Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

In this study, the mechanisms underlying green flower phenotype of a lily cultivar, ‘Doubleen’, was investigated focusing on jasmonic acid (JA) accumulation. ‘Doubleen’ is a mutant lily cultivar derived from ‘Yelloween’ and has unexpanded, non-pigmented green tepals but lacks the stamen and carpel. ‘Doubleen’ was treated with methyl jasmonate (MeJA) to investigate the subsequent change in floral organ characteristics. As a result, the tepals of MeJA-treated ‘Doubleen’ expanded and had yellow pigmentation, whereas those of the control did not. To estimate the JA synthesis site in the lily flower, the accumulation profiles of JA and jasmonoyl-L-isoleucine (JA-Ile) were compared between the floral organs of ‘Yelloween’. The JA-Ile content of carpels was the lowest of the three floral organs at all developmental stages. JA-Ile contents in the inner tepals and stamens were not significantly different in all developmental stages. To determine potential role of JA and JA-Ile in tepal expansion and pigmentation in lily flowers, the accumulation of these two compounds was compared between the tepals of ‘Yelloween’ and those of ‘Doubleen’. At all developmental stages, the tepals of ‘Doubleen’ accumulated JA at concentrations lower than those of ‘Yelloween’. Floral organ removal experiments were also conducted using ‘Yelloween’ to evaluate its effect on tepal expansion. Notably, tepal expansion was not affected by pistil removal, but was strongly suppressed by stamen removal. Overall, these results suggest the loss of JA biosynthesis site in the flowers of ‘Doubleen’ leading to the formation of unexpanded green tepals on their flowers.

DOI： 10.1016/j.scienta.2022.111539

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Springer Science and Business Media LLC  

DOI： 10.1007/s11032-022-01304-w

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Other Link： https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11032-022-01304-w/fulltext.html

Authorship：Last author,　Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (bulletin of university, research institution)  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：The Japanese Society for Horticultural Science  

<p>Fasciation in strawberry is characterized by an enlarged and flattened receptacle, clustering of flowers, and altered inflorescence architecture. However, the developmental process of fasciated flowers remains obscure. In this study, the fasciation incidence and developmental process in the primary fruit and inflorescence architecture were evaluated and compared for the non-susceptible cultivars, 'Nyoho' and 'Sagahonoka' and one of the most susceptible cultivars, 'Ai-Berry'. The severity and frequency of flower and inflorescence fasciation was clearly greater in the vigorously growing large plants of 'Ai-Berry' compared to small plants and large plants of the other two cultivars. In 'Ai-Berry', the deformation of the large shoot apical meristem (SAM) into an oval shape was the initial symptom observed before and during floral transition. Such oval-shaped SAMs often differentiated two or more leaf primordia almost at the same time, which then developed into divided multiple vegetative SAMs before floral transition and linearly-fasciated SAMs during floral transition, respectively. The development of fasciation symptoms was observed after downregulation of FaTFL1. Although inflorescence or receptacle fasciation could be controlled when early and rapid floral induction was achieved by intermittent low-temperature treatment, severe fasciation was observed in late-flowered plants which were either not responsive or not subjected to this treatment. These results indicate that fasciation of floral organs may be triggered and develop during floral transition and that temperature fluctuations around boundary values between floral inhibition to induction may cause a half-finished or slowly processed floral transition and finally result in severe fasciation in vigorously growing 'Ai-Berry' plants.</p>

DOI： 10.2503/hortj.UTD-315

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Authorship：Last author   Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Japanese Society for Horticultural Science  

