Authorship：Lead author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：International Society for Horticultural Science (ISHS)  

DOI： 10.17660/actahortic.2018.1222.19

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Authorship：Lead author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Informa UK Limited  

DOI： 10.1080/13416979.2017.1320207

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Authorship：Lead author   Language：English   Publisher：The Japanese Association for Arid Land Studies  

<p>Juniperus sabina L. is an evergreen shrub with prostrate life form that may effectively stabilize sand dunes and moving sand. Therefore, it serves as an important woody species for revegetation in semiarid areas of China. The main root system of J. sabina can reach deep into soil while adventitious roots mostly extend into surface soil. To evaluate water movement between different soil-layers these root systems that is associated with rainfall-induced vertical heterogeneity in soil moisture, we measured changes in sap flow and soil moisture content as well as atmospheric temperature and humidity. The patch radius of twenty-four patches was also measured for 7 years to monitor changes in growth rate. Nighttime sap flow between the main root system and adventitious roots during periods of no rainfall was measured; nighttime sap flow decreased or disappeared after rainfall. The annual growth rate of the patch radius was significantly correlated with the annual deposition rate of sand and the amount of annual precipitation. It was suggested that water movement occurs from the deeper moist soil layer to dry surface soil layer via the main root system and adventitious roots by hydraulic redistribution (HR). This movement increased with the progression of drought in the surface soil layer after a rain event. J. sabina can effectively use both subsoil water during periods of drought and rainwater in surface soil layer after an occasional rain event through the HR. This allows the plant to survive and continuously grow under water-limited conditions and in a mobile sand environment in semiarid areas.</p>

DOI： 10.14976/jals.26.3_95

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Springer-Verlag Tokyo  

Unfortunately, the variable ab has changed globally as b in Table 2 and published incorrectly in the original publication of the article.The corrected Table 2 should read as given in this Erratum. The original article has also been updated.

DOI： 10.1007/s11355-016-0299-1

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：SPRINGER JAPAN KK  

Maintenance of water transport is very important for plant growth and survival. We studied seven woody species that inhabit the semi-arid Mu Us Sandy Land, China, to understand their strategies for maintaining hydraulic function. We evaluated water transport properties, including cavitation resistance, hydraulic recovery, and water loss regulation by stomatal control, which are associated with xylem structural and leaf physiological traits. We also discussed the water-use characteristics of these species by comparing them with those of species in other regions. Species with tracheids had higher levels of xylem resistance to cavitation and a smaller midday transpiration rate than the other species studied. Although species with vessels were less resistant to cavitation, some recovered hydraulic conductivity within 12 h of rehydration. Species with xylem tracheids could maintain their hydraulic function through resistance to cavitation and by relaxing xylem tension. Although species with vessels had less resistant xylem, they could maintain hydraulic function through hydraulic recovery even when xylem dysfunction occurred. Additionally, the species studied here were less resistant to cavitation than species in semi-arid environments, and equally or less resistant than species in humid environments. Rather than allow hydraulic dysfunction due to drought-induced dehydration, they may develop water absorption systems to avoid or recover quickly from hydraulic dysfunction. Thus, not only stem cavitation resistance to drought but also stem-root coordination should be considered when selecting plants for the revegetation of arid regions.

DOI： 10.1007/s11355-015-0290-2

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：WILEY-BLACKWELL  

It was recently reported that cutting artefacts occur in some species when branches under tension are cut, even underwater. We used non-destructive magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to investigate the change in xylem water distribution at the cellular level in Vitis coignetiae standing stems before and after relaxing tension. Less than 3% of vessels were cavitated when stems under tension were cut under water at a position shorter than the maximum vessel length (MVL) from the MRI point, in three of four plants. The vessel contents remained at their original status, and cutting artefact vessel cavitation declined to &lt;1% when stems were cut at a position farther than the MVL from the MRI point. Water infiltration into the originally cavitated vessels after cutting the stem, i. e. vessel refilling, was found in &lt;1% of vessels independent of cutting position on three of nine plants. The results indicate that both vessel cavitation and refilling occur in xylem tissue under tension following stem cutting, but its frequency is quite small, and artefacts can be minimized altogether if the distance between the monitoring position and the cutting point is longer than the MVL.

