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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Crop Science Society of Japan  

We investigated the effect of transplanting young seedlings and intermittent irrigation on the growth and yield of rice on the soil with three profiles of salinity. Fifteen-liter pots were filled with non-saline soil (non-saline plot), with the soil to which 45 g of salt was applied to all layers of the soil (homogeneous saline plot), and with the soil to which 45 g of salt was applied to the lower half layer (heterogeneous saline plot). Younger and older seedlings of paddy rice Nipponbare, at leaf ages of 2.5 and 4.7, respectively were transplanted to these pots, one seedling per pot. Then plants were subjected to continuously submerged soil conditions, or intermittent irrigation. In the non-saline plot, growth of young and older seedlings was poorer in intermittent irrigation than in submerged soil conditions. In the homogenous saline plot, young seedlings died soon after the transplanting and older seedlings survived longer under submerged soil conditions. Salinity distribution was not changed much in submerged soil conditions, but salinity moved up under intermittent irrigation regardless of initial salinity distribution. We concluded that transplanting young seedlings was not acceptable in saline soil because their salinity tolerance was low. Intermittent irrigation was not preferable, because it promoted the accumulation of salt in the upper soil layer. On the other hand, low salinity in the upper soil layer improved seedling survival and early growth. The results suggest that the upper layer should be low in salinity, and the plants should be grown under submerged soil conditions to produce healthy rice plants.

DOI： 10.1626/jcs.85.115

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Language：English   Publisher：OXFORD UNIV PRESS  

Physiological aspects of acidity stress in plants (synonymous with H+ rhizotoxicity or low-pH stress) have long been a focus of research, in particular with respect to acidic soils where aluminium and H+ rhizotoxicities often co-occur. However, toxic H+ and Al3+ elicit different response mechanisms in plants, and it is important to consider their effects separately. The primary aim of this review was to provide the current state of knowledge regarding the genetics of the specific reactions to low-pH stress in growing plants. A comparison of the results gleaned from quantitative trait loci analysis and global transcriptome profiling of plants in response to high proton concentrations revealed a two-stage genetic response: (i) in the short-term, proton pump H+-ATPases present the first barrier in root cells, allocating an excess of H+ into either the apoplast or vacuole; the ensuing defence signaling system involves auxin, salicylic acid, and methyl jasmonate, which subsequently initiate expression of STOP and DREB transcription factors as well as chaperone ROF; (2) the long-term response includes other genes, such as alternative oxidase and type II NAD(P) H dehydrogenase, which act to detoxify dangerous reactive oxygen species in mitochondria, and help plants better manage the stress. A range of transporter genes including those for nitrate (NTR1), malate (ALMT1), and heavy metals are often up-regulated by H+ rhizotoxicity. Expansins, cell-wall-related genes, the.-aminobutyric acid shunt and biochemical pH-stat genes also reflect changes in cell metabolism and biochemistry in acidic conditions. However, the genetics underlying the acidity stress response of plants is complicated and only fragmentally understood.

DOI： 10.1093/jxb/erv437

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：CROP SCIENCE SOCIETY OF JAPAN  

DOI： 10.14829/jcsproc.240.0_44

CiNii Article

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：CROP SCIENCE SOCIETY OF JAPAN  

DOI： 10.14829/jcsproc.240.0_79

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Crop Science Society of Japan  

DOI： 10.1626/jcs.84.224

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Salinity stress as well as water stress impairs crop production in saline soil. This study was conducted to examine the relationship between water use, which may depend on root growth, and dry matter production in rice. Paddy soil of 1~10 kg was put in appropriate pots. A definite amount of NaCl solution corresponding to 50% of soil weight was applied to establish saline soil containing NaCl at 0 (control), 1 and 2 g kg&lt
sup&gt
-1&lt
/sup&gt
. Seedlings of salt-tolerant cultivar IR4595-4-1-13 and normal cultivar Nipponbare were transplanted to the pots which were not irrigated thereafter. Shoot and root dry weight on the day when leaf ceased to elongate increased as soil amount increased, and decreased as soil salinity increased. Shoot growth decreased with the increase of plant sodium concentration. The amount of soil water increased with the increase in soil weight and salinity, indicating that evapotranspiration was decreased due to soil salinity. Shoot dry weight increased in proportion to the evapotranspiration. Soil water content was low in the control which had vigorous root growth, and high in the high-salinity soil which had poor root growth. It was concluded that rice shoot growth on saline soil increased in proportion to evapotranspiration and poor root growth may be responsible for reduced evapotranspiration.

DOI： 10.1626/jcs.83.32

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD  

Salinity significantly increased trisodium-8-hydroxy-1,3,6-pyrenetrisulphonic acid (PTS) uptake and decreased the K+/Na+ ratio in salt-sensitive rice (Nipponbare) but did not markedly in salt-tolerant rice (Pokkali). Proline and glycinebetaine (betaine) suppressed the increase in PTS uptake and the decrease in the K+/Na+ ratio in Nipponbare, but did not affect PTS uptake or the K+/Na+ ratio in Pokkali.