DOI： 10.2503/hrj.21.219

J-GLOBAL

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：SPRINGER  

Key message CAP biosynthesis in the pericarp of chili pepper fruits occurs with an ambiguous boundary in the placental septum and pericarp. Capsaicinoid (CAP) is a pungent ingredient of chili pepper fruits. Generally, CAP biosynthesis is limited to the placental septum of fruits, but it has been reported that its biosynthesis occurs even in the pericarp of some extremely pungent varieties, resulting in a substantial increase in total content. To examine the mechanism of CAP biosynthesis in the pericarp, comparative transcriptome analysis of a variety that produces CAP in the pericarp (MY) and a variety that does not (HB) was carried out. RNA-seq revealed that 2264 genes were differentially expressed in the MY pericarp compared with the HB pericarp. PCA analysis and GO enrichment analysis indicated that the MY pericarp has a gene expression profile more like placental septum than the HB pericarp. The gene expression of CAP biosynthesis-related genes in the MY pericarp changed coordinately with the placental septum during fruit development. In most Capsicum accessions including HB, the distribution of slender epidermal cells producing CAP was limited to the placental septum, and the morphological boundary between the placental septum and pericarp was clear. In some extremely pungent varieties such as MY, slender epidermal cells ranged from the placental septum to the pericarp region, and the pericarp was morphologically similar to the placental septum, such as the absence of large sub-epidermal cells and abundant spaces in the parenchymal tissue. Our data suggest that CAP biosynthesis in the pericarp occurred with an ambiguous boundary in the placental septum and pericarp. These findings contribute to further enhancement of CAP production in chili pepper fruits.

DOI： 10.1007/s00299-021-02750-0

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Elsevier BV  

Seedlessness is a desirable trait to improve eases of processing and fresh consumption of sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). Genetic resources for seedless pepper breeding are limited, compared with other Solanaceae crops. A new seedless mutant named tn-1, was identified by screening an ethylmethane sulfonate mutagenized population derived from ornamental chili pepper. Wild-type fruit contained about 40 seed; tn-1 contained no, or a few seed. Ninety-nine individuals in the F-2 population derived from a cross between tn-1 and other cultivars were classified into the groups: Normal with more than 3 seed in each fruit, and Seedless with less than 3 seed in each fruit. The Seedless group had smaller fruit compared with the Normal group. The average values of fruit weight, length, and width of Normal group were 2.94 g, 3.64 cm and 1.40 cm, respectively. On the other hand, mean values for the Seedless group were 0.64 g, 2.11 cm, and 0.90 cm, respectively. Genetic analysis indicated that seedlessness was determined by a single recessive gene. Bulk segregant analyses combined with genotyping-by-sequencing were conducted to identify the genomic region responsible for seedlessness in tn-1. It appears the gene responsible for seedlessness may be located near the end of chromosome 12. The tn-1 mutant will be a useful breeding material to develop seedless sweet pepper.

DOI： 10.1016/j.scienta.2020.109729

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：JAPAN SOC HORTICULTURAL SCI  

The translocation of calcium (Ca) within the tomato plant and the causes of Ca deficiency, a factor associated with blossom-end rot (BER) in fruit, are still a matter of conjecture. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of defoliation on BER incidence and Ca transport into different size tomato fruit cultivars. Four experiments were conducted. The start and end dates for each experiment were; 14 March-2 May, 22 July-23 August, 30 August-7 October 2017, and 20 May-25 June 2018, for experiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. Five tomato cultivars including one large ('Momotaro fight (MF)', >= 200 g), three medium ('Lui60 (L60)', 'Flo cook (TC)', and 'Cindy sweet (CS)', 30-80 g), and one small ((Pepe (PP)', <= 20 g) fruit cultivars, respectively, were grown under moderate water stress controlled by a combination of root zone restriction and solar mediated fertigation. Leaf area of plants was reduced by 20-30% by removing alternate leaflets on all leaves. Defoliation significantly reduced BER in all experiments. In experiment 4, no BER was observed in defoliated plants of L60 and PP, and in MF and TC, BER incidence decreased to a quarter of the control. Defoliation increased the fruit growth rate (FGR) in experiment 1, in which the temperature was the lowest, by a ratio of 1.42 and by 1.39 in experiment 4, in which the radiation was strongest and day length longest. Defoliation increased the rate of daily Ca transport into fruit (CTR) in MF, L60, TC, CS, and PP by average ratios of 1.64, 1.55, 1.35, 1.30, and 1.13, respectively. The increase in CTR in defoliated plants was highest in experiment 4 with a ratio of 1.68 followed by 1.37, 1.33, and 1.28 in experiments 1, 3, and 2, respectively. Defoliation increased both FGR and CTR and there were significant linear relationships between them. However, the degree of increase was larger in CTR than that in FGR, especially in the BER-sensitive large fruit cultivar MF, and defoliation increased the total Ca concentration in fruit accordingly. We conclude that under moderate water stress by root zone restriction and certain other BER inductive conditions, defoliation could be a promising approach to reduce BER incidence by improving Ca nutrition in susceptible large fruit cultivars.