DOI： 10.1111/pce.12617

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Development of xylem embolism during water stress in two diffuse-porous hardwoods, Katsura (Cercidiphyllum japonicum) and Japanese white birch (Betula platyphylla var. japonica), was observed non-destructively under a compact magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) system in addition to conventional quantitation of hydraulic vulnerability to cavitation from excised stem segments. Distribution of white and dark areas in MR images corresponded well to the distribution of water-filled/embolized vessels observed by cryo-scanning electron microscopy in both species. Water-filled vessels were observed in MR images as white areas in Katsura and as white dots in Japanese white birch, respectively, and embolisms could be detected as a change to dark areas. The increase in the relative embolized area (REA: %) in the cross-sectional area of total xylem during water stress, which was estimated from the binarized MR images, was consistent with the hydraulic vulnerability curves of these species. From the non-destructive MRI observations, cavitation induced by water stress was shown to develop earlier in 1- or 2-year-old xylem than in the current-year xylem in both species; that is, the vulnerability to cavitation differs between vessels in the current-year xylem and those in older annual rings.

DOI： 10.1111/pce.12510

PubMed

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：SPRINGER  

Sustainable stomatal opening despite xylem cavitation occurs in ring-porous species and stomatal closure prior to cavitation in diffuse-porous species during soil drought.
To elucidate the relationship between water loss regulation and vulnerability to cavitation associated with xylem structure, stomatal conductance (g (s)), defoliation, vulnerability curves, and vessel features were measured on seedlings of ring-porous Zelkova serrata and Melia azedarach, and diffuse-porous Betula platyphylla var. japonica, Cerasus jamasakura and Carpinus tschonoskii. Under prolonged drought conditions, the percentage loss of hydraulic conductivity (PLC) increased and g (s) decreased gradually with decreasing predawn (I-pd) or xylem water potential (I-xylem) in Z. serrata. During the gentle increase of PLC in M. azedarach, g (s) increased in the early stages of dehydration while leaves were partly shed. A sharp reduction in g (s) was observed before the onset of an increase in the PLC for drying plants of the three diffuse-porous species, suggesting cavitation avoidance by stomatal regulation. In the ring-porous species, xylem-specific hydraulic conductivity (K (s)) was higher, whereas the vessel multiple fractions, the ratio of the number of grouped vessels to total vessels, was lower than that in the diffuse-porous species, suggesting that many were distributed as solitary vessels. This may explain the gradual increase in the PLC with decreasing I-xylem because isolated vessels provide less opportunity for air seeding. Different water loss regulation to soil drought was identified among the species, with potential mechanisms being sustainable gas exchange at the expense of xylem dysfunction or partial leaf shedding, and the avoidance of xylem cavitation by strict stomatal regulation. These were linked to vulnerability to cavitation that appears to be governed by xylem structural properties.

DOI： 10.1007/s00468-013-0963-0

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：OXFORD UNIV PRESS  

Woody species hydraulically vulnerable to xylem cavitation may experience daily xylem embolism. How such species cope with the possibility of accumulated embolism is unclear. In this study, we examined seven temperate woody species to assess the hypothesis that low cavitation resistance (high vulnerability to cavitation) is compensated by high recovery performance via vessel refilling. We also evaluated leaf functional and xylem structural traits. The xylem recovery index (XRI), defined as the ratio of xylem hydraulic conductivity in plants rewatered after soil drought to that in plants under moist conditions, varied among species. The xylem water potential causing 50% loss of hydraulic conductivity (Psi(50)) varied among the species studied, whereas only a slight difference was detected with respect to midday xylem water potential (Psi(min)), indicating smaller hydraulic safety margins (Psi(min) - Psi(50)) for species more vulnerable to cavitation. Cavitation resistance (vertical bar Psi(50)vertical bar) was negatively correlated with XRI across species, with cavitation-vulnerable species showing a higher performance in xylem recovery. Wood density was positively correlated with cavitation resistance and was negatively correlated with XRI. These novel results reveal that coordination exists between cavitation resistance and xylem recovery performance, in association with wood functional traits such as denser wood for cavitation-resistant xylem and less-dense but water-storable wood for refillable xylem. These findings provide insights into long-term maintenance of water transport in tree species growing under variable environmental conditions.

