研究者詳細 - 藤原　智洋

論文 - 藤原　智洋

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Intercalary reconstruction after wide resection of malignant bone tumors of the lower extremity using a composite graft with a devitalized autograft and a vascularized fibula. 国際誌

Koichi Ogura, Shimpei Miyamoto, Minoru Sakuraba, Tomohiro Fujiwara, Hirokazu Chuman, Akira Kawai

Sarcoma 2015 861575 - 861575 2015年

記述言語：英語掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）

Introduction. Although several intercalary reconstructions after resection of a lower extremity malignant bone tumor are reported, there are no optimal methods which can provide a long-term reconstruction with fewest complications. We present the outcome of reconstruction using a devitalized autograft and a vascularized fibula graft composite. Materials and Methods. We conducted a retrospective review of 11 patients (7 males, 4 females; median age 27 years) undergoing reconstruction using a devitalized autograft (pasteurization (n = 6), deep freezing (n = 5)) and a vascularized fibula graft composite for lower extremity malignant bone tumors (femur (n = 10), tibia (n = 1)). Results. The mean period required for callus formation and bone union was 4.4 months and 9.9 months, respectively. Four postoperative complications occurred in 3 patients: 2 infections (1 pasteurized autograft, 1 frozen autograft) and 1 fracture and 1 implant failure (both in pasteurized autografts). Graft removal was required in 2 patients with infections. The mean MSTS score was 81% at last follow-up. Conclusions. Although some complications were noted in early cases involving a pasteurized autograft, our novel method involving a combination of a frozen autograft with a vascularized fibula graft and rigid fixation with a locking plate may offer better outcomes than previously reported allografts or devitalized autografts.

DOI： 10.1155/2015/861575

RPN2 Gene Confers Osteosarcoma Cell Malignant Phenotypes and Determines Clinical Prognosis. 国際誌

Tomohiro Fujiwara, Ryou-U Takahashi, Nobuyoshi Kosaka, Yutaka Nezu, Akira Kawai, Toshifumi Ozaki, Takahiro Ochiya

Molecular therapy. Nucleic acids 3 ( 9 ) e189 2014年9月

記述言語：英語掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）

Drug resistance and metastasis are lethal characteristics of tumors. We previously demonstrated that silencing of ribophorin II (RPN2), which is part of the N-oligosaccharyl transferase complex, efficiently induced apoptosis and reduced resistance to docetaxel in human breast cancer cells. Here, we report the clinical and functional correlations of RPN2 expression in osteosarcoma. Immunohistochemical evaluation of 35 osteosarcoma patient biopsies revealed that RPN2 was moderately to highly expressed in all specimens, and higher RPN2 mRNA expression was significantly correlated with poor prognosis. To investigate whether lethal phenotypes of osteosarcoma could be reduced by regulating the expression of RPN2, we conducted a study of RNAi-induced RPN2 knockdown in highly metastatic human osteosarcoma cells. The results indicated that RPN2 silencing reduced cell proliferation, sphere formation, cell invasion, and sensitized drug response in vitro. Mice bearing RPN2-silenced highly metastatic osteosarcoma xenografts showed reduced tumor growth and lung metastasis, and survived longer than mice bearing control tumor xenografts. Taken together, our data suggest that RPN2 silencing contributes to regulation of lethal osteosarcoma phenotypes and could be a novel target for RNAi-based therapeutics against osteosarcoma.

DOI： 10.1038/mtna.2014.35

切除縁評価法の問題点 : 悪性骨腫瘍 (パネルディスカッション切除縁評価法の問題点) 査読

国定俊之, 武田健, 藤原智洋

日本整形外科学会雑誌 88 ( 9 ) 588 - 594 2014年9月

記述言語：日本語出版者・発行元：日本整形外科学会

2005年〜2011年に治療した初診時遠隔転移を認めない高悪性骨腫瘍52例を対象に、最近の症例について検討し、悪性骨腫瘍の切除縁評価法に関する疑問点・問題点について検討した。組織型は骨肉腫34例、軟骨肉腫12例、Ewing肉腫3例等であった。52例の切除縁評価は2cm wide margin以上45例、1cm wide margin 4例、marginal margin以下3例であった。1cm wide marginとなった4例は血管温存目的(2例)および術前化学療法効果著効例での関節温存目的(2例)であった。marginal margin以下となった3例は骨盤発生、脊椎発生、大腿骨巨大腫瘍で、広範囲切除縁確保が困難であった。再発は4例に認め、2cm wide margin以上1例、marginal margin以下3例であった。最初の問題点は反応層の定義で、反応層をもう少し詳細に分類する必要がある。2番目の問題点は術前画像での切除縁設定の基準を決めることで、全国で統一した安全な切除縁設定の基準を決める必要があると思われた。