DOI： 10.1271/bbb.120233

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Salinity stress as well as water stress impairs crop production in saline soil. This study was conducted to examine the effect of soil salinity on water use and dry matter production in wheat and barley. Long pots, 96 cm in length and with an inner diameter of 7.1 cm, were filled with sieved soil, and a NaCI solution was applied to establish saline plots NaCl-7 g and NaCl-14 g, in which the amount of NaCI was 7 and 14 g pot-1, respectively. No NaCl was applied to the NaCl-0 g plot. The seedlings of wheat cultivar “Norin 71” and barley cultivar “Hojo-kawa 8” were transplanted two plants per pot. When transpiration decreased to a negligible amount, shoot dry weight, root length, soil water and Na+ concentration of plant and soil were determined. The results were similar in the two crops. The number of stems per plant was smaller in NaCl-14 g than in NaCl-0 g or NaQ-7 g. The evapotranspiration rate increased at the same rate in all plots in the early growth stage, but, was larger in NaCl-O g than in NaQ-7 g or NaQ-14 g in a later growth stage. The deeper the soil layer, the lower the root length density but the higher the volumetric soil water and Na+ contents. A correlation was observed between the soil water content and root length density, but there was a stronger relationship between volumetric soil water content and Na+ content. Reduction of shoot dry weight corresponded to that of total evapotranspiration. It was concluded that shoot dry weight was limited by the amount of water extracted from soil, which depended partially on root length density but mainly by soil Na+ content in saline soils. © 2012, CROP SCIENCE SOCIETY OF JAPAN. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1626/jcs.81.64

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The effects of fertilization at the flowering stage, soil moisture and high temperature during the seed-filling stage on seed coat cracking of different types in soybean were investigated. For topdressing, calcium, silicon or NPK was applied at the flowering stage. For temperature and moisture, period from 14 September to 24 October was divided into 4 periods of 10 days in each treatments, the plants were exposed to 3-4°C higher temperature (H1-H4), dried soil (D1-D4) or wet soil (W1-W4) during each period. The cracked seeds increased in H2 and H3, meaning that the seeds are easily cracked by high temperature at R6 to R7 stages. The cracked seeds of irregular type increased in each of H2, H3 and H4 irrespective of seed size. The frequency of cracked seeds of line type was high in large seeds treated with silicon, but the seed weight was not affected by silicon treatment. The effect of dried soil on cracking was low, while W1 and W2 tended to decrease the frequency of cracked seeds and W2 decreased the cracked seeds of irregular type. It was concluded that the effects of environmental condition on cracking vary with the type of cracking, and the physiological mechanism of cracking may vary with the cracking type.

DOI： 10.1626/jcs.80.183

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Rice yield in Africa is low due to salinity as well as a low fertility. We investigated the effects of soil nutrient conditions on shoot sodium accumulation in 20 interspecific hybrid rice (NERICA) lines, their parents WAB56-104 (Oryza sativa L.) and CG14 (O. glaberrima Steud.), and 8 O. sativa L. cultivars grown on different types of soil. The rice plants were grown in 0.5 L pots filled with paddy soil or Masa soil which is less fertile, and subjected to saline irrigation (100 mM NaCl) for one week on Masa soil or two weeks on paddy soil from 18 days after sowing. This was because the visible injury by salinization appeared earlier on Masa soil. Leaf age at the beginning of salinization did not vary with the soil type. The average sodium content of shoot in all cultivars on Masa soil was significantly higher than that on paddy soil. In both types of soil, sodium content of shoot was highest in CG14 and lowest in Pokkali (30-40% of CG14). There were large differences in sodium content of shoot among NERICA lines. The highest was close to the value in CG14 and the lowest was lower than that in WAB56-104 (55-65% of CG14). Sodium content of shoot on paddy soil was positively correlated with that on Masa soil. However, the ratio of sodium content of shoot on Masa soil to that on paddy soil significantly varied with the cultivar. These results indicated that there was a large variation in the sodium content of shoot, i.e., salinity tolerance, among NERICA lines. Sodium accumulation in the shoot was increased by salinity more easily on the soil poor in nutrients than on the fertile soil.

DOI： 10.1626/jcs.80.333

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：CROP SCIENCE SOCIETY OF JAPAN  

DOI： 10.14829/jcsproc.230.0.350.0

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Rice yield is reduced by a short period of water stress at the early panicle-development stage. This study was conducted to examine the factors that reduce the panicle dry weight of rice subjected to water stress and the alleviating effects of top dressing after the stress. Akihikari, Nipponbare and Akebono were grown in 4-L pots under submerged soil conditions. One half of the pots were subjected to the same degree of water stress during panicle development and the other half was grown without water stress. On the day after the stress treatment, chemical fertilizer was applied to one half of each water treatment. Panicle dry weight at maturity was decreased by water stress and the top dressing after the stress alleviated the decrease. The top dressing increased panicle dry weight under the two water treatments in all three cultivars. Increase of panicle dry weight was dependent on that of total dry weight from drainage to full heading, from full heading to maturity, and from drainage to maturity: Leaf area duration (LAD) and net assimilation rate (NAR) were responsible for changes in total dry weight. Effect of water stress was prominent before full heading, while that of top dressing after full heading. It was concluded that reduction of LAD and NAR may be involved in reduction of panicle dry weight by water stress at the early panicle-development stage, and that top dressing after the water stress may mitigate the effect of water stress on panicle dry weight through the improvement of LAD and NAP.

