Authorship：Last author  

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No study has investigated secular changes in both total steps and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) among Japanese children. This study examined the secular changes of total steps and MVPA among fourth-grade students in Japan in 2003/2004 and 2016/2017. It was performed at a school in Okayama Prefecture in Japan. A total of 452 participants (226 boys and 226 girls; mean age, 9.6 ± 0.5 years) participated in the study. We measured total steps and MVPA of the participants by using the same methods in 2003/2004 and 2016/2017. An uniaxial accelerometer was used to measure total steps and MVPA. On weekdays and weekends, the total steps and MVPA were lowered by approximately 1,000-3,000 steps/day and 10 min/day, respectively, in boys and by 1,000 steps/day and 5 min/day, respectively, in girls in 2016/2017 in comparison to 2003/2004. In both boys and girls, the percentage of children meeting 60 minutes/day of MVPA decreased in 2016/2017(weekdays: boys 21.8%, girls 6.0%; weekends: boys 3.8%, girls 4.1%) compared with 2003/2004 (weekdays: boys 48.2%, girls 11.6%; weekends: boys 7.8%, girls 7.6%). In conclusion, the results demonstrated that total steps and MVPA of fourth-grade students in Japan were lower in 2016/2017 than in 2003/2004.

DOI： 10.1080/02640414.2019.1705053

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：一般社団法人 日本健康心理学会  

DOI： 10.11560/jahpp.32.0_152

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to examine the tracking of objective physical activity and physical fitness from childhood to adolescence in Japanese children. The longitudinal study comprised 368 participants (aged 9-10 years) in 2008, and the study involved 134 participants (aged 13-14 years, a dropout rate of 63.6%) in 2011. After excluding participants with missing data, a total of 111 participants (46 boys and 65 girls) were available for study. Step counts and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) were measured using a uniaxial accelerometer. Physical fitness was assessed using the following tests: hand grip, sit-ups, sit and reach, side-to-side steps, 20-m shuttle run, 50-m dash, standing broad jump and ball throwing. RESULTS: In boys, there was a significant correlation between objective physical activity and all physical fitness tests at baseline and follow-up. In girls, although there was no significant correlation between objective physical activity at baseline and follow-up, all physical fitness tests at baseline and follow-up were significantly correlated. In conclusion, moderate tracking was shown in objective physical activity of boys from childhood to adolescence. In addition, moderate to high tracking was shown in physical fitness of both sexes from childhood to adolescence.

DOI： 10.1186/s13104-019-4288-y

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Japanese Society of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine  

The purpose of this study was to assess physical activity using questionnaires and an accelerometer in 4th grade children (aged 9-10 years) and compare differences between the methods of evaluation. Fourth elementary school children were selected (total = 221), including 106 boys and 115 girls. The participants were investigated on their anthropometry and physical activity. The questionnaire was used to evaluate exercise time and the accelerometer was used to measure moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA). During weekdays and weekdays, the exercise time was significantly higher than MVPA for girls. For boys, the exercise time was significantly higher than MVPA only on the weekends. As a result of Bland-Altman analysis, for both boys and girls in weekday and weekends, mean of questionnaire and accelerometer was associated with difference of questionnaire and accelerometer (Boys in weekday, r = 0.777, p &lt
0.001
Boys in weekends, r = 0.964, p &lt
0.001
Girls in weekday, r = 0.731, p &lt
0.001
Girls in weekends, r = 0.937, p &lt
0.001). In conclusion, our results suggested that a questionnaire-based evaluation of exercise time shows significant difference compared with accelerometer-based measurement of MVPA. In addition, exercise time of questionnaire-based evaluation was higher than MVPA of accelerometer-based measurement for both boys and girls on all days.

DOI： 10.7600/jspfsm.68.91

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Authorship：Last author   Language：Japanese  

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Language：English   Publisher：HUMAN KINETICS PUBL INC  

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Language：Japanese  

DOI： 10.18926/bgeou/55702

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Other Link： http://ousar.lib.okayama-u.ac.jp/55702

Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本発育発達学会  

In this study, the association of parental exercise preferences with children's fitness were investigated in 546 children of 1-6 grades and their parents in a local public- and a suburban private school. As a result, even though adjustments were made with other factors related to physical fitness, the odds ratio for children's low fitness was 6.4 in the group of parents having low exercise preferences, which was significantly higher than that of parents having high exercise preferences. The odds ratio of children's low fitness in the group of either parent having high exercise preference was almost equal to that in the group of both parents having high exercise preferences. On the other hand, no significant association was recognized between children's fitness and the actual exercise habits of each parent. In conclusion, it was considered that the parental exercise preferences might be one of the strong relevant factors of children's fitness.

DOI： 10.5332/hatsuhatsu.2018.78_24

DOI： 10.1186/s12199-020-00892-3_references_DOI_POZTGki6uZMlzdjzFg4ws1wVdD

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：一般社団法人 日本健康心理学会  

DOI： 10.11560/jahpp.31.0_p95

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：一般社団法人 日本健康心理学会  

DOI： 10.11560/jahpp.31.0_p80

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本体育学会  

This study examined changes in attitude toward endurance running in senior high school students with different levels of physical fitness, and this study assessed mood and calculation functions of students before and after endurance running. The participants were 250 senior high school students (119 boys and 131 girls). Endurance running was practiced at a slow pace (slow jogging pace; heart rate: 30-35 [15 s]; rate of perceived exertion (RPE): 11-13). Attitudes toward endurance running were assessed before and after the unit using a questionnaire. Attitudes toward endurance running, more specifically positivity and importance, were calculated in terms of a positive feeling score and cognitive score. In addition, negative attitudes toward endurance running were expressed as a negative feeling score. Changes in mood and calculation function were investigated in the participants and a control group. In the control group, comprising 75 boys and 41 girls, the changes of mood and calculation function were assessed before and after a health class. After the unit, the positive feeling and cognitive score increased significantly and the negative feeling score decreased significantly in both the lower and higher fitness groups. After endurance running, although levels of arousal in the control group were not increased in both boys and girls, arousal levels were increased significantly in both sexes in both the lower and higher fitness groups. The degree of mood change and the degree of attitude change were related significantly to the degree of change in perceived pleasure and the change in the positive feeling score for boys in the higher fitness group. Moreover, the degree of change in perceived pleasure and the degree of change in the positive and negative feeling scores were related significantly for girls in the lower fitness group. These results suggest that slow jogging in a unit, involving how students experience mood and calculation functions, leads to an increase in positive attitude toward endurance running. However, further investigation is necessary to examine the influence of slow jogging on mood and calculation functions, and the influence on attitude toward endurance running in this type of unit.<br>