その他リンク： http://search.jamas.or.jp/link/ui/2015068034

Unique mutation portraits and frequent COL2A1 gene alteration in chondrosarcoma. 国際誌

Yasushi Totoki, Akihiko Yoshida, Fumie Hosoda, Hiromi Nakamura, Natsuko Hama, Koichi Ogura, Aki Yoshida, Tomohiro Fujiwara, Yasuhito Arai, Junya Toguchida, Hitoshi Tsuda, Satoru Miyano, Akira Kawai, Tatsuhiro Shibata

Genome research 24 ( 9 ) 1411 - 20 2014年9月

記述言語：英語掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）

Chondrosarcoma is the second most frequent malignant bone tumor. However, the etiological background of chondrosarcomagenesis remains largely unknown, along with details on molecular alterations and potential therapeutic targets. Massively parallel paired-end sequencing of whole genomes of 10 primary chondrosarcomas revealed that the process of accumulation of somatic mutations is homogeneous irrespective of the pathological subtype or the presence of IDH1 mutations, is unique among a range of cancer types, and shares significant commonalities with that of prostate cancer. Clusters of structural alterations localized within a single chromosome were observed in four cases. Combined with targeted resequencing of additional cartilaginous tumor cohorts, we identified somatic alterations of the COL2A1 gene, which encodes an essential extracellular matrix protein in chondroskeletal development, in 19.3% of chondrosarcoma and 31.7% of enchondroma cases. Epigenetic regulators (IDH1 and YEATS2) and an activin/BMP signal component (ACVR2A) were recurrently altered. Furthermore, a novel FN1-ACVR2A fusion transcript was observed in both chondrosarcoma and osteochondromatosis cases. With the characteristic accumulative process of somatic changes as a background, molecular defects in chondrogenesis and aberrant epigenetic control are primarily causative of both benign and malignant cartilaginous tumors.

DOI： 10.1101/gr.160598.113

Clinical relevance and therapeutic significance of microRNA-133a expression profiles and functions in malignant osteosarcoma-initiating cells. 国際誌

Tomohiro Fujiwara, Takeshi Katsuda, Keitaro Hagiwara, Nobuyoshi Kosaka, Yusuke Yoshioka, Ryou-U Takahashi, Fumitaka Takeshita, Daisuke Kubota, Tadashi Kondo, Hitoshi Ichikawa, Akihiko Yoshida, Eisuke Kobayashi, Akira Kawai, Toshifumi Ozaki, Takahiro Ochiya

Stem cells (Dayton, Ohio) 32 ( 4 ) 959 - 73 2014年4月

記述言語：英語掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）

Novel strategies against treatment-resistant tumor cells remain a challenging but promising therapeutic approach. Despite accumulated evidence suggesting the presence of highly malignant cell populations within tumors, the unsolved issues such as in vivo targeting and clinical relevance remain. Here, we report a preclinical trial based on the identified molecular mechanisms underlying osteosarcoma-initiating cells and their clinical relevance. We identified key microRNAs (miRNAs) that were deregulated in a highly malignant CD133(high) population and found that miR-133a regulated the cell invasion that characterizes a lethal tumor phenotype. Silencing of miR-133a with locked nucleic acid (LNA) reduced cell invasion of this cell population, and systemic administration of LNA along with chemotherapy suppressed lung metastasis and prolonged the survival of osteosarcoma-bearing mice. Furthermore, in a clinical study, high expression levels of CD133 and miR-133a were significantly correlated with poor prognosis, whereas high expression levels of the four miR-133a target genes were correlated with good prognosis. Overall, silencing of miR-133a with concurrent chemotherapy would represent a novel strategy that targets multiple regulatory pathways associated with metastasis of the malignant cell population within osteosarcoma.