DOI： 10.1626/pps.13.37

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The reduction of carbohydrate consumption by the dark respiration at the ripening stage may increase the yield of rice. To clarify the influence of the varietal difference in the ratio of the dry-matter decrease in stem and leaf sheath to the dry-matter increase in panicle (ΔS/ΔE), which is used as an index of the remobilization of carbohydrate, on the dark respiration in shoot, and to clarify the varietal difference in the cost of panicle growth, we examined the dark respiration in the shoot and panicle using four and two rice varieties with different ΔS/ΔE in 2000 and 2003, respectively. The ΔS/ΔE in Nanjing 11 at ripening periods was higher than that of Tainung 67 in both years. The relationship between the dark respiration in the shoot and mobilization of carbohydrate was regressed to a line in both years. On the other hand, the rate of dark respiration in panicle increased with panicle growth in all varieties, but the cost of the dark respiration for panicle growth was lower in Tainung 67 than in Nanjing 11. These results showed that the varietal difference in the remobilization of reserved carbohydrate did not affect the cost of dark respiration for remobilization in shoot, and that the varietal difference in the cost of panicle growth was large.

DOI： 10.1626/jcs.79.53

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

This study was conducted to improve rice yield in saline affected areas in Africa using interspecific progenies. The salinity tolerance of an interspecific progeny NERICA 1 and its parents CG14 (O. glaberrima) and WAB56-104 (O. sativa) was examined in comparison with two Japanese upland rice cultivars. Plants were transplanted to 1. 8 litter pots filled with the paddy soil, and grown under submerged soil conditions until maturity. NaCl (final concentrations were 100, 200 and 300 mM) was applied from 35, 49 and 63 days after sowing. Control plants were grown without application of NaCl. The salinity tolerance was evaluated based on the relative aboveground dry weight which expressed relative to the control. The salinity tolerance of WAB56-104 was similar to that of Japanese upland cultivars and CG14 was extremely sensitive, while NERICA 1 had intermediate salinity tolerance between its parents. The salinity tolerance decreased with the increase in shoot sodium concentration in all of the cultivars. The sodium concentration was high in CG14 since CG14 accumulated more sodium than the other cultivars under comparable salinity. Although NERICA 1 and WAB56-104 accumulated sodium similarly, the growing period, hence the duration of salinity treatment was longer in NERICA 1 than WAB56-104, resulting in a higher shoot sodium concentration in NERICA 1. These results indicated that NERICA 1 was tolerant to salinity more than the O. glaberrima parent which was sensitive to salinity, and NERICA 1 and the O. sativa parent responded to salinity stress similarly.

DOI： 10.1626/jcs.79.184

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The application of exogenous proline and glycinebetaine (betaine) confers salt tolerance on plants under salt stress. The effects of exogenous proline and betaine on apoplastic How in rice plants under saline conditions were investigated using trisodium-8-hydroxy-1,3,6-pyrenetrisulphonic acid (PTS), an apoplastic tracer. Rice plants took up more PTS under light conditions than under dark conditions. Salt stress increased PTS uptake and Na+ content of rice leaves, but did not affect K+ content, resulting in a lower K+/Na+ ratio. Addition of proline or betaine to the saline medium suppressed Na+-induced PTS uptake and Na+ accumulation, while the K+ content was slightly increased, which led to a high K+/Na+ ratio under saline conditions. These results suggest that exogenous proline and betaine suppressed Na+-enhanced apoplastic flow to reduce Na+ uptake in rice plants.

DOI： 10.1271/bbb.90244

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Rice yield in the north regions of China remains low due to saline soil subjected to drought. This study was conducted to analyze the changes in yield of rice due to water stress under the saline soil conditions. Four-litter pots were filled with the paddy soil and various amounts of salt (NaCl) (0, 5, 10 and 15 g / pot) were incorporated into the soil. Seedlings of rice cultivar Akihikari were transplanted at a rate of one plant per pot and grown under the submerged soil conditions in a rain shelter. Plants were subjected to various degrees of soil-water deficits at panicle formation stage. During the soil drying, pre-dawn leaf water potential was measured and cumulative water stress (CWS), which is an integrated scale of duration and degree of water stress, was estimated. At maturity, plant dry weight and Na contents of leaf and stem were determined. Heading was delayed and panicle dry weight per plant was decreased by the soil salinity under the submerged soil conditions. Further, heading was delayed and panicle dry weight was decreased by additional water stress on each saline soil, the days of delay and decrease of the dry weight being proportional to CWS. Water stress susceptibility estimated from the relationship between CWS and panicle dry weight was increased with higher concentration of soil salinity. Plant Na content increased with soil salinity, while water stress changed plant Na content little. Water stress susceptibility became larger with increase of plant Na content. Therefore, it was concluded that panicle dry weight decreases and water stress susceptibility becomes larger with increase of plant Na concentration under the saline soil conditions in rice.