DOI： 10.5432/jjpehss.16045

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本健康教育学会  

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Language：English   Publisher：LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS  

DOI： 10.1249/01.mss.0000519663.63083.95

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BACKGROUND: It is vital to reduce the proportion of sedentary behavior in children. Understanding the duration and behavioral context is needed. The present study examined school-grade and sex differences in domain-specific sedentary times and concurrence with screen-time guidelines among Japanese elementary school children. METHODS: A total of 625 children (330 boys) were surveyed in 2010 and 2014. Using a questionnaire, data regarding participants' grade (first through third grades: lower grades; fourth through six grades: higher grades), sex, weight, and height were collected in addition to the time spent per day engaging in each specific sedentary behavior separately: (1) reading or listening to music, (2) TV or video viewing, (3) TV game use, (4) internet use excluding class, (5) homework, and (6) car travel. Two-way analysis of covariance and logistic regression analyses, adjusted for BMI and moderate to vigorous physical activity, were used to examine school-grade and sex differences in sedentary behaviors and the independent risk of exceeding recommended total daily screen time (< 2 h). RESULTS: On 625 children, mean minutes (SD) of sedentary behavior per week in (1) - (6) were 90.3 (123.4), 535.0 (356.6), 167.3 (222.1), 23.9 (70.9), 264.9 (185.3), and 33.4 (61.2) in weekdays and 42.1 (70.0), 323.9 (232.0), 123.0 (96.4), 15.8 (49.9), 74.4 (96.4), and 71.3 (84.9) in weekends, respectively. There were differences in the minutes of sedentary behavior between participants of 2010 and 2014; e.g., TV game use and homework in weekdays and weekdays and car travel in weekends. Boys spent more time in TV game use, and girls spent more time reading, listening to music, doing homework, and car travel. Higher-grade students spent more time reading or listening to music, using a computer, and doing homework. Higher-grade students were 2.09 times (95% CI: 1.32 - 3.30) in whole week, 2.08 times (95% CI: 1.45 - 3.00) in weekday, and 1.88 times (95% CI: 1.29 - 2.74) in weekend more likely to spend ≥2 h per day in domains (2) - (4) (screen-time) than lower-grade students. CONCLUSIONS: Time spent engaging in each domain-specific sedentary behavior differed according to sex and school grade. Higher-grade students were less likely to meet screen-time guidelines. These findings highlight the need for domain-focused strategies to decrease sedentary behavior in Japanese school-age children.

DOI： 10.1186/s12889-017-4221-z

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：BIOMED CENTRAL LTD  

Background: It is vital to reduce the proportion of sedentary behavior in children. Understanding the duration and behavioral context is needed. The present study examined school-grade and sex differences in domain-specific sedentary times and concurrence with screen-time guidelines among Japanese elementary school children.
Methods: A total of 625 children (330 boys) were surveyed in 2010 and 2014. Using a questionnaire, data regarding participants' grade (first through third grades: lower grades; fourth through six grades: higher grades), sex, weight, and height were collected in addition to the time spent per day engaging in each specific sedentary behavior separately: (1) reading or listening to music, (2) TV or video viewing, (3) TV game use, (4) internet use excluding class, (5) homework, and (6) car travel. Two-way analysis of covariance and logistic regression analyses, adjusted for BMI and moderate to vigorous physical activity, were used to examine school-grade and sex differences in sedentary behaviors and the independent risk of exceeding recommended total daily screen time (&lt; 2 h).
Results: On 625 children, mean minutes (SD) of sedentary behavior per week in (1) - (6) were 90.3 (123.4), 535.0 (356.6), 167.3 (222.1), 23.9 (70.9), 264.9 (185.3), and 33.4 (61.2) in weekdays and 42.1 (70.0), 323.9 (232.0), 123.0 (96.4), 15.8 (49.9), 74.4 (96.4), and 71.3 (84.9) in weekends, respectively. There were differences in the minutes of sedentary behavior between participants of 2010 and 2014; e.g., TV game use and homework in weekdays and weekdays and car travel in weekends. Boys spent more time in TV game use, and girls spent more time reading, listening to music, doing homework, and car travel. Higher-grade students spent more time reading or listening to music, using a computer, and doing homework. Higher-grade students were 2.09 times (95% CI: 1.32 - 3.30) in whole week, 2.08 times (95% CI: 1.45 - 3.00) in weekday, and 1.88 times (95% CI: 1.29 - 2.74) in weekend more likely to spend &gt;= 2 h per day in domains (2) - (4) (screen-time) than lower-grade students.
Conclusions: Time spent engaging in each domain-specific sedentary behavior differed according to sex and school grade. Higher-grade students were less likely to meet screen-time guidelines. These findings highlight the need for domain-focused strategies to decrease sedentary behavior in Japanese school-age children.

DOI： 10.1186/s12889-017-4221-z

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：HUMAN KINETICS PUBL INC  

Background: Sedentary behaviors (SB) are associated with health indicators; however, there are currently very few studies that have examined these associations, especially in conjunction with psychological factors, in children. The current study examined the independent relationship between objectively assessed SB, and indicators of obesity and psychological, well-being, among Japanese children. Methods: A total of 967 elementary-school children completed a cross-sectional survey. SB was measured with accelerometers for 7 consecutive days. Psychological well-being data (eg, anxiety and behavior problems) were collected via a self-report questionnaire. To determine the relationship of SB with degree of obesity and psychological well-being, linear regression analyses were conducted to relate the indicators of obesity and psychological well-being on SB, adjusted by gender, grade, percentage of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity per day, duration spent wearing the accelerometer, and degree of obesity. Results: SB was significantly related to behavioral/emotional problems (beta = .280, P = .010, R-2 = .015). There was a statistically significant relationship between SB and anxiety (beta = .206, P = .059, R-2 = .007). No significant association with degree of obesity was found. Conclusions: Excess SB relates higher levels of behavioral/emotional problems and anxiety. These results can inspire the development of interventions that promote well-being and enhance psychological health, by focusing on SB in Japanese children.