DOI： 10.1002/stem.1618

MicroRNAs in soft tissue sarcomas: overview of the accumulating evidence and importance as novel biomarkers. 国際誌

Tomohiro Fujiwara, Toshiyuki Kunisada, Ken Takeda, Koji Uotani, Aki Yoshida, Takahiro Ochiya, Toshifumi Ozaki

BioMed research international 2014 592868 - 592868 2014年

記述言語：英語掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）

Sarcomas are distinctly heterogeneous tumors and a variety of subtypes have been described. Although several diagnostic explorations in the past three decades, such as identification of chromosomal translocation, have greatly improved the diagnosis of soft tissue sarcomas, the unsolved issues, including the limited useful biomarkers, remain. Emerging reports on miRNAs in soft tissue sarcomas have provided clues to solving these problems. Evidence of circulating miRNAs in patients with soft tissue sarcomas and healthy individuals has been accumulated and is accelerating their potential to develop into clinical applications. Moreover, miRNAs that function as novel prognostic factors have been identified, thereby facilitating their use in miRNA-targeted therapy. In this review, we provide an overview of the current knowledge on miRNA deregulation in soft tissue sarcomas, and discuss their potential as novel biomarkers and therapeutics.

DOI： 10.1155/2014/592868

Secondary Chondrosarcoma of the Proximal Part of the Humerus Arising in a Four-Year-Old Boy with Ollier Disease: A Case Report. 国際誌

Koichi Ogura, Ken Takeda, Tomohiro Fujiwara, Akihiko Yoshida, Hirokazu Chuman, Akira Kawai

JBJS case connector 3 ( 4 Suppl 8 ) e131 2013年12月

[Update on microRNAs research in sarcoma: review the literature and proposal of the clinical application].

Tomohiro Fujiwara, Akira Kawai, N Kosaka, Toshifumi Ozaki, Takahiro Ochiya

Gan to kagaku ryoho. Cancer & chemotherapy 40 ( 3 ) 305 - 13 2013年3月

後頚部両側に発生し, 異なるMRI所見を呈したspindle cell lipomaの1例査読

滑川陽一, 小林英介, 藤原智洋, 丹澤義一, 川井章, 中馬広一

中部日本整形外科災害外科学会雑誌 56 ( 4 ) 865 - 866 2013年

記述言語：日本語出版者・発行元：(一社)中部日本整形外科災害外科学会

57歳男。10年前より頸部に母指頭大の腫瘤を自覚していたが、徐々に増大傾向を認めた。頸部の左右両側皮下に腫瘤を認めた。術前MRIでは、両腫瘤に連続性は認めず、右頸部腫瘤はT1で筋肉よりやや高信号、T2で高信号、ガドリニウムで不均一に造影された。左頸部腫瘤はT1で筋肉と等信号、T2で高信号、ガドリニウムでは造影されなかった。切除生検にて右頸部腫瘤はSpindle cell lipoma(SCL)と診断し、左頸部腫瘤は画像上lipomaが疑われたため、いずれの腫瘍にも辺縁切除を行った。免疫組織染色では、両腫瘍で紡錘形細砲がCD34に陽性を示し、ともにSCLと診断した。組織学的には右頸部腫瘍が脂肪成分に乏しいいわゆるlow-fat type SCLであったのに対し、左頸部腫瘍は脂肪成分に富んだSCLであった。術後経過は良好で、両腫瘍ともに術後5年の現在、再発を認めていない。

その他リンク： https://search-tp.jamas.or.jp/index.php?module=Default&action=Link&pub_year=2013&ichushi_jid=J00831&link_issn=&doc_id=20131009040038&doc_link_id=10.11359%2Fchubu.2013.865&url=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.11359%2Fchubu.2013.865&type=J-STAGE&icon=https%3A%2F%2Fjk04.jamas.or.jp%2Ficon%2F00007_2.gif

Extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma: a review of 23 patients treated at a single referral center with long-term follow-up. 国際誌

Koichi Ogura, Tomohiro Fujiwara, Yasuo Beppu, Hirokazu Chuman, Akihiko Yoshida, Hirotaka Kawano, Akira Kawai