DOI： 10.2503/hortj.UTD-079

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Authorship：Last author   Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Japanese Society for Horticultural Science  

DOI： 10.2503/hrj.19.75

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (bulletin of university, research institution)  

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Authorship：Last author,　Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Japanese Society for Horticultural Science  

By using a stable isotope method, partitioning of photosynthates was examined in a modified arching (MA) technique that achieved a high cut flower productivity to clarify how photosynthates produced by bent shoots are distributed within a plant at different developmental stages of harvest shoots. The translocation ratios from bent shoots at four days after harvest, eight days after harvest, for 10 cm-shoots, flower budding, and blooming were 44.0, 40.2, 51.0, 38.3, and 23.4%, respectively, and plants at the blooming stage had lower translocation ratios compared to those at the other developmental stages. The distribution of photosynthates produced by the bent shoot parts varied with the plant stage of the harvest shoots. The partitioning ratios of roots and crowns at four days, eight days, for 10 cm-shoots, flower budding, and blooming were 63.9, 53.5, 17.5, 26.6, and 81.0%, respectively. From these results, it was revealed that in the period from blooming to the next sprouting, roots and crowns were strong sinks. The partitioning ratios of mother stems were 36.2, 46.4, 7.2, 15.0, and 8.2%, respectively. We estimate that the mother stems are a strong sink right after harvest and absorb the photosynthates for the new sprouting. At the 10 cm-shoot and flower budding stages, photosynthates were partitioned to harvest shoots at 75.2% and 58.4%, respectively, indicating that they were distributed preferentially to vigorously growing harvest shoots. A total of 11.4% of the photosynthates were partitioned to harvest shoots at the blooming stage, suggesting that the photosynthates from the bent shoots were not involved directly in flower blooming. This study will contribute to improving the MA technique and cut rose production.

DOI： 10.2503/hortj.utd-116

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：WILEY  

Capsaicinoids are unique compounds that give chili pepper fruits their pungent taste. Capsaicinoid levels vary widely among pungent cultivars, which range from low pungency to extremely pungent. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this quantitative variation have not been elucidated. Our previous study identified various loss-of-function alleles of the pAMT gene which led to low pungency. The mutations in these alleles are commonly defined by Tcc transposon insertion and its footprint. In this study, we identified two leaky pamt alleles (pamt(L1) and pamt(L2)) with different levels of putative aminotransferase (pAMT) activity. Notably, both alleles had a Tcc transposon insertion in intron 3, but the locations of the insertions within the intron were different. Genetic analysis revealed that pamt(L1), pamt(L2) and a loss-of-function pamt allele reduced capsaicinoid levels to about 50%, 10% and less than 1%, respectively. pamt(L1) and pamt(L2) encoded functional pAMT proteins, but they exhibited lower transcript levels than the functional type. RNA sequencing analysis showed that intronic transposons disrupted splicing in intron 3, which resulted in simultaneous expression of functional pAMT mRNA and non-functional splice variants containing partial sequences of Tcc. The non-functional splice variants were more dominant in pamt(L2) than in pamt(L1). This suggested that the difference in position of the intronic transposons could alter splicing efficiency, leading to different pAMT activities and reducing capsaicinoid content to different levels. Our results provide a striking example of allelic variations caused by intronic transposons; these variations contribute to quantitative differences in secondary metabolite contents.