DOI： 10.1626/jcs.76.540

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DOI： 10.14829/jcsproc.222.0.154.0

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Japanese Society for Tropical Agriculture  

The control of transpiration in cashew seedlings is important to enable them to cope with droughtprone environments. The response of the leaf temperature to soil water deficit, as an indicator of transpiration, was examined in 10 cashew strains from Indonesia. The seedlings were grown in 4.3 liter pots filled with soil for about 3 months, and irrigation was withheld from half of these pots to reduce the content of soil water, while the remaining pots were well-watered. During midday on sunny days, the leaf temperature of the well-watered plants and plants subjected to the soil water deficit was determined with a handheld infrared thermometer as well as the temperature of a wet filter paper and a dry leaf. Soil water content was also determined. Based on these data, the leaf temperature ratio (LTR) as a relative value of leaf transpiration to potential evaporation (wet filter paper) was calculated. In MDR and A3-1, LTR was smaller than in the other eight strains. LTR in the well-watered plants (LTR0) ranged from 0.74-0.87, and strains MDR and A3-1 showed a low LTR0. In these two strains, LTR decreased more sensitively in response to the decrease of the soil water content. These results indicate that MDR and A3-1 may conserve soil water better because their transpiration rate was low under both well-watered and drought conditions.

DOI： 10.11248/jsta1957.49.126

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Japanese Society for Tropical Agriculture  

The ability to maintain water continuity in the xylem under a low water potential (low vulnerability of xylem to dysfunction) is considered to be responsible for adaptation to drought in cashew. The effect of shading on the xylem vulnerability of cashew seedlings was evaluated since the plants are grown under shading at the nursery stage. A strain with a resistant xylem (A3-1) and two strains with a vulnerable xylem (G-85 and Wonogiri-2) were grown in an open field and under shading for four months, and then the xylem vulnerability was determined. In A3-1, the applied pressure that induced a 50% loss of hydraulic conductivity (P₅₀), which was the indicator of xylem vulnerability, was 1.55 MPa in the open field and A3-1 was found to be less vulnerable than G-85 and Wonogiri-2 in which the P₅₀ value was ca. 1.2 MPa. The vulnerability increased under shading in A3-1, whereas it was not affected by shading in G-85 and Wonogiri-2, resulting in the absence of difference in vulnerability among the strains under shading. Stem length/diameter ratio increased in the three strains under shading, indicating the existence of spindly growth. The degree of spindly growth was largest in A3-1 and the vessel diameter increased only in A3-1. It was considered that the fragile vessel wall and the increase in the vessel diameter associated with spindly growth was responsible for the increase in the vulnerability under shading in A3-1. These results suggested that it would be important to grow the seedlings of A3-1 which displayed a resistant xylem under shading without spindly growth.

DOI： 10.11248/jsta1957.48.149

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The xylem hydraulic conductivity of the panicle neck is considered to be responsible for the maintenance of the panicle water status which is not under the stomatal control in rice. To clarify the hydraulic properties of the panicle neck, the water transport function of the panicle neck and panicle characters were examined in 12 paddy and 8 upland rice genotypes originating from various countries. The hydraulic conductivity (K) under full hydration increased with the increase in the number of spikelets per panicle (N_s), panicle area (A_p, projected area of a whole panicle which was considered to be an indicator of the evaporative surface) and the number of large vascular bundles of the panicle neck (N_b) in paddy rice. A large variation in K was also detected in upland rice, but not in N_s and N_b, and the relationships of K with N_s, A_p and N_b were not significant. On the other hand, there was a significant relationship between the diameter of the large xylem vessels and K in the paddy and upland rice genotypes. A positive relationship was found between K/A_p or K/N_s (ability of the xylem of the panicle neck to supply water per unit evaporative surface or to one spikelet) and the size of the spikelet (A_s, calculated as A_p/N_s) . Since upland rice has large spikelets, the value of K/A_p was higher in upland rice. The xylem became vulnerable as N_s increased in paddy and upland rice genotypes. These results suggested that upland rice was able to cope with dry environments not because of a less vulnerable xylem to dysfunction but due to the higher hydraulic conductivity of the xylem. The relationships found in this study may enable to estimate the hydraulic properties based on the panicle characters.

DOI： 10.11248/jsta1957.48.131

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

To examine the influence of temperature on the dark respiration and the dry-matter increase of the panicle of rice in the ripening period, we investigated the dark respiration rate and the dry matter production in the ripening period in the plants sown in pots at April, May, and June. The heading date was on August 4 in the plants sown in April, and it was delayed 14 and 28 days by sowing in May and June, respectively. The mean temperature from the 6th to 19th day after heading in the plants sown in April was 4°C higher than that in the plants sown in May and June. The growth and the maintenance respiration were estimated by using the regression method. The dark respiration of the panicle mainly contributed to the panicle growth respiration, and the maintenance respiration was higher in the plants sown in April and May than those sown in June. The dark respiration rate of leaf blade and stem was mainly related to the translocation rate of the carbohydrate to the panicle, and the maintenance respiration rate was low in the plants sown in June than in those sown in April or May. It was suggested that the rise of mean temperature did not necessarily increase the maintenance respiration and that the maintenance respiration was influenced not only by the temperature in the ripening period but also by the temperature before heading. It was also quantitatively shown that the dry matter production of the panicle was decreased by the increase in dark respiration accompanied by the increase in maintenance respiration.