Archives of orthopaedic and trauma surgery 132 ( 10 ) 1379 - 86 2012年10月

記述言語：英語掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）

BACKGROUND: Extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma (EMC) is a rare soft tissue sarcoma. Although it has been regarded as a low-grade sarcoma unassociated with tumor-related death, a recent study has suggested an insidious nature with a high propensity for relapse during a long disease course. The aim of this study was to clarify the long-term clinical features of EMC treated at a single referral center using state-of-the-art techniques. METHODS: A retrospective review of 23 consecutive patients (10 males, 13 females; mean age 58 years) treated between 1979 and 2008 (mean follow-up; 109 months) was performed. RESULTS: Surgery for the primary tumor was performed in 22 patients, and 7 cases recurred locally due to inadequate resection. Eleven patients had metastatic disease, either at diagnosis (3) or developing later (8). The 5/10-year overall survival rates were 91/84 %, and the 5/10-year local recurrence-free and metastasis-free survival rates for patients with localized disease were 89/62 and 89/61 %, respectively. Larger tumor size (>10 cm) and metastases at diagnosis were significant negative prognostic factors. Four patients received ifosfamide-based chemotherapy with no objective response. There was no local recurrence in three patients who underwent R1 resection followed by adjuvant radiotherapy. Clinical palliation and retarded progression of the metastatic disease were achieved in three patients who underwent radiotherapy. CONCLUSIONS: EMC is indolent but has a high propensity for relapse over 5 years of follow-up. Definitive initial surgery and careful monitoring for a prolonged period are important. Radiotherapy seems beneficial in an adjuvant setting and as palliative therapy for metastatic disease.

下腿骨幹部骨折術後非感染性偽関節の治療戦略査読

藤原智洋, 野田知之, 中原龍一, 島村安則, 尾崎敏文, 寺田忠司

骨折 34 ( 3 ) 702 - 706 2012年9月

担当区分：筆頭著者記述言語：日本語掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）出版者・発行元：(一社)日本骨折治療学会

下腿骨幹部骨折術後非感染性偽関節の治療にはインプラント選択を含めた再内固定方法、骨欠損および変形への対処法など様々な問題点が存在する。当科で経験した5例を検討した。全例男性、手術時平均年齢は46歳、偽関節タイプおよび前回手術法は肥厚型3例(プレート固定1例、血管柄付き骨移植2例)、萎縮型2例(創外固定1例、髄内釘固定1例)。偽関節手術法は、髄内釘固定および髄内釘入れ替えを2例、ロッキングプレート固定を3例に実施し、偽関節部新鮮化・骨移植を4例、部分腓骨切除を併用した変形矯正を3例に行った。全例に骨癒合が得られ、矯正位は良好であった。本偽関節に対しては、適切な手術手技による髄内釘入れ替えを第一選択とし、血管柄付き骨移植後などの髄腔狭小・閉鎖例にはロッキングプレート固定を第二選択として適応し、変形や骨欠損に対する部分腓骨切除や自家骨移植などの併用により治療成績の向上が期待できる。(著者抄録)

肉腫の病理と治療標的探索プロテオミクスを用いた骨軟部肉腫の分子標的探索(Topics of bone and soft part sarcoma Molecular markers of bone and soft tissue sarcomas revealed by proteomics)