DOI： 10.1111/tpj.14462

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In the present study, we evaluated the effects of intermittent low temperature storage (ILTS) following cold imbibition of Eustoma seeds as a low-cost method. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of the total number of cold storage days and the lengths of ILTS cycles for seedlings on the subsequent growth and flowering of three cultivars with different susceptibilities to rosetting: 'Nancy', 'Exe Lavender', and 'Bolero White'. Before sowing, the seeds were imbibed with water at 10 degrees C under a dark condition for 35 days. A cycle of 6D/6D (6 days in a refrigerator kept at 10 degrees C in the dark/6 days in a greenhouse kept at a high ambient temperature) was repeated 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 times to attain 0, 6, 12, 18, 24, and 30 days of cold storage (DCS), respectively. Using a cycle of 6D/6D at least one time (6 DCS) increased the bolting and flowering percentages and accelerated the bolting date by 6-10 days and the flowering date by 4-9 days in 'Nancy', a high-rosetting cultivar. The percentage of harvesting was above 80% only in seedlings subjected to 24 and 30 DCS in ILTS. In addition, under equal 30 DCS of ILTS, cycles of 3D/3D x 10 times, 6D/6D x 5 times, and 15D/15D x 2 times were investigated by exposing the seedlings to a high ambient temperature for 3, 6, and 15 days and then transferring them to a refrigerator (10 degrees C) for 3, 6, and 15 days, respectively. ILTS cycles of 3D/3D and 6D/6D resulted in earlier bolting and flowering dates than cycles of 15D/15D. The cycle of 15D/15D resulted in a lower percentage of marketable harvesting and an increased number of nodes to the first flower. These results suggest that applying ILTS with a cycle of 6D/6D at least four times can be an efficient method to promote the bolting and flowering of Eustoma without applying air conditioning to the entire greenhouse.

DOI： 10.2503/hortj.UTD-145

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Authorship：Last author   Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Japanese Society for Horticultural Science  

DOI： 10.2503/hrj.18.373

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Authorship：Last author   Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

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A program library for use on open-source hardware was developed in order to construct a low-cost environmental control system for greenhouses. The library facilitated the development of environmental sensing and control devices that conform to the protocols of the Ubiquitous Environment Control System (UECS). The open-source hardware used was the &quot;Arduino Ethernet&quot; and the &quot;Arduino Mega 2560 with Ethernet Shield&quot; microcontroller boards. UECS is a system for controlling greenhouse environments that communicates information via a local area network, and devices utilizing the library that we developed can perform the UECS defined communication tasks automatically. With the help of this library, device developers no longer need to program the communications aspects of the device and can concentrate on programming setting and control logic of the device. The library occupies about 29 kilobytes of the read only memory area of the target board. The library and associated open-source microcontroller boards are powerful tools for developing low-cost environmental control systems.

DOI： 10.2525/ecb.56.107

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Authorship：Last author   Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

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Authorship：Last author   Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

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Authorship：Last author   Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

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Authorship：Last author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：JAPAN SOC HORTICULTURAL SCI  

This study was initiated to investigate the effects of wet treatment at 10 degrees C (WT10 degrees C) and subsequent re-drying treatment (RDT) on the germination and growth of Eustoma grandiflorum seeds. Both treatments, WT10 degrees C and RDT, were applied at 10 degrees C under dark conditions. In all the experiments, 'King of Snow', which is one of the major Eustoma cultivars in Japan, was used. When the total number of days exposed to WT10 degrees C and RDT was set to 35 days, the prevention of rosettes and the promotion of growth were dependent on the number of days of WT10 degrees C, and these effects were maintained after RDT. When RDT was applied to the seeds after WT10 degrees C for 35 days, the growth promotion due to WT10 degrees C was maintained regardless of the length of re-drying time from 7 to 28 days; however, the germination rate decreased with RDT. On the other hand, applying RDT after WT10 degrees C for 14 days had no effect on the germination rate; however, the growth promotion was insufficient compared with WT10 degrees C for 28 days. This problem was solved by carrying out a further 14 days of WT10 degrees C after RDT. When the seeds were exposed to WT10 degrees C for 14 days, then re-dried for 7 days, and exposed to WT10 degrees C for a further 14 days, the same growth promotion was achieved as for seeds exposed to WT10 degrees C for 28 days continuously. The above results suggest that the promotion of growth depends on the total number of days of WT10 degrees C regardless of whether these days are continuous or not. Moreover, the growth promotion was maintained after RDT. The results also suggest the possibility that when both the processes of WT10 degrees C and the RDT are carried out by seed companies, growers who have no cooling equipment can produce cut flowers using seedlings grown in the high-temperature season.