DOI： 10.1093/treephys/tpt010

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Xylem cavitation and its recovery were studied in 1-year-old stems of ring-porous Quercus serrata Thunb. and diffuse-porous Betula platyphylla var. japonica Hara. The Q. serrata had 5-100 mu m vessel diameter in the functional current xylem and 5-75 mu m in nonconducting 1-year-old xylem; B. platyphylla had a narrower range of vessel diameters of 5-55 mu m and more than double the number of vessels in both functional growth rings. Although hydraulic conductivity of Q. serrata appeared to decrease after release of moderate water stress of a half loss of native hydraulic conductivity-about -2 MPa in xylem water potential-no significant recovery of hydraulic conductivity was observed, probably because of intraspecific variation in vessel diameter distribution, which induced variable vulnerability to cavitation. Furthermore, in terms of xylem anatomy, larger and more efficient vessels of the current xylem did not show obvious refilling. In B. platyphylla, after release of water stress, rapid (1 h) recoveries of both hydraulic conductivity and water potential were apparent after rewatering: so-called &apos;novel refilling&apos;. During that time, a high degree of vessel refilling was observed in both xylems. At 12 h after rewatering, embolized vessels of the current xylem had refilled completely, although about 20% of vessels were still embolized in 1-year-old xylem. This different pattern of vessel refilling in relation to xylem age for B. platyphylla might be attributable to structural faults in the 1-year-old xylem, such as pit degradation or perhaps xylem aging itself. Results show that Q. serrata performs water conduction using highly efficient large vessels instead of unclear vessel refilling. In contrast, B. platyphylla transports water via less efficient but numerous vessels. If cavitation occurs, B. platyphylla improves water conduction by increasing the degree of vessel refilling.

DOI： 10.1093/treephys/tpq011

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：WILEY  

Juniperus sabinaL. is an evergreen coniferous shrub, with a widespread distribution in Asia and Europe. It is one of the key species for restoration of the ecosystem in desertification areas. In the present study, we isolated and characterized eight microsatellite loci of this species. The number of alleles per locus ranged from two to 27, with observed heterozygosity values ranging from 0.256 to 0.744 and expected heterozygosity from 0.276 to 0.939. The markers developed in this study could be useful for population genetics studies of J. sabina.

DOI： 10.1111/1442-1984.12152

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© 2015, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. Key message: Freezing with liquid nitrogen promotes the expansion of air in water columns of water-stressed, intact trees that are not transpiring. Abstract: In analyses of the distribution of water-filled and embolized conduits, xylem sap is frozen with liquid nitrogen and visualized using cryo-scanning electron microscopy (cryo-SEM). However, artifacts may be introduced during preparation of samples for these analyses. If the xylem is frozen intact, conduits may embolize during freezing when xylem water potential (Ψxylem) is substantially negative, whereas rehydration to release negative pressure may induce artifactual refilling. To evaluate these sampling phenomena during dehydration and rehydration, we monitored dynamic changes in xylem functional status in the stem of Dendropanax trifidus by compact magnetic resonance imaging (CMRI). We also visualized the water distribution in xylem (under low Ψxylem and with no transpiration) after freezing D. trifidus and Carpinus tschonoskii stems with liquid nitrogen. Artifactual refilling of embolized conduits was sometimes observed in D. trifidus samples cut underwater prior to freezing; however, the extent of refilling may have no influence on hydraulic measurements. Living cells in all samples were dramatically restored after rehydration by cutting underwater. In the current-year xylem, intact saplings of C. tschonoskii frozen with liquid nitrogen after dehydration had a greater number of embolized vessels than samples cut underwater. When a low Ψxylem (≤−2.5 MPa) was maintained, artifactual embolisms were rarely observed in samples directly frozen after rehydration. Thus, relaxation of negative Ψxylem and rehydration are important factors for consideration when assessing the distribution of embolized conduits by cryo-SEM.