DOI： 10.1626/jcs.72.436

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The reduction of the dark respiration at the ripening stage may increase the dry-matter production and yield in rice. The effects of spikelet removal on dark respiration and dry-matter production were examined under 4 levels of shading. The spikelets were removed to reduce the number of grains to zero, 1/3 or 2/3 of the intact plants. Control plants were left intact. The rate of gross photosynthesis (Pg) and panicle dry weight increased as light intensity increased and was higher in the plants with a larger number of grains. The dark respiration of the panicle was mainly related to the dry-matter increase of the panicles regardless of the number of grains. The rate of translocation from the leaf blade and stem to the panicle increased as the number of grains increased, but the dark respiration of the leaf blade and stem did not change. Thus the dark respiration per dry-matter translocated to the panicle was small in the plants with a large number of grains. The increase in Pg and decrease in the ratio of the dark respiration in the leaf blade and stem to Pg were responsible for the higher panicle dry weight in the plant with a large number of grains. It was concluded that in the plant with a large number of grains, the high Pg and the low consumption of carbohydrates in the leaf blade and stem contributed to the improvement of the growth efficiency and yield.

DOI： 10.1626/jcs.72.185

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：CROP SCIENCE SOC JAPAN  

The changes in number of spikelets per panicle (SN) under saline conditions as affected by the application of plant growth regulators were determined. A lowland rice cultivar IR28 whose SN is reduced by salinity was grown in pots filled with the paddy soil and submerged under the three saline solutions of 50 mM, 100 mM and 150 mM sodium chloride (NaCl) and tap water during panicle development. Indole acetic acid (IAA), kinetin or gibberellin (GA(3)) (0.5 mM) were foliar-sprayed. Independently, plants were grown under low solar irradiance (4070 to 85% of transmittance) without NaCl application, Control plants were grown with tap water and not subjected to the spray and low solar irradiance, SN decreased because of the occurrence of spikelet malformation and degeneration under saline conditions as a result of only spikelet degeneration under low solar irradiance. The degeneration of spikelets under saline conditions was suppressed by the GA(3) spray, though a different type of malformation occurred, resulting in a small SN. The SN decreased in proportion to the decrease of panicle dry weight at panicle emergence with different effects of salinity, GA(3) and low irradiance. The effect of the spray of IAA and kinetin was not detectable. From these results, SN decreased under saline conditions because of the occurrence of spikelet malformation as well as the degeneration, and the GA(3) spray may suppress the degeneration of spikelets, suggesting that it may alleviate the adverse effect of salinity on S.V.

DOI： 10.1626/jcs.71.376

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To clarify the effect of varietal differences in the maintenance respiration rate on dry matter production at the vegetative stage in rice, the maintenance respiration rates of the top of the plant in 26 rice varieties were investigated by the starvation method. The relationship between the dry matter increase and the dark respiration rate under natural conditions was also examined between four varieties with a low rate of maintenance respiration (Tainou. 67, Esoshimamochi, Binato and Mangasa) and those with a high rate (Bouzu, Dular, Mangetsumochi and Alborio). A varietal difference was found in the maintenance respiration rate of the top and was not related to the nitrogen content of the top. Under natural conditions, the large dark respiration in the varieties with high-maintenance rates was not due to large growth respiration, but to large maintenance respiration. The gross photosynthetic rate of the low-respiration varieties was lower than that of the high-respiration ones, although the net photosynthetic rate of the low-respiration varieties was higher than that of the high-respiration ones because of differences in the maintenance respiration rate, which corresponds to 5% of gross photosynthesis. This study showed that the starvation method was useful for the selection of rice varieties with low-maintenance respiration rates. The effect of the varietal difference of the maintenance respiration rate in the vegetative stage on dry matter production was shown quantitatively.

DOI： 10.1626/jcs.71.110

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The effect of salinity stress on grain filling was studied in two rice varieties (Kala-Rata 1-24 and IR28) with different resistances of yield to salinity. Plants were subjected to saline irrigation (150 mM sodium chloride) during the grain-filling period in combination with the primary rachis-branch clipping. Saline irrigation decreased whole plant dry-matter production during the grain-filling period. A dry-matter increase of hulled rice was retarded because of the insufficient supply of dry-matter during the mid grain-filling period by saline irrigation;however it later recovered because of an increase in the compensatory translocation of stem reserves to the panicle. The final panicle dry weight did not decrease because of saline irrigation. The retardations of the dry-matter increases of hulled rice were markedly in the inferior spikelets of plants with intact primary rachis-branches, but not in the plants with half primary rachis-branches. The dry-matter increase of hulled rice that was retarded by saline irrigation recovered after the saline water was removed. These results indicated that the potential of grain growth and the carriage of assimilates might nor be affected by saline irrigation. The insufficient supply of dry-matter to hulled rice during saline irrigation may have resulted from a decrease in the production of low-molecular sugars for translocation because of the suppression of carbohydrate metabolism under salinity.

DOI： 10.1626/jcs.70.71

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Salinity tolerance at the seedling stage of rice (Oryza sativa L.) is related to the ability to maintain photosynthesis under salinity. Sensitivity of photosynthesis to sodium accumulation in leaf blade was evaluated in 13 rice varieties differing in salinity tolerance at the seedling stage. Leaf blades were excised at the leaf base, the cut end immersed in 50 mM sodium chloride solution, and the rates of photosynthesis and transpiration were measured. Photosynthetic rate decreased in parallel to stomatal closure until leaf sodium content reached 3 ro 5 mg g(-1). However, in the leaves with sodium content of over 3 ro 5 mg g(-1), the transpiration rate was even, while photosynthetic rate decreased further due to another factor related to sodium accumulation in the leaf blade. Vulnerability of photosynthesis to sodium accumulation measured using excised leaves varied with the variety, similarly to that measured using the leaves of intact plants. These results indicated that salinity tolerance at the seedling stage in rice could be evaluated by measuring photosynthetic rate in excised leaf blades.