DOI： 10.2503/hortj.OKD-149

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Authorship：Last author   Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Japanese Society for Horticultural Science  

Capsinoids are low-pungent capsaicinoid analogues in chili pepper fruits. They exhibit various bioactivities in humans similar to capsaicinoids, but do not produce a nasty burning sensation, encouraging their application in foods and supplements. Previous reports demonstrated that loss-of-function of putative aminotransferase (pAMT) leads to low-pungency and capsinoid accumulation. Therefore, the pamt allele is a useful gene in chili pepper breeding programs to enhance health-promoting properties. Eight loss-of-function alleles have been identified in the Capsicum genus, but the variation in paint alleles remains to be fully elucidated. In this study, we identified one novel loss-of-function allele from the analysis of low-pungent chili pepper 'No. 4034' (C. chinense). 'No. 4034' contained mainly capsinoid with an undetectable level of capsaicinoid. A genetic complementation test was conducted by crossing 'No. 4034' with other accessions. The results indicated that 'No. 4034' possessed a loss-of-function pamt allele. Sequence analysis showed that the novel mutant allele contained a 7-bp insertion (TCGGTAC) in the 16th axon region, which we designated as pamt(9). The insertion caused a frameshift mutation and resulted in a truncated protein. Gene expression analysis showed that the expression level of pAMT specifically decreased among biosynthetic genes tested here in 'No. 4034', compared with that of pungent accession. pamt(9) will be useful for low-pungency and capsinoid breeding, and will provide additional information for variations in pAMT mutants.

DOI： 10.2503/hortj.OKD-115

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：SPRINGER  

This research reveals that the up-regulated expression of multiple capsaicinoid biosynthetic genes in pericarp tissue leads to the elevation of total capsaicinoid content in chili pepper fruit.
Capsaicinoids are health-functional compounds that are produced uniquely in chili pepper fruits. A high capsaicinoid level is one of the major parameters determining the commercial quality and health-promoting properties of chili peppers. To investigate the mechanisms responsible for its high contents, we compared an extremely pungent cultivar 'Trinidad Moruga Scorpion Yellow' (MY) with other cultivars of different pungency levels (Fushimi-amanaga, Takanotsume, Red Habanero). Capsaicinoid concentrations were markedly higher in MY fruit (23.9 mg/g DW) than in other pungent cultivars including 'Red Habanero' (HB) fruit (14.3 mg/g DW). Comparative analysis of MY and HB reveals that both cultivars accumulated similar capsaicinoid concentrations in the placental septum, with that in the HB pericarp (1.8 mg/g DW) being markedly lower than that in the placental septum (69.1 mg/g DW). The capsaicinoid concentration in HB fruit is dependent on the placental septum, as reported in other accessions. Therefore, even though placental septum tissue contains high capsaicinoid concentrations, those in the pericarp and seeds attenuated its total content. In contrast, the MY pericarp exhibited a markedly higher concentration (23.2 mg/g DW). A qRT-PCR analysis revealed that multiple capsaicinoid biosynthetic pathway genes (Pun1, pAMT, KAS, and BCAT) were strongly up-regulated in placental septum of pungent cultivars. The genes were expressed exclusively in the MY pericarp, but were barely detected in the pericarps of other pungent cultivars. Collectively, the present study indicates that the up-regulated expression of these genes not only in placental septum but also in pericarp plays an important role in driving capsaicinoid accumulation in the whole fruit.

DOI： 10.1007/s00299-016-2078-8

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：JAPAN SOC HORTICULTURAL SCI  

Pungency in peppers is due to the presence of the alkaloid capsaicin and its analogues, collectively known as capsaicinoids. These compounds are only produced in the Capsicum genus and function as deterrents to mammals from consuming the pepper fruits. Pungency in pepper is qualitatively controlled by the Pun1 locus, which encodes a putative acyltransferase enzyme. Mutations in the Pun1 gene result in a loss of pungency, and several Pun1 loss-of-function alleles have been identified in sweet peppers to date (pun1(1-3)). However, variations in pun1 alleles have not been completely elucidated. In the present study, we report a new type of loss-of-function pun1 allele, named pun1(4), in a Japanese sweet pepper cultivar, 'Nara Murasaki' (C. annuum). Sequence analysis at the Pun1 locus revealed that this type of Pun1 allele is caused by a single adenine nucleotide insertion in the second exon region. This insertion is unique to 'Nara Murasaki' and is not present in wild-type Pun1. This insertion causes a frameshift mutation and a change in the amino acid sequence, resulting in a truncated protein. The results of gene expression analysis indicated that the expression of Pun2 in 'Nara Murasaki' was hardly detectable, while the transcripts of this gene were strongly expressed in a pungent cultivar. In a co-segregation test, the pun1(4) genotype perfectly co-segregated with non-pungency in 103 F-2 population plants of a cross between 'Nara Murasaki' and a pungent cultivar. 'Nara Murasaki' and a DNA marker to distinguish the pun1(4) allele will be informative for understanding the domestication process of sweet peppers.