DOI： 10.1007/s00468-015-1302-4

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：JAPANESE SOCIETY OF REVEGETATION TECHNOLOGY  

We investigated the effect of soil surface environmental conditions on the stand structure of Artemisia ordosica Krasch., which is a deciduous semi shrub and one of the revegetation plant in semiarid area, China. The effect of Juniperus sabina L., which has prostrate life-form and often distributed with A. ordosica was also considered. Individual density, position, size, existence of fruits, and soil surface conditions were measured. The results suggested that both species exclude with each other and the A. ordosica community on the fixed sand dune was influenced by the competition to get the resources with J. sabina rather than the nutrient conditions of soil surface.

DOI： 10.7211/jjsrt.41.56

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：METEOROLOGICAL SOC JAPAN  

A parameter set expressing the potential response used to simulate evapotranspiration was inferred from pooled data of leaf-level stomatal conductance in the Far East. We used Jarvis-type parameterization, which consists of restriction terms of light, air dryness, temperature, and soil water. Two parameter sets, pooled common (PC) and within-site (WS) sets, were determined using stomatal conductance data of eight species at nine sites. Seasonal changes of energy and water fluxes observed at four tower sites are well reproduced by a land surface model, despite using a different set of parameters. The results suggest that energy and water fluxes can be simulated using only one common parameter set with no parameter tuning, at least for forests in a wide region of the Far East.
We discuss why similar fluxes were simulated using PC and WS parameters despite the clear differences between these two parameter sets. Sensitivity experiments showed that the effects of maximum stomatal conductance and soil water content mutually cancel each other in Yakutsk and that an optimum temperature effect was added.

DOI： 10.2151/jmsj.2013-303

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Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) have been observed in deep soil layers in arid lands. However, change in AMF community structure with soil depth and vertical distributions of the other root-associated microorganisms are unclear. Here, we examined colonization by AMF and dark septate fungi (DSF), as well as the community structure of AMF and endophytic fungi (EF) and endophytic bacteria (EB) in association with soil depth in a semiarid desert with shallow groundwater. Roots of Sabina vulgaris and soils were collected from surface to groundwater level at 20-cm intervals. Soil chemistry (water content, total N, and available P) and colonization of AMF and DSF were measured. Community structures of AMF, EF, and EB were examined by terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. AMF colonization decreased with soil depth, although it was mostly higher than 50%. Number of AMF phylotypes decreased with soil depth, but more than five phylotypes were observed at depths up to 100 cm. Number of AMF phylotypes had a significant and positive relationship with soil moisture level within 0-15% of soil water content. DSF colonization was high but limited to soil surface. Number of phylotypes of EF and EB were diverse even in deep soil layers, and the community composition was associated with the colonization and community composition of AMF. This study indicates that AMF species richness in roots decreases but is maintained in deep soil layers in semiarid regions, and change in AMF colonization and community structure associates with community structure of the other root-associated microorganisms.

DOI： 10.1007/s00572-011-0417-8

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：SPRINGER JAPAN KK  

The present paper shows simulated results of seasonal and inter-annual variations in energy and carbon exchanges and forest dynamics in a sub-boreal deciduous forest using a fully coupled atmosphere-vegetation interaction model [multilayered integrated numerical model of surface physics-growing plants interaction (MINoSGI)]. With careful adjustment of site-specific eco-physiological parameters, MINoSGI reproduced successfully stand biomass-tree density relationship based on the forest inventory data for 7 years (1999-2005) and seasonal and inter-annual variations in energy and CO2 fluxes measured by means of eddy covariance technique for 3 years (2003-2005) in the sub-boreal forest, northern Japan. In addition, MINoSGI estimated annual evapotranspiration (E (vt)) at 328.6 +/- A 25.8 mm year(-1), net primary production (NPP) at 372.1 +/- A 31.5 gC m(-2) year(-1) and net ecosystem exchange (NEE) at -224.2 +/- A 32.2 gC m(-2) year(-1). We found the estimate of annual NEE in our site lies among the estimates at other forest stands with the almost same climatic conditions in northern Japan, although the tree species and stand age of these forests are different from those of our site. Overall, MINoSGI was found useful to present simultaneous simulations of forest dynamics, surface energy, and carbon exchanges of a forest stand in the future from micro-meteorological and ecophysiological points of view.