DOI： 10.1123/jpah.2016-0374

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BACKGROUND: Sedentary behaviors (SB) are associated with health indicators; however, there are currently very few studies that have examined these associations, especially in conjunction with psychological factors, in children. The current study examined the independent relationship between objectively assessed SB, and indicators of obesity and psychological well-being, among Japanese children. METHODS: A total of 967 elementary-school children completed a cross-sectional survey. SB was measured with accelerometers for 7 consecutive days. Psychological well-being data (eg, anxiety and behavior problems) were collected via a self-report questionnaire. To determine the relationship of SB with degree of obesity and psychological well-being, linear regression analyses were conducted to relate the indicators of obesity and psychological well-being on SB, adjusted by gender, grade, percentage of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity per day, duration spent wearing the accelerometer, and degree of obesity. RESULTS: SB was significantly related to behavioral/emotional problems (β = .280, P = .010, R2 = .015). There was a statistically significant relationship between SB and anxiety (β = .206, P = .059, R2 = .007). No significant association with degree of obesity was found. CONCLUSIONS: Excess SB relates higher levels of behavioral/emotional problems and anxiety. These results can inspire the development of interventions that promote well-being and enhance psychological health, by focusing on SB in Japanese children.

DOI： 10.1123/jpah.2016-0374

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：一般社団法人日本体力医学会  

DOI： 10.7600/jspfsm.66.66

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：SAGE PUBLICATIONS INC  

Data on the effect of increased or decreased physical activity on children's psychological status are scarce, and effect sizes are small. This study conducted two-year longitudinal research to identify associations between physical activity, sedentary behavior, and psychological well-being in Japanese school children through a mail survey completed by 292 children aged 6-12 years. Data on sociodemographics, physical activity, sedentary behavior on weekdays and the weekend, and psychometrics (self-efficacy, anxiety, and behavioral/emotional problems) were collected using a self-reported questionnaire. A logistic regression analysis was performed, calculating odds ratios for physical activity, psychometrics, and baseline age and physical activity and sedentary behavior changes. For boys, a negative association was found between increased physical activity outside school and maintained or improved self-efficacy as opposed to a positive association in girls. Increased sedentary behavior on weekdays and long periods of sedentary behavior on weekends were associated with maintained or improved behavioral/emotional problems in girls only. This two-year longitudinal study is the first of its kind conducted in Japan. Although effect sizes were small, these results may nevertheless assist in intervention development to promote psychological well-being.

DOI： 10.1177/0031512516662645

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Data on the effect of increased or decreased physical activity on children's psychological status are scarce, and effect sizes are small. This study conducted two-year longitudinal research to identify associations between physical activity, sedentary behavior, and psychological well-being in Japanese school children through a mail survey completed by 292 children aged 6-12 years. Data on sociodemographics, physical activity, sedentary behavior on weekdays and the weekend, and psychometrics (self-efficacy, anxiety, and behavioral/emotional problems) were collected using a self-reported questionnaire. A logistic regression analysis was performed, calculating odds ratios for physical activity, psychometrics, and baseline age and physical activity and sedentary behavior changes. For boys, a negative association was found between increased physical activity outside school and maintained or improved self-efficacy as opposed to a positive association in girls. Increased sedentary behavior on weekdays and long periods of sedentary behavior on weekends were associated with maintained or improved behavioral/emotional problems in girls only. This two-year longitudinal study is the first of its kind conducted in Japan. Although effect sizes were small, these results may nevertheless assist in intervention development to promote psychological well-being.

DOI： 10.1177/0031512516662645

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本体力医学会  

DOI： 10.7600/jspfsm.65.265

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Japanese Society of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine  

The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between activity levels assessed by a uniaxial accelerometer and metabolic equivalents (METs) during walking and running in school students. The participants were elementary (10 boys, 10.3 ± 0.8 years), middle (10 boys, 13.0 ± 0.9 years) and high school students (10 boys, 15.7 ± 0.7 years) who performed treadmill walking (1, 3, and 5 km/h respectively) and running (5, 7, and 9 km/h respectively) trials. Activity levels were assessed using a uniaxial accelerometer (Lifecorder EX
Suzuken Co. Ltd., Nagoya, Japan). Energy expenditure was measured by indirect calorimetry. METs and activity levels indicated by Lifecorder were highly correlated in elementary (y = 0.0432x2 + 0.0914x + 1.786, r = 0.883, p &lt
0.05), middle (y = 0.0781x2 - 0.0262x + 2.1098, r = 0.913, p &lt
0.05), and high (y = 0.0516x2 + 0.1863x + 1.7812, r = 0.876, p &lt
0.05) school students. We confirmed that higher accuracy showed LC5, LC4, and LC4 for elementary, middle, and high school students, respectively. In conclusion, this study suggests that Lifecorder intensity for ≥3 METs physical activity indicate ≥5, ≥4, and ≥4 for elementary, middle, and high school students, respectively.