DOI： 10.2503/hortj.MI-148

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Authorship：Last author   Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Japanese Society of Agricultural Informatics  

DOI： 10.3173/air.26.155

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Authorship：Last author   Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Japanese Society for Horticultural Science  

DOI： 10.2503/hrj.16.41

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

J-GLOBAL

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Authorship：Last author   Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：THE JAPANESE SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE  

<p>This study was carried out in order to improve the cut flower production of Eustoma grandiflorum for shipment in late autumn and early spring. In this study, the effect of low-temperature treatment of imbibed seeds for cultivars with different rosette characteristics was investigated. Moreover, the effect of the day and night temperatures after the low-temperature treatment of the imbibed seeds on the growth of flowers was investigated. The experiments were conducted using two cultivars with different rosette characteristics. The bolting rate, flower budding rate, and flowering rate were increased by low-temperature treatment of the imbibed seeds regardless of the rosette characteristics. After low-temperature treatment of the imbibed seeds, seedlings of the two cultivars were raised at different night temperatures (22, 25, 28, and 31°C). With night temperatures of 28 and 31°C, the bolting and flowering rates decreased, regardless of the rosette characteristics, whereas at 22 and 25°C, the bolting rate, flower budding rate, and flowering rate were higher. For night temperatures in the range 22～31°C, the growth and length of the cut were better at lower rather than higher temperatures. Growth at different day temperatures (30 and 40°C) after the low-temperature treatment had no affect on the bolting, flower budding, or flowering rates. However, growth was more favorably promoted with a day temperature of 30°C compared with 40°C.</p>

DOI： 10.2503/hrj.15.377

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

J-GLOBAL

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Authorship：Last author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：JAPAN SOC HORTICULTURAL SCI  

Summer-to-autumn-flowering small-flowered spray-type (SAFS) chrysanthemums (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.) are commercially important in Japan, and there is an occasional increased demand for these flowers. However, under current cultivation methods, the quality of spray formations is compromised in order to maintain a sufficient production rate at times of peak demand. This study investigated the effect of interrupted lighting (IL), the intercalation of a period of long days (by night interruption) into the natural day length (NDL) period of growing, in order to regulate spray formations in SAFS chrysanthemum cultivars 'Haruka' and 'Subaru', in which lighting can markedly delay flowering. The effects of the NDL period before IL and those of the IL period were investigated. First, we investigated the effect of 2-12 days of NDL followed by 12 days of IL. Plants subjected to 2-6 days of NDL had longer flower clusters and a greater number of flower buds on the upper lateral flower stems and developed a broom-like spray. Next, we investigated the effect of 420 days of IL after 4 days of NDL. Plants subjected to 8-20 days of IL had longer flower clusters, more flower buds on the upper lateral flower stems, and broom-like sprays. These changes were more pronounced when the IL periods were prolonged. Our results showed that spray formation in SAFS chrysanthemum cultivars 'Haruka' and 'Subaru' can be regulated by controlling the timing and period of IL.

