uguis for cotton, and uguis and trypsin for polyester/cotton (PC). The low detergency fabrics had much protein residual volume. On the other hand, the high detergency fabrics had little protein residual volume. It was revealed that the glue was removed by washing with enzymes.</p>

DOI： 10.11419/senshoshi.56.4_348

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Japan Curriculum Research and Development Association  

In elementary school home economics classes, a lesson to explain how to wear clothes comfortably must developed. The instructional contents for measuring the comfort of clothes should be made clear scientifically. It is important that pupils manage clothes with a viewpoint of Education for Sustainable Development. In this study, the authors developed an experiment to measure feeling of clothes on skin. It was established that the following characteristics are related to the comfort of clothes; microclimate in clothing, garment pressure and the feeling on skin. An inclined plane method was used to measure the coefficient of static friction for a variety of fabrics. The basic factor for the friction properties for the fabrics was clarified. The coefficient of static friction for clothes varied according to the characteristics of fibers, the form and thickness of the yarn, and the different forms of weaving. The results showed that the coefficient of static friction varied among pairs of the cloth tested. Finally, we tested wet clothes and found they had a larger coefficient of static friction than dry clothes. In addition, the friction where the cloth became fluffy were reduced by using a finishing agent after washing.

DOI： 10.18993/jcrdajp.38.1_49

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Japan Society on Water Environment  

Previous studies have shown that when soil-filling suction filtration is conducted for a nonionic surfactant solution, nonionic surfactants (NPnEO) can be removed and recovered. Furthermore, the recovered NPnEO can be recycled. This finding was confirmed for an independent system of NPnEO. However, a question was raised as to whether similar results can be obtained from a mixed system in which other ingredients coexist. Thus, in this study, the removal rate and recovery rate were investigated for a mixed system to determine whether these rates are affected. The experiments were conducted for systems of NPnEO (NP10, NP15, NP20) mixed with an anionic surfactant (sodium dodecyl sulfate), an inorganic builder (sodium sulfate), and an organic builder (carboxymethyl cellulose sodium salt). The removal rate of NP10 (30 ppm) was 95.6%. NP10 solution was used as the base for the following removal tests. When NP10 was mixed with sodium sulfate (1.0%), the removal rate was 93.1%. Next, when NP10 was mixed with 0.1% SDS, the removal rate was 90.5%. Finally, when NP10 was mixed with 0.5% SDS, the removal rate was 6.7%. A significant difference was observed between NP10 and NP10 mixed with 0.5% SDS (Bonferroni, p<0.05). The results showed that SDS affected the removal rate and recovery rate more than the builder. The concentration of the component for mixing also affected both rates. In particular, at concentrations greater than the critical micelle concentration of NPnEO or SDS, the removal rate and recovery rate decreased by about 10%, which suggested that SDS inhibited NPnEO removal. Therefore, separation and removal should be performed for each ingredient during the removal process.

DOI： 10.2965/jswe.37.1

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Japan Curriculum Research and Development Association  

To foster an understanding of the relationship between people and clothes, the Clothing Life section of the Elementary School Home Economics Syllabus includes the relationship between materials and designs of clothes and human physiology, as well as the social significance of clothing, as pupils learn" how to wear" various garments. Clothing materials worn by humans must be: 1) hygienic, 2) strong and durable, 3) morphologically stable, and 4) manageable. This study focuses on hygiene and examines the development of a continuous wetting and drying property test, a new experiment through which students discover why a) the drying property is necessary to maintain the heat balance within our bodies and b) why it varies among clothing materials. We evaluated the new experimental testing method with existing ones from several perspectives, including the discovery of rules, operability, quantifiability, reproducibility, and the experiment duration. Results revealed that continuous testing of wetting and drying property can reproduce the conditions present when students wear certain items of clothing, enabling the students to discover that both wetting and drying property are concurrently required.