DOI： 10.7600/jspfsm.65.265

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BACKGROUND: Physical activity levels in childhood have decreased, making the promotion of children's physical activity an important issue. The present study examined gender and grade differences in objectively measured sedentary behavior, physical activity, and physical activity guideline attainment among Japanese children and adolescents. METHODS: In total, 329 boys and 362 girls age 3-15 years completed the survey. School grade, gender, height, and weight were collected by questionnaires and physical activity objectively measured using an accelerometer (Lifecorder Suzuken Co.). Physical activity level (in MET) was classified as sedentary (<1.5), light (≥1.5 to <3), moderate (≥3 to <6), or vigorous (≥6). Continuous zero accelerometer counts for ≥20 min were censored and a valid accelerometry study required at least 3 days (2 weekdays and 1 weekend day) with > 600 min/day total wear time. Two-way analysis of covariance and logistic regression analyses, adjusted for weight status and accelerometer wear time, were used to examine gender and grade differences in physical activity variables and the likelihood of physical activity guideline attainment by gender and grade level. RESULTS: Participants were sedentary 441.4 (SD, 140.1) min/day or 53.7 % of the average daily accelerometer wear time of 811.2 (118.7) min, engaged in light physical activity 307.1 (70.0) min or 38.4 % of wear time, moderate physical activity 34.6 (14.8) min (4.3 %), vigorous physical activity 28.3 (19.1) min (3.6 %), and took 12462.6 (4452.5) steps/day. Boys were more physically active and took more steps/day than girls. Students in higher grades were less active than those in lower grades. Boys were significantly more likely to meet physical activity guidelines than girls (OR: 2.07, 95 % CI: 1.45-2.96). Preschoolers (6.66, 4.01-11.06), lower-grade elementary school students (17.11, 8.80-33.27), and higher-grade elementary school students (7.49, 4.71-11.92) were more likely to meet guidelines than junior high school students. CONCLUSIONS: Boys and lower-grade students engaged in more physical activity and were more likely to attain guidelines than girls and higher-grade students. These findings highlight the need for effective and sustainable strategies to promote physical activity in Japanese school children.

DOI： 10.1186/s12889-015-2607-3

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：BIOMED CENTRAL LTD  

Background: Physical activity levels in childhood have decreased, making the promotion of children's physical activity an important issue. The present study examined gender and grade differences in objectively measured sedentary behavior, physical activity, and physical activity guideline attainment among Japanese children and adolescents.
Methods: In total, 329 boys and 362 girls age 3-15 years completed the survey. School grade, gender, height, and weight were collected by questionnaires and physical activity objectively measured using an accelerometer (Lifecorder Suzuken Co.). Physical activity level (in MET) was classified as sedentary (&lt;1.5), light (&gt;= 1.5 to &lt;3), moderate (&gt;= 3 to &lt;6), or vigorous (&gt;= 6). Continuous zero accelerometer counts for &gt;= 20 min were censored and a valid accelerometry study required at least 3 days (2 weekdays and 1 weekend day) with &gt;600 min/day total wear time. Two-way analysis of covariance and logistic regression analyses, adjusted for weight status and accelerometer wear time, were used to examine gender and grade differences in physical activity variables and the likelihood of physical activity guideline attainment by gender and grade level.
Results: Participants were sedentary 441.4 (SD, 140.1) min/day or 53.7 % of the average daily accelerometer wear time of 811.2 (118.7) min, engaged in light physical activity 307.1 (70.0) min or 38.4 % of wear time, moderate physical activity 34.6 (14.8) min (4.3 %), vigorous physical activity 28.3 (19.1) min (3.6 %), and took 12462.6 (4452.5) steps/day. Boys were more physically active and took more steps/day than girls. Students in higher grades were less active than those in lower grades. Boys were significantly more likely to meet physical activity guidelines than girls (OR: 2.07, 95 % CI: 1.45-2.96). Preschoolers (6.66, 4.01-11.06), lower-grade elementary school students (17.11, 8.80-33.27), and higher-grade elementary school students (7.49, 4.71-11.92) were more likely to meet guidelines than junior high school students.
Conclusions: Boys and lower-grade students engaged in more physical activity and were more likely to attain guidelines than girls and higher-grade students. These findings highlight the need for effective and sustainable strategies to promote physical activity in Japanese school children.

DOI： 10.1186/s12889-015-2607-3

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本体力医学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本発育発達学会  

本研究では、地方都市郊外の公立小学校児童を対象として、不登校の定義に至らない多日数欠席の該当する児童の特徴を生活習慣、身体活動特性および心理的特性の側面から把握するとともに、体力・スクリーンタイムの2つの身体活動特性および心理的特性が多日数欠席といかに関連するかを検討した。その結果、多日数欠席児童の特徴として、生活習慣にかかる問題(朝食欠食・遅い起床時間)に加え、低体力および長いスクリーンタイムといった身体活動特性および抑鬱・不安症状と主観的な学業不振感という好ましくない心理的特性が認められた。さらに、関連項目を調整しても、体力およびスクリーンタイムは互いに依存することなく個々に多日数欠席と関連していた。

DOI： 10.5332/hatsuhatsu.2015.69_14

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：PUBLIC LIBRARY SCIENCE  

Associations between body mass index (BMI), peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak), and metabolic syndrome (MetS) risk factors have not been adequately studied in Japanese children. Here the relationships between these parameters and the threshold aerobic fitness level necessary for low MetS risk were determined. The participants (299 children; 140 boys and 159 girls, aged 9.1 +/- 0.3 years) were divided into four groups using the medians of predicted VO2peak (pVO2peak) and BMI. MetS risk scores were calculated using z-scores. Receiver Operating Characteristic analysis was used to determine the threshold aerobic fitness level necessary for low MetS risk. The MetS risk score of the High BMI group was significantly higher than that of the Low BMI group for both sexes (p &lt; 0.0001). However, the High BMI/High Fitness group had a significantly lower MetS risk score than the High BMI/Low Fitness group for both sexes. The pVO2peak cut-off values for low MetS risk were 47.9 and 44.9 ml/kg/min for boys and girls, respectively. Our results suggest that improvements in both fatness and aerobic fitness are important for decreasing MetS risk. We also confirmed the pVO2peak of cut-off values necessary for low MetS risk in Japanese children.

DOI： 10.1371/journal.pone.0127400

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Japanese Society of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine  

Very few studies have reported an independent association of the physical activityrelated indices with the psychological stress reaction. The present study therefore investigated the association of fitness and screentime as one of the indices of sedentary behavior with the four types of psychological stress reactions and the number of days absent from school for 249 children at a local public school and a metropolitan private school while considering confounding factors. No significant difference was observed in the fitness level of both schools
however, the rate of obesity, the screentime and the level of all psychological stress reactions were significantly worse in the public school. Further, significant differences and trends among the groups classified by fitness level were recognized in the rates of participation in after school activities, feeling of powerlessness and days of absence per year. In addition, the odds ratio of the screentime for depressive and anxiety symptoms was 1.004 (95%CI: 1.000-1.007, p=0.039), while the odds of the fitness level for high feeling of powerlessness and more than five days of absence were 1.582 (95%CI: 1.045-2.396, p=0.030) and 1.434 (95%CI: 1.045-2.396, p=0.015), respectively, after adjusting for the school type, differences in lifestyle and participation in after school activities. In conclusion, the fitness level and the screentime were associated with high psychological stress reactions and the days of absence, independent of the above-mentioned adjusting factors among the children in the present study. Prospective and interventional studies to verify these results are needed.