DOI： 10.2503/hortj.MI-072

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J-GLOBAL

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In order to improve the uniformity in the flowering period of summer-to-autumn flowering-type chrysanthemums, the influence of a previous history of cuttings on flowering was investigated in Exp. 1 using two cultivars, 'Minoru' and 'Okinamaru'. The flowering period was markedly influenced by individual mother stocks and the node number where the cuttings were taken from. In Exp. 2, paying attention to the difference between mother stocks, the possibility of line selection was examined to improve the uniformity of flowering. In the first year, using three cultivars, 'Okinamaru', 'Hiroshimabeni', and 'Kosuzu', 1-5 lines of each cultivar were chosen as earlier or later flowering lines. In the next year, these selected lines were cultivated under the condition of rain-protected culture. In comparison with the control, the flowering periods became shorter and the coefficient of variance in the flowering became smaller. The earlier or later flowering characters of these selected lines were replicated in the examination under the condition of an open field in another year. In the supplementary test without training, the flowering period of these selected lines became shorter and the ratio of cut flowers which bloomed for the peak seven days increased.

DOI： 10.2503/hrj.15.39

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Japanese Society of Agricultural Informatics  

A Java class library was developed to construct a Ubiquitous Environment Control System (UECS), and the developed system was used to control the environment in a greenhouse using information communication. The library was able to implement the UECS communication protocol, so a developer could write a program without referring to the complicated communication protocol. Specifically, we created a program for operating a ventilation fan using data on air temperature that was received automatically via a local area network. In this case, only 45 lines of programming were needed, just 3.6% of the the number that would be needed to create an equivalent program without the library. Java programs can run on a variety of platforms, so the scope of the library's application is wide. In addition, both the development of UECS devices and construction of UECS systems will be facilitated through the use of this library.

DOI： 10.3173/air.25.12

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：SPRINGER  

Capsicum chinense is a domesticated hot pepper species in the Capsicum genus that originated in the Amazon and is consumed in USA, the Caribbean and South America. Although a characteristic of this species is high pungency, some non-pungent or low-pungent strains, called "Aji Dulce'' (sweet pepper in Spanish), exist in the Caribbean region. In the present study, low-pungent C. chinense accessions were analyzed in order to elucidate the genetic mechanisms responsible for low pungency. All low-pungent C. chinense accessions in this study carried non-functional alleles of putative aminotransferase (pAMT), which catalyzes the formation of vanillylamine from vanillin in the capsaicinoid biosynthetic pathway. These low-pungent accessions produced capsinoids, low-pungent capsaicinoid analogs. The pamt mutation in each strain was characterized using allele-specific markers, and one novel pamt allele (pamt(7)) was identified. The pamt(7) had a new hAT family transposon insertion in the second exon region, which caused the loss of pAMT expression. pamt(7) is apparently an ancestral allele for pamt(6) because the 7-bp insertion in pamt(6) can be regarded as a footprint of the transposon. A phylogenetic analysis of pamt alleles was performed to examine their relationships. Combined with previously reported pamt alleles, the Tcc family transposon insertion and its excision were involved in the generation of various pamt alleles in C. chinense. A phylogenetic analysis of pamt alleles showed that at least five occurred within C. chinense after speciation of the Capsicum genus. In conclusion, the results of the present study identified pamt as the main and most frequent gene controlling low pungency in C. chinense. Allelic variations in loss-of function pamt and their wide distribution demonstrated the potential of C. chinense bioresources for genetic improvements to pungency and metabolic profiles in hot pepper breeding programs.

DOI： 10.1007/s11032-015-0339-9

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：JAPAN SOC HORTICULTURAL SCI  

To understand the factors affecting the incidence of blossom-end rot (BER), the effect of the Ca/K ratio (4/12-12/4, in me.L-1) in nutrient solutions and Ca concentration in fractions in the distal part of young tomato fruits immediately before BER symptoms appear were investigated for three seasons. The rate of BER incidence increased with a decrease in the Ca/K ratio in the supplied solutions in the summer and spring, but little difference was observed in the winter. Ca concentration was highest in winter and lowest in summer, and the concentration in fractions decreased with a decrease in the Ca/K ratio of the solutions. When the results of all three experiments were pooled, among the fractions, water-soluble Ca concentration was found to have the highest significance in the relationship to BER incidence. The risk of BER incidence in rapidly growing tomato increased to a critical level when water-soluble Ca in the distal part of the fresh fruit decreased to less than 0.20 mu mol.g(-1) FW. Multiple-regression analysis revealed that the concentration of water-soluble Ca, which is predominantly recovering apoplastic or cytoplasmic Ca2+, and total Ca, which has been translocated during fruit development, are significantly affected by solar radiation and Ca concentration in the supplied solution rather than air temperature.