DOI： 10.1626/jcs.70.78

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Japanese Society for Tropical Agriculture  

Differences in salinity tolerance in rice varieties could not be explained by the tissue sodium concentration under saline soil conditions in some cases. This study was carried out to determine whether the plant water status and tissue silicon concentration were responsible for the varietal differences in salinity tolerance in rice. A salinity-sensitive variety Mangasa and a salinity-tolerant variety IR4595-4-1-13 were transplanted to pots filled with soil to which sodium chloride was added at a rate of 10g/pot and were compared with plants grown without addition of sodium chloride. Decrease in shoot dry matter and percentage of ripened grains due to soil salinity were conspicuous in Mangasa, resulting in a larger decrease in grain yield. Although the midday leaf water potential decreased by salinity, the degree of its reduction and osmotic adjustment did not differ between the varieties. Reduction of stomatal conductance due to salinity was larger in Mangasa. Potassium concentration in leaves and stems decreased under salinity in both varieties, whereas the sodium concentration in Mangasa increased slightly more than that in IR4595-4-1-13. There were no changes in the potassium and sodium concentrations in hulls due to salinity in the two varieties. Silicon concentration in IR4595-4-1-13 decreased under salinity in leaves and stems but did not change in hulls. In contrast, the reduction of the silicon concentration in Mangasa due to salinity was observed only in hulls. Therefore, it was concluded that Mangasa was sensitive to saline soil conditions as reflected in the lower dry matter production and lower percentage of ripened grains due to the larger reduction of stomatal conductance and the silicon concentration in hulls.

DOI： 10.11248/jsta1957.45.259

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Japanese Society for Tropical Agriculture  

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) yield is low under saline soil conditions due to the small number of spikelets per panicle (SN) and there are varietal differences in the sensitivity of SN to soil salinity. This study was carried out to determine whether varietal differences in the sensitivity were attributable to dry matter production under saline soil conditions. A sensitive variety IR28 and a tolerant variety IR4595-4-1-13 were grown in pots filled with sand and submerged in four saline solutions containing 25mM to 150mM sodium chloride (NaCl) from the later stage of spikelet initiation to the panicle emergence stage and compared to plants grown under low solar radiation (30% to 80% of natural radiation) . Control plants were grown without NaCl application under natural solar radiation. Under the saline conditions dry matter increase per shoot (ΔW) was more reduced in IR28 than in IR4595-4-1-13. The percentage of decrease of SN in IR28 was larger than that in IR4595-4-1-13, where the degeneration of spikelets on secondary rachis-branches was the main cause of the decrease of SN. The panicle dry weight at panicle emergence (Wp) was related to SN and the decrease of ΔW was responsible for the small Wp since dry matter distribution to the panicle (Wp/ΔW) did not change. There was almost no accumulation of sodium in panicle, but substantial accumulation was observed in leaf and stem, IR28 being a better accumulator. Under the low solar radiation conditions, though IR4595-4-1-13 maintained higher SN, there were small varietal differences in the response of ΔW, Wp and SN, while Wp/ΔW was enhanced due to the low solar radiation. Therefore, IR4595-4-1-13 was tolerant in terms of SN to soil salinity because a lower sodium concentration in leaves may maintain dry matter production, thus the limited changes in ΔW and Wp, resulting in a limited change in SN.

DOI： 10.11248/jsta1957.45.192

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White heads and silicon deposition in spikelets were observed in three rice varieties(IR28, IR4595-4-1-13 and Mangasa), which were different in vulnerability to white heads under salinity conditions. Plants were grown in three-liter pots with two nitrogen fertilizer levels(HN: high nitrogen and LN: low nitrogen)and subjected to salinity by submerging the soil in a 100mM sodium chloride solution from booting to seven days after panicle emergence. White heads occurred in IR4595-4-1-13 and Mangasa but not in IR28 under the salinity condition, and the vulnerability to white heads was higher with the HN treatment than the LN treatment. Silicon deposition in spikelets, measured by energy-dispersive X-ray analysis with a scanning electron microscope, was correlated to the vulnerability to white heads. White heads inhibited flower opening and thus induced high sterility. It was concluded that low silicon deposition in spikelets was responsible for the occurrence of white heads under salinity conditions in rice.

DOI： 10.1626/pps.3.328

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：CROP SCIENCE SOC JAPAN  

The objective of this study was to examine whether the difference in the effects of saline irrigation conducted at various reproductive stages on the yield of rice (Oryza sativa L.) depends on the sodium and potassium contents in plant organs. Two rice cultivars, Kala-Rata 1-24 (KR1) and IR28 were subjected to saline irrigation (100 mM sodium chloride) at six different reproductive stages for one week. Saline irrigation at the booting stage reduced the winnowed paddy weight. The decrease was due to the decrease in one-grain weight in both cultivars, and also to the decrease in grain number in KR1 and that in the percentage of ripened grain in IR28. One-grain weight decreased as a result of the decrease in hull size. Decrease in winnowed paddy weight and hull size was related to low potassium content in leaves and stems, but was unrelated to sodium content and potassium:sodium ratio. The low potassium content in leaves and stems did not correspond to the low potassium : sodium ratio, indicating that it was not the result of the competition with sodium ion, but was caused by the inhibition of potassium uptake by roots.