DOI： 10.18993/jcrdajp.37.3_1

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Language：English   Publisher：Japan Curriculum Research and Development Association  

Since detergents have an environmental impact, it is important to select them based on a scientific understanding. Here, the primary goal is to make decisions by utilizing the viewpoint of Education for Sustainable Development (ESD). Therefore, this research incorporated ESD and the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) of instruction to examine the results of four experiments conducted by junior high school and university students: 1) the solubility, 2) the rinsing, 3) the detergency, and 4) the environmental impact. During the class, junior high school students evaluated Detergent "A" and Detergent "B." The results showed that the priorities of the two detergents were 0.43 for Detergent A and 0.57 for Detergent B, and these results showed no significant change before and after the class. For university students, the priorities of the two detergents were 0.19 for Detergent A and 0.81 for Detergent B, which showed a significant change after the class was conducted. Overall, this research proved to be an effective approach to understanding the scientific decision-making.

DOI： 10.18993/jcrdaen.15.1_33

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Other Link： https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-24531132/

Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Japan Research Association for Textile End-Uses  

<p>The stain adhered on clothing with India ink could damage the appearance performance of clothing. Since the removal of soil is very difficult, a user gives up the use of clothing in many cases. In order to recover the function of clothes, removal of the India ink stain was considered from the viewpoint of the resources and environment that are the subject of a present-day clothes life. The soiled fabrics were made using white polyester, cotton, and polyester/cotton blended fabrics. The reflectance of the whole staining fabrics with solid India ink was lower. In the case of spot stained fabrics, no difference among the kinds of India ink was found. The soiled fabrics were washed out using bleach, dispersing agent and detergent. The significant difference was found between detergency and the kind of India ink, fiber, and the staining method (ANOVA, p<0.05). All of detergency was low and removal of India ink was difficult. When the kind of India ink compared the detergency, the detergency of the soiled fabrics with solid India ink was significantly higher (p< 0.05). The detergency of whole or spot staining fabric changed with the kind of a fiber or India ink. NaClO reduces function of protection colloid of a soot particle. It is thought that dispersing agent and surfactant are removing the soot particle from fabric.</p>

DOI： 10.11419/senshoshi.54.2_180

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Language：English   Publisher：JAPAN CURRICULUM RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ASSOCIATION  

The aim of this study is to develop a class for clothing management in the Junior High School Home Economics. Students acquire a scientific concept of laundry by this study of clothing management. An experiment to evaluate detergents was developed and practiced for this class. Students' experiment work sheets were analyzed. All students could confirm that when the surface tension decreased, it was one of the functions of the detergent. The surface tension was measured by using a variety of detergents and the hardness of water. The results were evaluated by comparing the numerical values of the properties of the detergent solution. It was understood that the experiments introduced into the class was effective. The educational content related to the detergency is necessary for the following.

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Japan Curriculum Research and Development Association  

In 2006, the Central Council for Education published a report that proposed the direction for which the school education in our country should develop. It suggested that the enhancement of ESD (Education for Sustainable Development) was required as a social mission for the school education. Furthermore, the Home Economics Curriculum was called upon to improve and to enhance the area concerning the "establishment of a lifestyle that considers the resources and the environment" in line with ESD principles. This paper on ESD in the Home Economics Curriculum begins its examination with this aim and its principles on this subject. This resulted in "a more scientific decision making process of problem solving to be used to examine the way in which we could lead life in relation to the self and the environment based upon the theories and principles clarified by the field of research in home economics". This was the basis for our curriculum. This paper, the topic of Home Economics Clothes Lifestyle, an elementary school course (2008 versions), was analyzed from this viewpoint. Results show a problem was found particularly with the topic "A Comfortable Way to Put on Clothes". Therefore, the experiment to which the theory and law were able to be acquired by a scientific method was found to be a part of the methodology of the clothes science curriculum. Furthermore, a new curriculum was developed. The principle of "A Warm and Cool Way to Put on Clothes" was shown. In addition, the characteristic and the method of wearing requested clothes were shown from the aspect of clothes science. Among these, neither study method nor knowledge was shown about the hue of the clothes in the study in the elementary school. Then, the experiment that examined the heat absorption ability of clothes when the hue was different was developed for classes in the elementary schools. In the experiment, simple teaching materials were used. The experiment used the following pieces of colored felt: black, white, gray, blue, green, yellow and red. Three places were chosen to measure the color hues in a sunny place, a shady place, and indoors. Measurements from two seasons - summer and winter - were taken as well. The heat absorption was different depending on the hue. The heat absorption for black and green felts were greater, and for white and yellow, less. On the other hand, in shady places and indoors, no difference was found between the colors. It was shown that the hue of clothes was a critical factor when wearing them in direct sunshine. As for the developed experiment, the principle was clean In this experiment, the difference of the heat absorption of the clothes color can be clarified.