川井章, 窪田大介, 藤原智洋, 菊田一貴, 末原義之, 小倉浩一, 薛宇孝, 浅野尚文, 小林英介, 中谷文彦, 中馬広一, 落谷孝広, 近藤格

日本癌学会総会記事 71回 452 - 452 2012年8月

microRNAマイクロアレイを用いた骨肉腫化学療法奏効性予測バイオマーカーの開発

窪田大介, 末原義之, 藤原智洋, 川井章, 金子和夫, 近藤格

日本整形外科学会雑誌 86 ( 6 ) S967 - S967 2012年6月

墜落外傷の原因による比較検討査読

八幡直志, 石井桂輔, 藤原智洋, 栗本久嗣

関東整形災害外科学会雑誌 43 ( 2 ) 111 - 114 2012年

記述言語：日本語出版者・発行元：関東整形災害外科学会

1999〜2008年の墜落外傷932例を対象に、自殺企画群551例(A群)と事故群381例(B群)に分け、受傷・高度別に人数や死亡数を比較した。その結果、収容時に心肺停止であった症例の占める割合は、A群40%、B群5.8%であった。墜落外傷者数の年次推移については、A群は2005年から増加し、2006年が最も多かった。B群は2001年と2006年を中心に2峰性を示し、2001年が最も多かった。墜落外傷の月別分布については、A群の4〜6月が有意差をもって多く収容されていた。受傷部位については、A群はB群に比べ下肢外傷の発生頻度が有意に高く、墜落高度が有意に高かった。B群はA群に比べ頭部外傷の発生頻度が有意に高かった。墜落階層による予後を比較すると、5階以下では退院時生存例が多く、6階以上では死亡例が退院時生存例を上回った。11階以上に生存者はいなかった。墜落外傷の原因の違いにより病像に差異があり、B群では頭部外傷が多く注意を要すると考えられた。

Cancer stem cells in breast cancer. 国際誌

Ryou-U Takahashi, Fumitaka Takeshita, Tomohiro Fujiwara, Makiko Ono, Takahiro Ochiya

Cancers 3 ( 1 ) 1311 - 28 2011年3月

記述言語：英語掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）

The cancer stem cell (CSC) theory is generally acknowledged as an important field of cancer research, not only as an academic matter but also as a crucial aspect of clinical practice. CSCs share a variety of biological properties with normal somatic stem cells in self-renewal, the propagation of differentiated progeny, the expression of specific cell markers and stem cell genes, and the utilization of common signaling pathways and the stem cell niche. However, CSCs differ from normal stem cells in their chemoresistance and their tumorigenic and metastatic activities. In this review, we focus on recent reports regarding the identification of CSC markers and the molecular mechanism of CSC phenotypes to understand the basic properties and molecular target of CSCs. In addition, we especially focus on the CSCs of breast cancer since the use of neoadjuvant chemotherapy can lead to the enrichment of CSCs in patients with that disease. The identification of CSC markers and an improved understanding of the molecular mechanism of CSC phenotypes should lead to progress in cancer therapy and improved prognoses for patients with cancer.

DOI： 10.3390/cancers3011311

Roof impactionを伴う寛骨臼骨折の治療経験査読

藤原智洋, 野田知之, 中原龍一, 雑賀建多, 島村安則, 尾﨑敏文

骨折 33 ( 3 ) 637 - 642 2011年

担当区分：筆頭著者記述言語：日本語出版者・発行元：(一社)日本骨折治療学会

Roof impactionを伴う寛骨臼骨折3例の手術治療について検討した。本所見に伴う骨折型は前壁骨折1例、前柱骨折2例であった。前壁骨折に伴う1例に対してはilioinguinal approachの2nd windowから前壁骨片を翻転し陥没骨片を直視下に整復した。前柱骨折に伴う2例に対してはmodified Stoppa approachにlateral windowを併用し、1例は陥没骨片直上の骨折部から整復を、1例は骨片直上を開窓し整復した。いずれも内固定および人工骨充填によるsubchondral supportを行った。全例整復位・臨床評価ともに概ね良好な成績を得たが、うち1例はアプローチ選択に課題が残った。Roof impactionの存在は成績不良因子とされるが、個々の症例における術前の詳細な評価、アプローチ選択および整復固定法の工夫により治療成績の改善が期待できる。(著者抄録)

ロッキングプレートによる下肢長管骨非感染性偽関節の治療成績査読

藤原智洋, 野田知之, 西山武, 中原龍一, 雑賀建多, 島村安則, 尾崎敏文, 加原尚明, 宮澤慎一, 高城康師

中国・四国整形外科学会雑誌 22 ( 2 ) 355 - 361 2010年9月

担当区分：筆頭著者記述言語：日本語掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）出版者・発行元：中国・四国整形外科学会