DOI： 10.1007/s11284-010-0763-6

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：JAPANESE SOCIETY OF REVEGETATION TECHNOLOGY  

We investigated the distribution of A. squarrosum in the semi-fixed and shifting sand dunes at Mu Us Desert in Inner Mongolia. The relative elevations from the groundwater level to the A. squarrosum community, as well as the form and biomass of A. squarrosum were investigated. Research shows that A. squarrosum plants grew at elevations between 108 cm and 532 cm above the groundwater level. In plots over 500 cm above groundwater level, A. squarrosum is the most dominant species. In addition, the community of A. squarrosum was found in the environment in which other species didn't grow easily, such as areas where water supply to plants is limited. The long main root of A. squarrosum enables the plant to access dewfall water or moisture from under dry sand. The form T/R ratio of A. squarrosum was under 1.00 because of the main root length, and the biomass T/R ratio was over 1.00. The biomass of A. squarrosum was determined using the approximation method.

DOI： 10.7211/jjsrt.35.39

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： 10.7211/jjsrt.34.636

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：The Japanese Society of Revegetation Technology  

Pleioblastus pubescens Nakai occurs in different light conditions of secondary forests in the warmtemperate zone of Japan. Under different light conditions, we experimentally grew P. pubescence by planting the rhizomes, surveyed emergence, growth and survivorship of culms and leaves, and observed the morphology of leaves. Emerging duration of culms including tillering culms was longer, and the cumulative number of those culms was larger in the high light intensity than in the low light intensity. In the high light intensity, survival number of culms tended to be higher. The culm mortality in the relative light intensity of 1% was the highest In high light intensity, culm elongation rates were slower and the length after the complation elongation tended to be shorter than in the low light intensity. Therefore, it is suggested that P. pubescens has different regimes for invading and dominating the habitats in different light conditions. It is likely that P. pubescence increases the density with short culms in the high light intensity, on the other hand, it increases the length of culms with the low density in the low light intensit In foliage, longevity of leaves in high light intensity is shorter than that in the low light intensity. It was suggested that the foliage in the high light intensity is maintained by longer duration of culm and leaf emergence, and that in low light intensity is maintained by longer leaf longevity. In addition, leaves were smaller and thicker in light conditions.

DOI： 10.7211/jjsrt.34.524

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： 10.7211/jjsrt.35.51

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Springer Science and Business Media LLC  

DOI： 10.1007/s11355-008-0050-7

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：The Japanese Society of Revegetation Technology  

We investigated the relationship between groundwater level and distribution of Cynanchum komarovii in Musu sandy land. As a result, relative elevation at which C. komarovii was distributed ranged from 68 cm to 314 cm at this study area. The dry weight of C. komarovii was highest at the lower part of sand dune, where the relative elevation from groundwater level was 140 cm. The number of species was lower at the bottom of the sand dune than at other level. According to the groundwater level and the distribution depth of stem and root, it was thought that C. komarovii adjusted by extending the stem to sedimental sand, and grew while using underground water. We consider it could be suitable for use as a ground cover at sites affected by overgrazing in semi-arid land.

DOI： 10.7211/jjsrt.34.33

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University  

&nbsp;&nbsp;We compared effects of different growing water potential conditions on physiological and morphological water&ndash;use properties of Sabina vulgaris Ant., which is an evergreen shrub that is widely distributed in arid and semi-arid environments of the Mu Us Sandy Land, China. Measurements were taken of cuttings grown for eight years under -0.02 MPa (control), -0.10 MPa (moderate water stress), and -0.34 MPa (severe water stress) water potential conditions. The transpiration rate (T_r) under moderate stress was significantly lower than that under severe stress and control water conditions (49% and 45% lower, respectively, than severe stress and the control on average). The leaf-specific hydraulic conductivity (LSC) in shrubs growing under moderate water stress was also significantly lower than for those under the severe water potential condition. In contrast, S. vulgaris growing under severe water stress had less leaf biomass than under moderate stress or control conditions. These results suggest that S. vulgaris growing under moderate water stress tends to show a reduced transpiration rate derived from its low LSC; therefore it avoids water loss in response to chronic water stress, while plants growing under severe water stress tends to reduce water loss through decreased leaf biomass. These results suggest that S. vulgaris has a high capacity for acclimation to different water potential conditions through physiological and morphological flexibility.