DOI： 10.18993/jcrdajp.34.4_9

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Japan Curriculum Research and Development Association  

A teacher with 'practical leadership skills' is important in school education today. Central to this skill is the school curriculum's lesson. However, the present teacher-training programs neglectfully disregard this when it should be guaranteed as part of university program system. In order to establish this, a foundation of this problem needs to be established from this area of investigation, which develops a bridge between education subject and the subject of specialty, and uses education practice as its core. In 2006, the Okayama University Department of Education identified and reformed its core curriculum, which uses the concept 'Action Research' as a solution to this problem. From junior high school subject area was a request for the reorganization of the following: Subject I (content theory) ? Subject II (introduction) ? Subject III (development of content) ? Subject IV (specialties) as contents for its subject matter. In this report, the Home Economics Education Course used problem solving to examine 'the decrease in student's scholastic abilities' and 'Home Economics course teacher employment test'. These two areas produced the foundation of the core curriculum. As a result, the home economics curriculum was constructed and implemented in teacher training. The fundamental problems were analyzed from the above mentioned above viewpoint. The creation of the teacher training Home Economics curriculum raises the practical leadership skills of the subjects which fulfilled the purpose of their education. The consideration of the contents study of the subjects as a connecting domain was achieved. In the Home Economics Education Course, a solution of two problems mentioned above was worked on the following order: 1) investigation of the cause of the problem; 2) conversion of the view of a 'teacher training curriculum' and 'teacher training'; 3) 'teacher image that wants to be promoted' and 'difference between subject specialty and subject content study'; 5) 'the epistemological definition of a subject, and the systematic structure of contents study'; 6) structure of the teacher training Home Economics curriculum, which aims at integrating the subject education, the contents of subject, and practical teaching; and 7) construction of Home Economics "Contents theory" and "Contents development". Consequently, the "subject content study" as an "area of investigation which creates bridges" was constructed.

DOI： 10.18993/jcrdajp.35.2_19

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Japan Society on Water Environment  

The aim of this study is to survey damage reduction of in an aqueous environment using nonionic surfactants and to develop a resourceful system that recovers and recycles. In previous papers, it was reported that a nonionic surfactant in solution can be removed and recovered using a suction filtration packing soil system. In this study, the recovered nonionic surfactant was separated from the alcohol component of the extract, and examined for possible recycling. The result showed that NP10, NP15, and NP20 could be separated from alcohol using an evaporator. The structure of the separated nonionic surfactant showed no change, as determined from the result of NMR analysis. The performance parameters related to detergency, namely, surface tension, osmotic force, critical micelle concentration, dispersion force, and emulsion stability, were examined for the nonionic surfactant. Although a part of surface tension, osmotic force, and the dispersion force had the significant difference as compared with the intact surfactants, these were maintained of the nonionic surfactant even after separating it from alcohol. From these results, it is clear that, if restricted for this model system, recovered nonionic surfactants can be recyclable.