DOI： 10.1626/jcs.68.487

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Japanese Society for Tropical Agriculture  

Growth and yield responses of rice (Oryza sativa L.) to soil salinity were studied in six varieties differing in tolerance at the seedling stage. Plants were grown in four-liter pots containing soil treated with sodium chloride at a rate of 5g/pot, 10g/pot and 15g/pot, and control plants were grown without application of sodium chloride. Varieties tolerant at the seedling stage (Kala Rata 1-24 and IR4595-4-1-13) grew well under salinity, but in other tolerant varieties (Nona Bokra and Pokkali) leaf emergence, tillering and plant length were suppressed by salinity at a similar degree as in the sensitive varieties (IR28 and Mangasa) . The decrease in yield was more conspicuous in IR28, Mangasa and Pokkali than in the other three varieties. Yield components responsible for the yield reduction varied: small number of spikelets in IR28 and Pokkali, and high sterility induced by white heads in Mangasa. Sodium concentration of panicle peduncle and flag and the uppermost third leaves at the maturing stage was similar in all the varieties except for Mangasa which showed the lowest sodium concentration. These results supported the assumption that salinity-tolerant varieties at the seedling stage do not always maintain grain yield at a sufficient level under salinity, and indicated that the plant ability to maintain a low level of sodium concentration is not related to salinity tolerance throughout the growth period.

DOI： 10.11248/jsta1957.43.285

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本作物学会中国支部  

Effects of anaerobic root medium and kinetin treatment of roots on plant growth, root morphology and aerenchyma resistance of buckwheat were examined. Under excessive soil moisture condition, the leaf nitrogen content, the dry matter production and the number of inflorescence were decreased. The lysigenous aerenchyma in the root was not formed, but the ratio of the area of cortex to that of root cross section was increased. The aerenchyma resistance was decreased with increases of the ratio. These observations suggest that buckwheat adapted to excessive soil moisture condition by decrease of aerenchyma resistance related to the change of cortex ratio. Application of kinetin to root medium under culture solution increased the plant dry matter and the area of cortex in root cross section. This suggest that the adaptability to excessive soil moisture condition could be improved by addition of kinetin.

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DOI： 10.11248/jsta1957.42.182

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The relationship between growth respiration and nitrogen content in rice organs was investigated. Top and root CO(2) exchange rates were continuously measured for 5-6 days under different nutrient concentrations by lowering the light intensity with each passing day. There were significant positive correlations between the growth respiration rate in the top (Rgt) and dry matter increase in the top, and between the growth respiration rate in the root (Rgt) and dry matter increase in the root. Though, there were significant positive correlations between Rgt and leaf area expansion, and leaf dry matter increase, no significant relationship was found between Rgt and dry matter in leaf sheath. The growth respiration rate in each plant part was closely related to the dry matter increase and nitrogen increase. The nitrogen content of the leaf blade was higher than that of the leaf sheath. This suggests that growth respiration in the top is utilized more for the growth of leaf blade than that of leaf sheath. Moreover, the ranges of growth coefficient in the whole plant, top and root were from 0.56 to 1.26, 0.44 to 1.11, and 0.60 to 1.11 g g(-1), respectively, under different nutrient conditions. The growth coefficient of each part increased as the result of nitrogen content in new biomass. The growth coefficient in the root was higher than that in the top when compared at the same value of the ratio of the increase in nitrogen. The slope of linear regression in the root was higher than that in the top. In this paper, it was determined quantitatively the relationship between nitrogen increase and growth coefficient in rice organs.

DOI： 10.1626/jcs.66.640

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An assimilation chamber for simultaneous measurement of photosynthesis, respiration and transpiration of intact plant was set up, and its function was examined especially inmeasuring root respiration and estimating dry matter increase by measured CO_2 exchange rate. Rice seedlings grown at different nutrient conditions were used as plant materials. Well-controlled pH and temperature of nutrient solution made possible a stable and continuous measurement of root respiration using an infrared gas analyzer. Dry matter increase calculated by CO_2 exchange rate was a good estimate of the measured value. There was positive correlation between top dry matter partitioning ratio and relative value of top respiration rate, and between top-root dry matter partitioning ratio and top-root respiration ratio. Therefore, the assimilation chamber was evaluated to be of help for the analysis of physiological dynamics in the growing plant.