DOI： 10.3107/jesss.2.27

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：The Japanese Society of Revegetation Technology  

Our interests are in detecting the spatial pattern of Phyllostachys nigra var. henonis culms within growth stages -sprouts, current-year culms, and 5-year-old culms- and discussing the changes among them. The analysis used Ripley's univariate L(t) function. Change in the spatial pattern among growth stages was not observed in the intermediate and edge parts of bamboo forest where culms were less aggregated from early stage. In the interior, sprouts and current-year culms had clumped distribution at almost all distances in years with high annual culm production, Spatial pattern changes were observed from a clumped distribution of current-year culms into a less aggregated distribution of 5-year-old culms. We infer that the density is a determinant in forming the spatial pattern of culm stage of P. nigra v. henonis through competition in the stand with high density culms.

DOI： 10.7211/jjsrt.33.65

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：The Japanese Society of Revegetation Technology  

A 12-years monitoring was conducted of a bamboo forest adjacent to a deciduous broad-leaved forest to clarify the bamboo stand dynamics during its expansion into an adjacent forest. The bamboo forest gradually expanded its area into the deciduous broad-leaved forest at an invasion rate of 7m over 12 years. The density and aboveground biomass of bamboo living culms in the study plot increased. Conversely, the understory trees' density and species number decreased. The mean diameter at breast height (dbh) of living culms did not differ between the interior zone and the periphery zone of the bamboo stand through observation. Although increment number and aboveground biomass were constant in three innermost sub-plots, they were markedly increased in outer part, which increased understory trees' mortality.

DOI： 10.7211/jjsrt.32.15

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：The Japanese Society of Revegetation Technology  

Forest structure and growth of individual trees were investigated by enumeration survey and stem analysis in the windbreaks established and left free for 15 years in Mu-Us desert in Yinchuan City, Ninxia-Huizu Autonomous Region, China. 40% of planted Populus alba var. pyramidalis reduced because of self-thinning promoted by severe intra-specific competition for natural resources. Survived trees showed the vigorous growth reaching higher than 12 meters. On the other hand, self-thinning was seldom occurred in both windbreaks of P. Opera and P. hopeiensis. They had a lot of dead branches on their crowns and their annual height growth showed an asymptotic curve to the 7 to 10 meters maximum height. Soil moisture content was lower in P. alba var. pyramidalis forest than in P. Opera and P. hopeiensis forests, because of more water consumption of P. alba var. pyramidalis by great volume of leaf biomass.

DOI： 10.7211/jjsrt.32.137

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：The Japanese Society of Revegetation Technology  

To analyze genetic variation among Avicennia marina populations growing along the coastal area of the Sultanate of Oman, seven Avicennia marina populations were selected and DNA polymorphism was measured by the RAPD method. Genetic distances between the northern and central populations and the southern population were longer than the distances between the northern populations and the central populations. It suggested the necessity of consideration for the mutual transplantation of seeds and seedlings for the afforestation program. Genetic diversity showed significant positive correlation with forest area. Therefore it was important to maintain Avicennia marina population occuping a large forest area for the conservation of genetic diversity.

DOI： 10.7211/jjsrt.31.92

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：The Japanese Society of Revegetation Technology  

Rhizomes of pieioblastus pubescence were planted under the different light conditions of 100%, 10%, 5%, and 1% as relative light intensity After culm sprouting, length, diameters, leaf number, standing crop, diurnal photosynthetic rates and photosynthetic rates under different light intensity were measured by treatments. The number of emerging culms was larger and the sizes were smaller in high light intensity conditions than in low light conditions. Thickness of leaves and specific leaf area wem the largest, in 100% light conditions. Photosynthetic rates a day were highest in 100% light condition and lowest, in 1% light condition. Standing crop in 100% condition was larger than initial standing crop of planted rhizome, those in 10% and 5% conditions were similar with initial one, and that in 1% condition was smaller.