DOI： 10.2965/jswe.34.191

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Japan Research Association for Textile End-Uses  

<p>The bleach continues to resolve its component over the lapse of time and the potency decreases. If the amount of chlorine was determined before use, bleach was considered to be convenient. Next, the amount of oxygen was generated by resolving sodium hypochlorite and was measured by using cobalt oxide as a catalyst. A proportional relationship was observed between the amount of oxygen V(mmol) and the available chlorine concentration H (%). The linear equation shown by V=6.40H + 0.03 was obtained (correlation coefficient of 0.999 and minimum limit of determination of 2.8&times;10^-2 mmol). The reliability of measurements was 0.112&plusmn;0.002% (mean&plusmn;SD, n=3), 0.018 (coefficient of variation), and 0.001% (standard error). The concentration of the available commercial chlorine was determined by using this equation as a calibration curve. When the bottle was opened, it was determined that 5.2% of the available concentration of chlorine was lost. The reaction mechanism of this experiment to use the cobalt oxide for the catalyst was examined. The results corresponded positively to the measured data and theoretical formula. Finally, it was concluded that this decision to use these amounts of concentrations was effective.</p>

DOI： 10.11419/senshoshi.52.6_376

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Japan Society on Water Environment  

In a previous study, it was determined that nonionic surfactants could be removed from wastewater using the typical soil. In this report, the recovery of nonionic surfactants was examined with the purpose of reusing the removed surfactants. It was found that a packed bed of soil employed with the nonionic surfactants and the use of alcohol as the recovery agent was most effective. In the case of polyoxyethylenenonylphenylether NP10 (50 ppm), 50 vol% i-PrOH was found to be the most effective for the recovery process. This resulted in a recovery rate of 100%. The following recovery rate was recorded in descending order of i-PrOH>t-BuOH>n-PrOH, EtOH>MeOH. Also, the maximum recovery value resulted between each of the 5 alcohol concentration and their respective recovery rates. The recovery rate of the nonionic surfactants of a low concentration was decreased. In addition, the recovery rate of nonionic surfactants decreased as the mole numbers of the added ethyleneoxide units increased for the nonionic surfactants NP10, NP15 and NP20.

DOI： 10.2965/jswe.33.193

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Japan Society on Water Environment  

The ability of a typical soil to remove nonionic surfactants from wastewater was investigated. A packed bed using the above soil, with suction filtering of Polyoxyethylenenonylphenylether (NP10,15,20) solution through the packed bed, was prepared. We found that the removal efficiency decreased as the concentration of the NP10 solution is increased and that the Freundlich equation could be used to describe the relationship between the concentration and the removal efficiency in the concentration range of 20-200 ppm. In addition, the removal efficiency tended to decrease as the mole number of added ethyleneoxide (EO) units is increased. This method was found to have a high removal efficiency with regard to wastewater including these solutions of such low concentration that would be discharged into the environment.

DOI： 10.2965/jswe.31.383

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Japan Research Association for Textile End-Uses  

Recently, non-ionic surfactants are widely used as home detergents. It is desired to develop a simple measurement method for evaluating the remaining non-ionic surfactants in the laundry, the effect of rinsing in the wash, and the behaviour of non-ionic surfactants in the drainage. In this study, a new quantitative determination method for evaluating the POE type of non-ionic surfactants is proposed The method utilizes a handmade heating turbidimeter which measures the tubidity relating to its temperature change. The effectiveness of the proposed quantitative determination method is verified by comparing with conventional UV and ELISA methods.

DOI： 10.11419/senshoshi1960.46.503

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Japan Society for Science Education  

It is often required to compare the depth of colors of solid matters in homemaking studies. The colorimeter is widely used, but it is difficult to use it in school education for financial reasons. So, usually a visual comparison is made and the results are recorded subjectively. Because of the reasons mentioned above, a trial production of a simple colorimeter was attempted. Also, we studied the relation of the concentration of detergent to detergency, and the concentration of bleaching agent to bleaching efficiency; we also researched how to prevent cut ends of apples from browning, using the trial apparatus. As a result of these studies, a close agreement between experimental results measured by this trial colorimeter and results measured by the colorimeter on sale were obtained. The availability of the trial colorimeter was thus confirmed.