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：CROP SCIENCE SOC JAPAN  

To make clear the internal leaf morphology concerned with varietal difference in specific leaf area (SLA) response to concentration of culture solution at the seedling stage, varietal differences in leaf morphological change with the advance of leaf position and in the response of leaf morphogenesis to nutrient concentration were investigated. Vascular bundle number (VBN) in transverse section of leaf blade and leaf width increased with the advance of position, but VBN did not increase with leaf width. Increase of leaf length with the advance of position was the greatest in NNN-type wherein nitrogen content per leaf area (NCLA) increased but SLA did not increase with nutrient concentration increase. The increase of VBN and leaf width in NNN-type were less than others. However, exceptionally in Dular, which was a variety in SSN-type wherein SLA increased with nutrient concentration, the VBN did not increase with nutrient concentration and was much more than others at every concentration. In the relationship between leaf width and length, leaf area expansion of NNN-type depended on leaf length, but others depended on leaf width increase. From these results, it was clear that SLA increase with heavy fertilization was extremely large in the varieties having many VBN by nature, and getting remarkable increase of VBN in response to fertilizer increase. Then, presumably, to improve rice productive ability efficiently in connection with fertilization, it is important that varieties have the characters, i.e. VBN and leaf width do not increase, leaf area expansion depends on the increase of leaf length, and moreover leaves are erect even under heavier fertilizer conditions.

DOI： 10.1626/jcs.61.10

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Establishment of cashew trees often fails due to drought damage at the seedling stage although cashew is an important cash crop in Indonesia. To determine whether the ability to maintain water transport in xylem, which is often responsible for plant adaptation to drought, is a suitable parameter for early evaluation of drought resistance at the seedling stage, differences in xylem vulnerability to dysfunction and the relationship to xylem vessel diameter were examined in ten high-yielding strains in cashew. The xylem vulnerability was evaluated by the applied pressure which induced 50% loss of stem hydraulic conductivity (P₅₀) . Variation in the P₅₀ value from 0.32 MPa for Wonogiri to 1.50 MPa for A3-1 was recorded among the strains. However, since there was no difference in the mean vessel diameter, the use of the vessel diameter was not suitable for the evaluation of xylem vulnerability. Since a strain such as A3-1 may maintain the water continuity in the xylem under drought conditions, it was suggested that the plant ability to maintain the water continuity in the xylem would be a suitable parameter for the early evaluation of drought resistance at the seedling stage in cashew.

DOI： 10.11248/jsta1957.46.129

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塩分ストレス条件下で生育を高く維持するためには、地上部へのナトリウムの移行を抑制することが重要であり、根におけるナトリウム排除機能の重要性が指摘されている。しかし、どのような根の形質がより高い排除機能に結びついているか不明なばかりか、塩分ストレスが根にどのような影響を与えるかについてさえ明確となっていない。そこで本研究では、耐塩性程度の異なるイネ2品種を供試し、塩分ストレス下における根の発生・伸長について調査し、塩分ストレスがイネの根系形態に及ぼす影響について検討した。

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作物の音刺激に対する生育促進を示す事例が新聞などでとりあげられているが, 学術的報告は少なく, 音刺激が生育に及ぼす影響についてはよくわかっていない.音は空気の振動刺激によって伝わることから, 音刺激が葉の振動刺激として作物に働き, 内生ホルモン量を変えることが予想される.また, 音刺激は植物の気孔反応を変えるという報告があることから, 本研究では音刺激による葉の振動を調べるとともに, 音刺激が作物の生育, 気孔開度およびアブシジン酸(ABA)含量に及ぼす影響について検討した.

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ソバは動脈硬化の予防に関わるルチンなどを含むことから, 近年機能性食品として評価が高まり, 水田の転換作物として作付け面積の拡大が図られている.しかし, 過湿土壌適性が小さく, これが水田作付けの制限要因になっている.過湿土壌条件下で生育は初期から抑制され, 節数, 花房数, 小花数が低下し減収する.一方, 湿害は根への酸素供給低下によると考えられ, 通気組織の発達にともない湿害の軽減が予測される.トウモロコシではカイネチン処理によって破生通気組織が形成されることより, ソバでもカイネチン処理によって根の内部形態が変化すると考えられた.そこで本研究では, (1)土壌水分の違いがソバの生育, 小花数および根の内部形態に及ぼす影響, (2)カイネチン処理がソバの根の内部形態に及ぼす影響を調べた.

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演者らは既報において, 植物の根の導管液中の溶存気体量が培地に比べて低くなることを報告した.溶存気体量が吸水に際して減少することは, 気泡の発生によって引き起こされる導管閉塞を回避する上で有意義であり, 耐乾燥性を支援する重要な形質であると推測される.本実験では, 耐乾燥性と気体排除率との関連及び根の内部形態と気体排除率の関係を検討するために, 根部の水分条件を異にして生育させた場合, また耐乾燥性が異なるイネ品種を材料にした場合の根の溶存気体の排除率の違いを調べるとともに, 内部形態の光学顕微鏡観察を行った.

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イネ幼植物では光合成および構成呼吸, 維持呼吸の測定によって, 茎葉部と根部への乾物の分配比が解析できることを報告した。しかし, 根部の呼吸は養分吸収にも密接に係わっていることから, 窒素の形態によっては構成呼吸と乾物増加および乾物分配の関係が異なることが予想される。本研究では, NO_3およびNH_4を窒素源とした場合のコムギ幼植物の生育とCO_2収支および養分吸収との関係を解析し, この点を検討した。

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光合成・呼吸の測定は, 個体の生育の量的拡大を非破壊的に推定し得る有効な手段であるが, 形態形成の方向といった質的な生育方向の推定には, 未だ有効な手段が確立していない.本実験では, 異なる培養液濃度条件下で栽培したイネ幼植物個体の生長と, 構成呼吸および維持呼吸との関係を解析し, CO_2収支の測定による生育方向推定の可能性を検討した.

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