DOI： 10.7600/jspfsm.64.195

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Associations between body mass index (BMI), peak oxygen consumption (VO(2peak)), and metabolic syndrome (MetS) risk factors have not been adequately studied in Japanese children. Here the relationships between these parameters and the threshold aerobic fitness level necessary for low MetS risk were determined. The participants (299 children; 140 boys and 159 girls, aged 9.1 ± 0.3 years) were divided into four groups using the medians of predicted VO(2peak) (pVO(2peak)) and BMI. MetS risk scores were calculated using z-scores. Receiver Operating Characteristic analysis was used to determine the threshold aerobic fitness level necessary for low MetS risk. The MetS risk score of the High BMI group was significantly higher than that of the Low BMI group for both sexes (p < 0.0001). However, the High BMI/High Fitness group had a significantly lower MetS risk score than the High BMI/Low Fitness group for both sexes. The (p)VO(2peak )cut-off values for low MetS risk were 47.9 and 44.9 ml/kg/min for boys and girls, respectively. Our results suggest that improvements in both fatness and aerobic fitness are important for decreasing MetS risk. We also confirmed the (p)VO(2peak) of cut-off values necessary for low MetS risk in Japanese children.

DOI： 10.1371/journal.pone.0127400

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本体力医学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：兵庫教育大学大学院連合学校教育学研究科  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：岡山大学大学院教育学研究科  

本研究では小学生を対象に，意図的にゆっくり走る「スロージョギング」を体育授業に導入する可能性について教育実践的に検討した。研究①では，小学1年から6年生140人を対象に，1回の授業（走行時間は学年に応じて8分～12分，走るスピードは時速4km）を実践し，授業前には形態，体力，運動が好きか嫌いかの調査を，授業前後には持久走に対するイメージ調査（楽か，楽しいか，気持ちいいかをそれぞれ4点満点で評価）を行った。研究②では，小学5年生27人を対象に，3時間（1時目は時速6キロのスピードで5分間を2回，2時目は時速6キロのスピードで続けて15分間，3時目は自分に合っていると思うゆったりしたペースで続けて15分間走る）の単元を組んで授業を行い，単元前後で研究①と同様の持久走に対するイメージ調査と20mシャトルランを行った。その結果，単元（授業）前に比べ後で，持久走に対するイメージが肯定的に変化したことに加え，運動嫌い，低体力や肥満傾向の児童においてこの傾向が顕著であった。また，単元前に比べ後でシャトルラン回数が有意に増え，単元前のシャトルラン回数が少なく有酸素的体力が低い児童ほど単元後に回数が増えていた。

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本体力医学会  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：WILEY-BLACKWELL  

BACKGROUNDPhysical activity is beneficial for adolescent health. The physical activity patterns of Japanese adolescents are relatively unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to describe the current patterns of physical activity and to identify sex and grade differences among them.
METHODSThe participants comprised 714 Japanese adolescents aged 12 to 15years old (boys N=372, girls N=342) from a public junior high school in Okayama, Japan. Physical activity at school, outside of school after hours, and during lunch recess as well as the total leisure time in a usual week was assessed with a 5-item questionnaire. To assess the differences in the physical activity patterns by sex and grade, independent t tests and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were conducted, respectively.
RESULTSBoys spent significantly more time in physical activity both inside and outside of school settings than girls (p&lt;.05). Higher grade students were significantly less active than lower grade students (p&lt;.05). Furthermore, the physical activity patterns across the grades differed between settings (at school, outside of school during the after-school period, lunchtime recess, and at home).
CONCLUSIONTo increase physical activity levels among Japanese adolescents, implementation of after-school programs or environmental modifications developed within the school setting could be effective strategies.

DOI： 10.1111/josh.12074

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

BACKGROUND: Physical activity is beneficial for adolescent health. The physical activity patterns of Japanese adolescents are relatively unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to describe the current patterns of physical activity and to identify sex and grade differences among them. METHODS: The participants comprised 714 Japanese adolescents aged 12 to 15 years old (boys N = 372, girls N = 342) from a public junior high school in Okayama, Japan. Physical activity at school, outside of school after hours, and during lunch recess as well as the total leisure time in a usual week was assessed with a 5-item questionnaire. To assess the differences in the physical activity patterns by sex and grade, independent t tests and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were conducted, respectively. RESULTS: Boys spent significantly more time in physical activity both inside and outside of school settings than girls (p < .05). Higher grade students were significantly less active than lower grade students (p < .05). Furthermore, the physical activity patterns across the grades differed between settings (at school, outside of school during the after-school period, lunchtime recess, and at home). CONCLUSION: To increase physical activity levels among Japanese adolescents, implementation of after-school programs or environmental modifications developed within the school setting could be effective strategies.

DOI： 10.1111/josh.12074

PubMed

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(公財)明治安田厚生事業団  

子どもの身体活動および座位活動がメンタルヘルスに及ぼす影響について検討した。幼稚園、小学校、中学校を対象としたコホート研究におけるデータの一部を解析した。2010年度初回調査と2012年度調査のデータを使用した。身体活動および座位活動の実施は、2年後のメンタルヘルスや身体活動および座位活動にも関連があることが示された。現在の身体活動および座位活動は、現在のメンタルヘルスのみならず2年後のメンタルヘルスと相関関係を認めた。男子においては、現在の身体活動時間が長いと現在および2年後のメンタルヘルスが良好であることが示された。女子では現在の身体活動時間が長いと現在および2年後の自己効力感は良好であるが、行動は良好ではないことが示された。また、現在の座位活動時間が長いことは女子の2年後の不安傾向および行動、また現在の行動が、男子においては、2年後の自己効力感が良好ではないことが示された。