DOI： 10.14935/jssej.29.39

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：鳴門教育大学  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：鳴門教育大学  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：鳴門教育大学  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Japan Society for Science Education  

In order to improve science literacy, the present authors have been developing several kinds of teaching materials in the field of home economics education. One such recent example is a new type of turbidimeter, which consists of a solar cell and a light emitting diode furnished with a cooling function. By using this material, they attempts to determine the gelatinizing temperature of starch and the value of cloud point of nonionic surfactants. These figures stand very close results with those reported in the previous empirical studies. Finally, they present several teaching examples in a classroom context in which this turbidimeter will be employed.

DOI： 10.14935/jssej.27.171

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Japan Society of Home Economics  

The hosehold bleaching agent, sodium hypochlorite, has been employed for bleaching, sterilization of drains and toilets, and cleaning sinks. For safe and effective use, particular attention should be given to the concentration of the agent, because the available concentration often decreases easily. According to the Japanese Industrial Standard, the concentration of sodium hypochlorite is determined titrimetrically with sodium thiosulfate and represented by the "concentration of available chlorine H." Titrimetric methods have required a variety of agents and have been accompanied by a difficulty in detecting the end-point of the titration. In this study, a method for measuring the available concentration was developed through the volumetric analysis of oxygen gas produced from the reaction when sodium hypochlorite and hydrogen peroxide are mixed. The method offered much saving in time, cost, and complexity. An analysis of the relationship between the amount of the oxygen gas and the concentration of available chlorine H by the JIS method showed a correlation of 0.998, indicating that this method is very useful for measuring the concentration of sodium hypochlorite in solutions. This method should enable the apparent rate constant of the reaction to be determined when the amount of the produced oxygen gas is measured at regular time intervals.

DOI： 10.11428/jhej1987.52.161

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Other Link： http://dl.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/10582515

Language：Japanese   Publisher：Japan Society for Science Education  

In order to create an awareness in school of the association between science and technology with daily life, daily necessities were employed as learning subjects. This study created such an awareness in high school students by using disposable diapers as an example of a daily necessity. In this lesson, each student was first asked to indicate a preference for either hydrophilic or hydrophobic lining for the diaper, and then to prepare two diapers using hydrophilic or hydrophobic lining,water-absorbent padding and backing.A Iarge percentage of studentsexpressed the common assumption that since hydrophilic materials were suitable for fabrics contacting the skin they were also suitable for the lining of diapers. However, after a measured quantity of water was poured onto the two diapers and the two linings were compared by touch, the students recognised their misconception. They also observed that the water absorption rate of commercial diapers was much faster than those of their own making, illustrating the absorption mechanism. Thus they learned that many aspects of science and technology taught in school, such as capillary action and super absorbent polymer to soak up large amounts of water, were employed in the production of disposable diapers which they had formerly regarded simply as paper and cotton pulp. This research should enable us to recognize the need to adopt as learning subjects objects in the daily livers of the learners.

DOI： 10.14935/jssej.25.108

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Japan Society for Science Education  

The object of this study is the development and/or application of teaching materials to support integrated study from the standpoint of natural science.A trial gas-buret was used for volumetric analysis of carbon dioxide formed as a reaction product of sodium carbonate and a large excess of hydrochloric acid.From the results of this teaching material, the following three evidences were confirmed;(1)The volume of carbon dioxide is strictly proportional to the weight of sodium carbonate, and a calibration curve on each compound is easily obtained.(2)Molecular weight of sodium carbonate(105.0)obtained from a slope of a calibration curve is in fair agreement with that of the calculated value(105.99).(3)In six kinds of weak alescent synthetic detergents and four kinds of soaps, the content of sodium carbonate were determined.In detergents, the content of sodium carbonate were shown to be in the range of 8.16-39.3 Wt%, while in soaps it was in the range of 2.15-33.3 Wt%.That is to say, the ratio of surfactants/carbonate in these samples were not constant.It may be concluded that a trial gas-buret could be used, as teaching material, not only for acquiring of basic knowlege but also for creating and improving applications in daily life.

DOI： 10.14935/jssej.24.106

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Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

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Language：English   Presentation type：Poster presentation  

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