DOI： 10.7211/jjsrt.30.175

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：The Japanese Society of Revegetation Technology  

Saplings of Sabina vulgaris Ant, and Juniprus chinensis var. Kaizuka Hort, were grown under two levels of soil moisuture conditions, pF1.8 and pF4.2. Transpiration rate, stomatal conductance and water potential were measured under natural condition. Cuticular and stomatal transpiration rates were measured by a cut branch method. Drught stress decreased the stomatal conductance of S. vulgaris and hastened stomata closure at high water content of needle. High ability of water absorption of S. vulgaris was secured by the high gradient of water potential between needle and basal part of stem. On the other hand, high rate of transpiration was realized under high water supply. J. chinensis var. kaizuka showed a significant reduction of both stomatal and cuticular transpiration rates by the effet of drought stress. Stomatal closure was occurred at relatively high water content of needle. Although there is no difference of the gradient of water potential in top part of J. chinensis var. kaizuka between the treatments pF1.8 and pF4.2, the gradient of water potential under ground part beame significantly low in the treatment pF4.2.

DOI： 10.7211/jjsrt.30.98

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Authorship：Lead author   Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：The Japanese Society of Revegetation Technology  

To elucidate the differences in whole-tree water use of Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc, growing in different site conditions, we measured the stomatal conductance, the transpiration rate, and the leaf water potential in leaf. The sap now velocity and the change of diameter also were measured in branch and stem. It was suggested that pine tree of the upper part of the slope, growing under dry condition controlled the stomatal openness and reduce the water loss in response to soil drying, according to the increase of hydraulic resistance in branch. The water storage of branch and stem partially compensated the temporal water storage. While pine tree of the lower part of the slope, growing on relatively moist condition maintained the high stomatal conductance and transpired irrespective of soil drying.

DOI： 10.7211/jjsrt.30.104

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：The Japanese Society of Revegetation Technology  

Seasonal change of leaf number, morphological characteristic of leaves, and photosynthetic rates were measured in Phyllostachys bambusoides. The leaf fall and leaf emerging occurred rapidly and simultaneously from April to May. Young culm retained high leaf density. Old culm retained low leaf density and tended to hold old leaves at high ratio. Therefore, we considered that leaf exchange rate decreased and the leaf longevity increased with an increase of culm age. One year culm had the thickest and largest leaves. Leaves became thinner and smaller with an increase of culm age. Maximum net photosynthetic rates decreased with an increase of culm age. Therefore, the negative correlation was detected between leaf exchange rates and photosynthetic rates, among the culms with different age, which suggested the existence of the trade-off relations.

DOI： 10.7211/jjsrt.30.181

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DOI： 10.7211/jjsrt.30.110

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

In pine forests damaged by pine wilt disease, in western Japan, the effect of protection regimes of pine trees on the stand dynamics were examined in the following four stands: (1) lightly damaged stand (age 30-40 years) with no procedure in operation for protecting pine trees
(2) severely damaged stand (age 30-40 years) with no procedure in place for protecting pine trees
(3) severely damaged stand (age 50 years) with a selective cutting of infected trees
(4) severely damaged stand (age 30-40 years) with a selective cutting of infected trees. All the stands had been abandoned before the pine wilt disease damage. The understory structure of the severely damaged stand with no protection procedure was similar to that of the lightly damaged stand. Frequent invasion by tree species and acceleration in the growth of understory trees occurred after the dieback in the selective cutting stand. These results suggest that a deficiency in the canopy layer caused by the dieback resulted in low disturbance intensity in the early stages after the die-back, but the selective cutting increased the intensity by the reduction in the understory as well as the canopy layer. The intensity of the disturbance in the selective cutting stands was larger in the younger stand because it had a higher density of selectively cut pine trees. The different stand structure of pine forests occurred after the dieback because the intensity of the disturbance varied as a result of the selective cutting operation and the stand age.