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：岡山大学大学院教育学研究科  

In this study we examined the association between longitudinal changes in schoolchildren＇sphysical strength with their build, health habits, and psychophysical health index scores.Students (n= 195) were followed for three years, from the fifth to the eighth grade. Setting as abaseline the students＇ results on the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science andTechnology＇s new physical strength test, we extracted data on those students whose physicalstrength relatively improved (improved group: 28 boys, 53 girls) and on those whose strengthrelatively declined (declined group: 15 boys, 16 girls). Build, health habits, and psychophysicalhealth index scores were compared between the two groups. It was found that, although therewere no significant differences in eating habits or sleeping habits between the two groups,compared to the improved group, the declined group was more likely to be either obese orunderweight, have short durations of intense exercise and total exercise, and longer duration ofwatching television or videos. The declined group also showed poorer psychological healthstatus, such as lower self-efficacy and higher anxiety. These findings indicate that children with good exercise habits, such as consistentlyengaging in a adequate physical activities that include intense exercise, will have improvedphysical strength outcome over time, whereas those children with few regular exercise habitsand whose strength will not improve over time, will show outcomes such as polarization ofbody weight (obesity and underweight tendencies) and poorer psychological health status.

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：京都文教大学  

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：JAPANESE SOC PHYSICAL FITNESS SPORTS MEDICINE  

The purpose of this study was to assess daily physical activity and time spent on activities of various intensities, and to examine the relationship between daily physical activity and physical fitness in junior high school students. The subjects were 314 junior high school students (135 boys, 179 girls, 14.0 +/- 0.1 years). Daily physical activity was evaluated using accelerometers that they wore around the waist for 10 days. The accelerometers calculated steps and time spent on activities of vigorous intensity (LC7-9: higher intensity than brisk walking). A physical fitness test (8 items) was employed to evaluate the fitness of pupils. The total accelerometer steps (counts/day) were 13772 +/- 4764 for boys and 11209 +/- 2636 for girls on weekdays, and 8311 +/- 4743 for boys and 7159 +/- 3338 for girls on weekends, respectively. On weekdays, time spent on activities with an intensity of LC7-9 (minutes/day) was 18 +/- 17 for boys and 11 +/- 7 for girls. Positive associations were found between physical fitness and daily physical activities in the case of many items. The fitness test score was significantly more highly correlated with LC7-9 than with LC1-6 in boys and girls. In the case of eighth graders, in order to reach a score of B in the physical fitness test, it was suggested that the total steps and time spent on activities with an intensity of LC7-9 may be needed at least 13000 steps and 20 minutes in boys, and 10000 steps and 10 minutes in girls, respectively. (Jpn. J. Phys. Fitness Sports Med., 60 (3) : 287 similar to 294 (2011))

DOI： 10.7600/jspfsm.60.287

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本発育発達学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：JAPANESE SOC PHYSICAL FITNESS SPORTS MEDICINE  

The purpose of present study was to examine validity of pedometer with accelerometer (Lifecorder-EX; LC) and to assess the daily physical activity (PA) of Japanese junior high school Students by LC method. Firstly, to examine validity of LC, ten students (13.6 +/- 0.5 years old),wearing LC on their waists performed the walking and running tests. Energy expenditure was measured by the expired gas analysis method during the tests. The results showed that the activity level of LC had a high correlation with the exercise intensity ((V) over dot O(2): r=0.948, MET&apos;s : r=0.931), and it was from 7 to 9 (LC7-9) in the more intense activity than running. Secondly, PA of 206 boys and 220 girls aged 12-15 years were measured using I-C. Step Counts and activity time of LC7-9 each were 9500-15000 Counts and 10-19 minutes on weekdays, and 6500-10000 counts and 5-12 minutes on weekends. PA analyzed by MANOVA were lower on weekends than oil weekdays, and decreased in proportion as grade. and that of boys were significantly higher than that of girls. Present study suggests that LC method is a good way of measuring PA for junior school students in free-living condition. (Jpn. J. Phys. Fitness Sports Med. 2009, 58 : 275 similar to 284)

DOI： 10.7600/jspfsm.58.275

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：JAPANESE SOC PHYSICAL FITNESS SPORTS MEDICINE  

The purpose of this Study Was to assess daily physical activity and time spent, on activities of various intensities, and to examine the relationship between daily physical activity and physical fitness in elementary school children. Subjects were 288 elementary school children (140 boys, 148 girls, 9.6 +/- 0.5 years). Daily physical activity was evaluated by accelerometers, worn around the waist for 10 days. Accelerometers calculated steps and vigorous intensity time (LC7-9: higher intensity than brisk walking). A physical fitness test (8 items) was applied to evaluate fitness in pupils. Total accelerometer steps (counts/day) were 18333 +/- 3869 for boys and 13957 +/- 2970 for girls oil weekdays, and 11932 +/- 4827 for boys and 9767 +/- 4542 for girls on weekends. respectively. Time spent in LC7-9 (minutes/day) was 31 +/- 12 for boys and 20 +/- 7 for girls on weekdays. Positive associations were found between physical fitness and daily physical activities for manY items. Above all, there was a relatively strong correlation between aerobic capacity and LC7-9 time. On the other hand, the correlations were low among girls. For fourth graders, in order to reach a B rank score in the physical fitness test, it was suggested that the total steps and LC7-9 time required at least 17000 steps, 30 minutes in boys, and 13000 steps, 20 minutes in girls, respectively. (Jpn. J. Phys. Fitness Sports Med. 2009, 58 : 295 similar to 304)

DOI： 10.7600/jspfsm.58.295

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：兵庫教育大学大学院連合学校教育学研究科  

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DOI： 10.5432/jjpehss.a540209

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本発育発達学会  

This study aims to examine children&#039;s physical activity with accelerometer by evaluating daily steps and activity time of walking and running classified by accelerometer&#039;s intensity, and to create basic data for standard values of appropriate children&#039;s daily activity.&lt;br&gt;The result showed that the means of daily step counts (steps day) are 10, 000-15, 000. The activity time of walking (recorded as 1-6) is 90-120 minutes/day, and above running (recorded as 7-9) is 15-27 minutes/day. MANOVA analysis of physical activity parameter show significant between boys and girls (walk counts: F=7.27, p&lt;0.01, LC1-6: F=9.37, p&lt;0.01), weekday and weekend (walk counts: F=146.39, p&lt;0.0001, LC1-6: F=107.71, p&lt;0.0001, LC7-9: F=158.23, p&lt;0.0001).&lt;br&gt;But it did not show significant difference between ages. Overall, it is shown that activity volume and intensity are smaller for girls than for boys, and on holidays than weekdays. The interaction was not significant between every combination.