2005〜2008年に当科と関連施設で下肢長管骨非感染性偽関節に対してロッキングプレートによる治療を行った15例の成績を報告した。男性7例、女性8例、手術時年齢21〜82歳、手術部位は大腿骨骨幹部2例、大腿骨遠位部3例、脛骨近位部7例、脛骨骨幹部2例、脛骨遠位部1例であった。偽関節の種類はhypertrophic non-unionが9例、atrophic non-unionが6例であった。手術では14例に自家骨移植を併施した。治療成績は全例で骨癒合が得られた。術直後から最終観察時までのアライメント変化の度合いは、単純X線正面像で平均1.13°(0〜10°)、側面像で平均0.35°(0〜5°)であり、ほとんどの症例で良好なアライメントが維持されていた。術後合併症として遷延治癒を5例(33%)、矯正損失を1例(7%)に認め、感染や皮膚壊死などの軟部組織合併症は認めなかった。合併症を認めた6例中4例がatrophic non-unionであった。

その他リンク： https://search.jamas.or.jp/index.php?module=Default&action=Link&pub_year=2010&ichushi_jid=J02438&link_issn=&doc_id=20101006220017&doc_link_id=10.11360%2Fjcsoa.22.355&url=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.11360%2Fjcsoa.22.355&type=J-STAGE&icon=https%3A%2F%2Fjk04.jamas.or.jp%2Ficon%2F00007_2.gif

骨盤腫瘍に対する創外固定を併用したhip transposition法の治療経験

藤原智洋, 国定俊之, 森本裕樹, 井谷智, 佐々木剛, 尾崎敏文

中部日本整形外科災害外科学会雑誌 53 ( 春季学会 ) 129 - 129 2010年3月

骨盤腫瘍に対する創外固定を併用したhip transposition法の治療経験査読

藤原智洋, 国定俊之, 井谷智, 森本裕樹, 佐々木剛, 尾﨑敏文

中部日本整形外科災害外科学会雑誌 53 ( 4 ) 937 - 938 2010年

担当区分：筆頭著者記述言語：日本語出版者・発行元：中部日本整形外科災害外科学会

Enneking分類P2を含む骨盤腫瘍に対し、腫瘍切除後に創外固定を併用したhip transposition法を用いて再建を行った3例の短期成績を検討した。手術時年齢は平均38歳、術後経過観察期間は平均13ヵ月で、手術時間は平均6時間37分、出血量は平均4020gであった。全例が術翌日より坐位可能で、最終観察時の歩行状態は独歩1例、杖歩行2例、MSTS scoreは平均70%であった。平均5.2cmの脚長差が生じたが、術後感染症などの重篤な合併症はなかった。Enneking分類P2を含む骨盤腫瘍切除後の再建方法として、創外固定を併用したhip transposition法は有用であると考えられた。

DOI： 10.11359/chubu.2010.937

その他リンク： https://search-tp.jamas.or.jp/index.php?module=Default&action=Link&pub_year=2010&ichushi_jid=J00831&link_issn=&doc_id=20100915110096&doc_link_id=10.11359%2Fchubu.2010.937&url=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.11359%2Fchubu.2010.937&type=J-STAGE&icon=https%3A%2F%2Fjk04.jamas.or.jp%2Ficon%2F00007_2.gif

[Fundamental Study on Heavy Ion CT Using Pencil Beam Scanning Method].

Toshiyuki Kohno, Tomohiro Fujiwara, Yumiko Ohno, Naruhiro Matsufuji, Tatsuaki Kanai

Igaku butsuri : Nihon Igaku Butsuri Gakkai kikanshi = Japanese journal of medical physics : an official journal of Japan Society of Medical Physics 20 ( 2 ) 71 - 82 2000年

記述言語：日本語掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）

The feasibility of heavy ion computed tomography was investigated. A cylindrical polyethylene sample of 50 mm in diameter was used to establish the pencil beam scanning method and estimate the performance of the system. The sample was irradiated with carbon ions of 290 MeV/u and 400 MeV/u, and helium ions of 150 MeV/u. The residual beam energy was measured by a BGO scintillator in coincidence with two small plastic scintillators placed in front of and behind the sample to restrict the beam path and improve the spatial resolution in the CT reconstruction. The projection data were obtained by moving the sample only in the transverse direction because of its symmetrical structure. A Lucite sample with many holes of different diameters was used to demonstrate the spatial resolution of this CT system. From the reconstructed images the spatial resolution was estimated to be less than 2 mm under the conditions in this work. The electron density ratios of ethyl alcohol, water, and Lucite to polyethylene were obtained, which are in good agreement with the calculated values.

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