DOI： 10.1007/s10310-003-0044-0

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To elucidate the differences in the leaf water relations of Pinus densiflora Sieb, et Zucc. growing in different soil moisture conditions, we examined the pressure-volume curve and the diurnal changes in the stomatal conductance, the transpiration rate, and the leaf water potential. The leaf water relations were compared using field-grown 40-year-old pine trees growing on the upper and lower parts of a slope. We also compared the leaf water relations of potted 4-year-old saplings growing at pF 4.2 and pF 1.8 soil moisture levels for almost 1 year. The values of the ratio of symplasmic water at turgor loss point to symplasmic water at saturated point (V p/Vo) and bulk modulus of elasticity (ε) of both the adult trees on the upper part of the slope and the potted saplings growing on pF 4.2 soil moisture were higher than those values of both the adult trees on the lower part of the slope and the potted saplings growing on pF 1.8 soil moisture, respectively. The field-grown adult tree and the potted saplings growing under long-term water stress tended to reduce their stomatal conductance in response to the acute soil drying. It is suggested that P. densiflora growing under long-term water stress rapidly closed its stomata in response to soil drying and avoided losing water, and could also rapidly absorb water with reducing water loss because of the decrease in the leaf pressure potential derived from the high ε values.

DOI： 10.1007/s10310-002-0021-z

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Authorship：Lead author   Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：The Japanese Society of Revegetation Technology  

tructures of two mangrove forests of Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh. under different site conditions on the coastal area of gulf of Oman in Arabian Peninsula were investigated in 2003. In Shinas, northern part of the Sultanate of Oman, the mangrove forest of A marina was established along a channel from the sea. The maximum height (H) and the average crown projection area (CPA) of A marina were about 6 m and 1.21 m^2, respectively. A large number of seedlings were growing on the forest floor. On the other hand, H and CPA of A. marina in Quriyat, middle part of Oman, were about 4.5 m and 2.26 m^2, respectively. The mangrove forest in Quriyat was surrounded on two sides by L shaped channel with a blocked mouth to the sea. No seedlings were growing in this land locked mangrove forest. The analysis of spatial distribution of individual trees by the m^*-m relation suggested a random distribution of compact colonies with the size of 25 m^2. Especially such colonial structure of spatial distribution was remarkable in the forest of Shinas with a large number of seedlings.

DOI： 10.7211/jjsrt.29.125

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Other Link： https://jlc.jst.go.jp/DN/JALC/00231954233?from=CiNii

Authorship：Lead author   Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：The Japanese Society of Revegetation Technology  

To elucidate differences of physiological characteristics in Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc. saplings under different soil water conditions, diurnal changes of the stomatal conductance, the transpiration rate, and the net photosynthetic rate for saplings under pF 1.8- and pF 4.2-soil water condition were measured. pF 4.2-treatment saplings tended to close the stomata and reduce the water loss constantly. However, no distinct differences in the net photosynthetic rates were observed between soil water conditions. These results suggested that pF 4.2-treatment saplings under long-term water stress maintained the high net photosynthetic rates with reducing water loss.

DOI： 10.7211/jjsrt.28.103

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Authorship：Lead author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

We examined the relationship between the incidence of pine wilt disease and moisture conditions in the stand level of Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc. forests in the warm-temperate zone of the western part of Japan. For this analysis, pine trees killed by pine wilt disease were distinguished from the suppressed trees by their position in the layer of the pine forest stand. The drainage area, which is small in the upper part and large in the lower part of the slope, was adopted for representing the moisture conditions in the soil of the slope. The percentage of the pine trees killed by pine wilt disease increased as the size of the drainage area increased. This result suggested that the incidence of pine wilt disease tended to be high in areas with moist conditions. Pine trees attacked by the pinewood nematode die from extensive water deficit due to tracheid cavitations. Pine wilt disease mainly emerges in the summer when the soil water conditions become especially severe, and the radical water stress is thought to accelerate the disease. It was assumed that pine trees in the plots with the small drainage area resisted the influence of the attack of the pinewood nematode because pine trees in the plots with the small drainage area encountered long-term water stress and acquired drought tolerance. Pine trees in the plots with the large drainage area were presumed to be well established in the moist conditions and not to have acquired drought tolerance. The drought tolerance of pine trees was thought to be an important factor in resistance to pine wilt disease.

DOI： 10.1007/BF02767090

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Language：Japanese  

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Other Link： http://hdl.handle.net/2115/39111

Authorship：Lead author   Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Article, review, commentary, editorial, etc. (other)  

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