DOI： 10.5332/hatsuhatsu.2008.39_1

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Japan Society of Human Growth and Development  

DOI： 10.5332/hatsuhatsu.2008.Supplement_88

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Japan Society of Human Growth and Development  

DOI： 10.5332/hatsuhatsu.2008.Supplement_75

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DOI： 10.5332/hatsuhatsu.2008.Supplement_91

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：JAPANESE SOC PHYSICAL FITNESS SPORTS MEDICINE  

The purposes of this study were to investigate the relationships between physical activity variables and physical fitness, and between amount and intensity of physical activity in children and adolescents. Subjects were divided into two groups : 178 children (99 boys aged 9.8 +/- 0.6 and 79 girls aged 9.7 +/- 0.6) who had not reached the age of peak height velocity (PHV), and 336 adolescents (141 boys aged 15.0 +/- 1.1 and 195 girls aged 15.3 +/- 1.2) who had reached the age of PHV. Physical activity level (PAL : total energy expenditure/basal metabolic rate) which indicates the amount of physical activity, and time engaged in each of physical activity intensity (light, moderate and vigorous), which indicates the intensity of physical activity were estimated from uni-axial accelerometer. Physical activity was monitored for 3 consecutives days : 2 weekday and I weekend day. Moreover, physical fitness test suggested by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology was applied. Results of this study showed that PAL was closely related to physical fitness in children, while time engaged in vigorous activity was more related to physical fitness in adolescents. On the other hand, time engaged in light and moderate activity was closely associated with PAL in younger girls, whereas in younger boys, PAL was closely related to time engaged in moderate and vigorous activity. However, time engaged in moderate activity was more related to PAL in the adolescent group. These results suggest that the relationship between physical activity variables and physical fitness and between amount and intensity of physical activity might vary according to the growth development of boys and girls respectively.

DOI： 10.7600/jspfsm.56.327

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：JAPANESE SOC PHYSICAL FITNESS SPORTS MEDICINE  

The purpose of present study was to examine validity of accelerometer (Lifecorder; LC) and to assess the free-living physical activity (PA) in Japanese elementary school students used by LC method. Firstly, to examine validity of LC, twelve children, aged 11.2 +/- 1.0years, were measured total energy expenditure (TEE) by doubly labeled water method and resting energy expenditure (REE) by the expired gas analysis. Physical activity energy expenditure (PAEE) is calculated as 0. 9 TEE minus REE. At the same time, PA was evaluated by both daily walk count (WC) and vigorous activity time (LC7-9) using LC method. PAEE per 1 kg body weight significantly correlated with WC (r=0.785, p &lt; 0.005) and LC7-9 (r=0.828, p &lt; 0.001). Secondly, 140 boys and 167 girls, aged 8-11 years were measured PA by LC method. WC and LC7-9 each were 13000-18000 counts and 16-32 minutes in week-day, and 8000-12500 counts and 8-18 minutes in week-end. PA analyzed by MANOVA were significantly higher in boys than in girls, and lower in week-end than in week-day, and decreased in proportion as grade. Present study suggests that LC method is a good measure of PA in free-living condition for elementary school students.

DOI： 10.7600/jspfsm.56.347

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本肥満学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：岡山大学教育学部  

The purpose of this study was to clarify physical fitness(PF) characteristics of obese and lean adolescent classified by combining somatotype, and body composition. Somatotype were measured by obesity index from weight and height measurement. Body composition given as percentage body fat was calculated by measuring skinfold thickness. The measurement of PF consisted of 12 tests. In addition, comparison were made in each somatotype group between the high percentage body fat group and the normal group. PF were lower in overweight or underweight group than in normalweight group. At overweight and normalweight groups, the high percentage body fat group attained scored lower in most PF test items. However, at underweight group, normal percentage body fat group attained scored lower in 6-7 items.

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DOI： 10.7600/jspfsm.56.327

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Other Link： http://eprints.lib.okayama-u.ac.jp/10999

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Japan Society of Human Growth and Development  

DOI： 10.5332/hatsuhatsu.2007.Supplement_76

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(学)順正学園吉備国際大学保健福祉研究所  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：島根医科大学  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：第一法規出版  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：第一法規出版  

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：JAPANESE SOC PHYSICAL FITNESS SPORTS MEDICINE  

This study was carried out to compare the nutrient intake, urinary excretion of mineral (Na, K, Ca, Mg, Zn, Fe, Cu), and the ratios of creatinine (Cr), body mass index (BMI) and basal metabolic rate (BMR) to the amount of mineral in 24-hour urine between both the male university students with few exercise (non-exercisers) and male university distance runners. The propriety of ratios of Cr, BMI and BMR was also examined in order to estimate intake of mineral for the male university distance runners.
There were no significant differences in the intakes of energy, protein and carbohydrate between the both groups of subjects, and those major nutrients were at reasonable levels for the both groups of subjects. On the other hand, neither the intake levels of VB6, Ca, Mg, and Cu in the non-exercisers, nor niacin, Mg and Cu in the male university distance runners reached the level of Recommended Dietary Allowance for the Japanese. The intakes of retinol, VB1, VB6 and Ca were higher in the male university distance runners than in the non-exercisers. The urinary excretion and excretion ratio to intake of Zn, excretion ratio of Na, ratios of Cr, BMI and BMR of Zn, and Cr ratio of Na were higher in the non-exercisers than those in the male university distance runners. So as to achieve the same levels of Cr ratios of Ca and Zn as the non-exercisers, the male university long distance runners should take larger amounts of those minerals than the non-exercisers. II was suggested that the ratio of BMR rather than that of Cr ratio to urinary excretion of mineral would be suitable for the estimation of a desirable intake level of mineral for the male university distance runners.

DOI： 10.7600/jspfsm1949.50.79

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Japanese Society of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine  

This study was carried out to compare the nutrient intake, urinary excretion of mineral (Na, K, Ca, Mg, Zn, Fe, Cu ), and the ratios of creatinine (Cr), body mass index (BMI) and basal metabolic rate (BMR) to the amount of mineral in 24-hour urine between both the male university students with few exercise (non-exercisers) and male university distance runners. The propriety of ratios of Cr, BMI and BMR was also examined in order to estimate intake of mineral for the male university distance runners. There were no significant differences in the intakes of energy, protein and carbohydrate between the both groups of subjects, and those major nutrients were at reasonable levels for the both groups of subjects. On the other hand, neither the intake levels of VB6, Ca, Mg, and Cu in the non-exercisers, nor niacin, Mg and Cu in the male university distance runners reached the level of Recommended Dietary Allowance for the Japanese. The intakes of retinol, VB1, VB6 and Ca were higher in the male university distance runners than in the non-exercisers. The urinary excretion and excretion ratio to intake of Zn, excretion ratio of Na, ratios of Cr, BMI and BMR of Zn, and Cr ratio of Na were higher in the non-exercisers than those in the male university distance runners. So as to achieve the same levels of Cr ratios of Ca and Zn as the non-exercisers, the male university long distance runners should take larger amounts of those minerals than the non-exercisers. It was suggested that the ratio of BMR rather than that of Cr ratio to urinary excretion of mineral would be suitable for the estimation of a desirable intake level of mineral for the male university distance runners.

DOI： 10.7600/jspfsm1949.50.79

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：岡山大学教育学部  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本教育大学協会第二常置委員会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：岡山大学  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本教育大学協会第二常置委員会  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：MARCEL DEKKER INC  

The effects of dietary magnesium (Mg) supplementation on intralymphocytic free Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) and Mg2+ ([Mg2+]i) were examined in the stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP) at the age of 10 weeks. After 40 day Mg supplementation (0.8% Mg in the diet), systolic blood pressure (SBP) was significantly lower in Mg supplemented group (Mg group) than the control group (0.2% Mg). [Ca2+]i was significantly lower and [Mg2+]i was significantly higher in Mg group than in the control group. Further, [Ca2+]i was positively and [Mg2+]i was negatively correlated with SBP. These results suggest that dietary Mg supplementation modifies [Ca2+]i and [Mg2+]i, and modulates the development of hypertension.

DOI： 10.3109/10641969409072219

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：BLACKWELL SCIENCE  

1. Free Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) and Mg2+ ([Mg2+]i) were measured in peripheral lymphocytes from stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP) and normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY) at the age of 5, 7 and 17 weeks, from various antihypertensive agents-treated SHRSP, and from secondary hypertensive WKY.
2. At the age of 5 weeks, no difference was observed in systolic blood pressure (SBP), or lymphocyte [Ca2+]i and [Mg2+]i between SHRSP and WKY. At the age of 7 or 17 weeks, SBP and [Ca2+]i of SHRSP were significantly higher than in WKY, and at the age of 17 weeks, [Mg2+]i of SHRSP was significantly lower than in WKY. Further, [Ca2+]i or [Mg2+]i was positively or negatively correlated to SBP, and [Mg2+]i was negatively correlated to [Ca2+]i .
3. SBP of SHRSP fell significantly after antihypertensive treatment with calcium antagonist, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor or hydralazine for 40 days. [Ca2+]i was significantly lower in calcium antagonist and hydralazine groups, and tended to be low in ACE inhibitor group. These four groups showed no difference in [Mg2+]i.
4. After 40-day administration of N(G)-nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA), WKY developed severe hypertension, but there were no significant differences in lymphocyte [Ca2+]i and [Mg2+]i between the L-NNA treated and non-treated groups.
5. These results suggested that increased lymphocyte [Ca2+]i and decreased [Mg2+]i observed in SHRSP are not only secondary to hypertension but possibly related to a basic genetic abnormality of divalent cation handling.

DOI： 10.1111/j.1440-1681.1993.tb01745.x

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本体力医学会  

DOI： 10.7600/jspfsm.56.29

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：JAPANESE SOC PHYSICAL FITNESS SPORTS MEDICINE  

This study was carried out to compare the nutrient intake, urinary excretion of mineral (Na, K, Ca, Mg, Zn, Fe, Cu), and the ratios of creatinine (Cr), body mass index (BMI) and basal metabolic rate (BMR) to the amount of mineral in 24-hour urine between both the male university students with few exercise (non-exercisers) and male university distance runners. The propriety of ratios of Cr, BMI and BMR was also examined in order to estimate intake of mineral for the male university distance runners.
There were no significant differences in the intakes of energy, protein and carbohydrate between the both groups of subjects, and those major nutrients were at reasonable levels for the both groups of subjects. On the other hand, neither the intake levels of VB6, Ca, Mg, and Cu in the non-exercisers, nor niacin, Mg and Cu in the male university distance runners reached the level of Recommended Dietary Allowance for the Japanese. The intakes of retinol, VB1, VB6 and Ca were higher in the male university distance runners than in the non-exercisers. The urinary excretion and excretion ratio to intake of Zn, excretion ratio of Na, ratios of Cr, BMI and BMR of Zn, and Cr ratio of Na were higher in the non-exercisers than those in the male university distance runners. So as to achieve the same levels of Cr ratios of Ca and Zn as the non-exercisers, the male university long distance runners should take larger amounts of those minerals than the non-exercisers. II was suggested that the ratio of BMR rather than that of Cr ratio to urinary excretion of mineral would be suitable for the estimation of a desirable intake level of mineral for the male university distance runners.

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：社団法人日本体育学会  

CiNii Article

CiNii Books

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：社団法人日本体育学会  

CiNii Article

CiNii Books

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：社団法人日本体育学会  

CiNii Article

CiNii Books

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Language：English   Publisher：BLACKWELL SCIENCE  

Web of Science

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Japanese Society of Physical Fitness and Sport Medicine  

CiNii Article

CiNii Books

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Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Poster presentation  

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