DOI： 10.2503/jjshs1.CH-107

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J-GLOBAL

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：THE JAPANESE SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE  

We describe the use of pulsed lighting from yellow fluorescent light emitting diodes (LEDs) designed for moth control in the cultivation of small-flowered spray-type chrysanthemums. The pulses had a 20 ms pulse width and a 80 ms dark period. The effects of the irradiance of pulsed light (0, 20, 35 and 50 mW·m⁻²) on the flowering and the cut flower characteristics have been investigated. No significant differences were found in the number of days to flower budding and flowering, flower formation, and on the cut flower characteristics grown using an irradiance of 20 mW·m⁻². However, in some cultivars, the number of days to flowering and the cut flower length of plants exposed to 35 and 50 mW·m⁻² irradiance increased significantly compared to unexposed plants.<br>

DOI： 10.2503/hrj.12.419

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Authorship：Last author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Elsevier BV  

DOI： 10.3182/20130327-3-jp-3017.00082

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In recent years, yellow spots appear on the leaf of chrysanthemums in many species, which brought commercial problems. The purpose of this study is to examine the measurement of the spot in order to make the influence of environmental conditions clear. Image instrumentation with transmitted light made possible to measure the spot at early stage, which was difficult for reflected light. The method is used the gap of the light quantity between the spot and others. It is involved in chlorophylls and the use of the suitable light color make measuring easy. The portable device using this method was produced experimentally and leaf yellow spot was measured with this device, which brought the basic data, the state get worse with time and the relationship between the spot and environmental conditions.

DOI： 10.3182/20130327-3-jp-3017.00082

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Japanese Society for Horticultural Science  

DOI： 10.2503/hrj.12.273

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Authorship：Last author   Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Japanese Society for Horticultural Science  

DOI： 10.2503/hrj.12.103

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Japanese Society of Agricultural, Biological and Environmental Engineers and Scientists  

In order to develop an insect pest control device using pulsed light from a yellow LED, the dependency of the production of autumn-flowering chrysanthemums on the irradiance was investigated. The Electro-Retino Gram (ERG) signals of the compound eyes of Helicoverpa armigera and Spodoptera litura due to irradiation with pulsed yellow light with 20 ms pulse width and 100 ms period were determined over the irradiance range from 1 to1000 mW m^-2. The ERG signals showed that these 2 types of noctuid moth continuously and reproducibly recognized pulsed illumination within the irradiance range from 1 to 100 mW m^-2. Therefore, the effects of the irradiance of pulsed light from a yellow LED (0，20，35 and 50 mW m^-2) on flowering and the cut flower characteristics of the autumn-flowering chrysanthemum, 'Zimba', were determined. No significant differences were found in the number of days to flower budding or flowering, or the cut flower characteristics below35 mW m^-2. However, the number of days to flowering and the cut flower length of plants exposed to 50 mW m^-2 irradiance increased significantly compared to those exposed at other irradiances. Thus, no delay in flowering occurred below 35 mW m^-2 irradiance and the maximum irradiance for which no delay occurred is between 35 and 50 mW m^-2.

DOI： 10.2525/shita.24.244

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Authorship：Last author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：JAPAN SOC HORTICULTURAL SCI  

In this paper, we describe a new artificial flower-inducing treatment, intermittent low temperature storage, which we suggest could be a low-cost and useful technology for the forcing of June-bearing strawberries. Tray-grown 'Nyoho' plants were placed in a refrigerator (13 degrees C, in the dark) for 4 days and then transferred to an outdoor shelter with 50% shading, also for 4 days (4D/4D). Plants were transferred at noon and this 4D/4D cycle was repeated twice. Similarly, 3D/3D and 2D/2D cycles were applied 3 and 4 times, respectively. The outdoor conditions during the period of treatment from late August to mid-September were as follows: mean daily temperature, 22.5 to 29 degrees C; and day length (sunrise to sunset) 12.2 to 13.1 h. The efficient use of a refrigerator could be achieved by alternately subjecting two groups of plants to the same duration of low temperature in the dark and outdoor conditions. Treated plants were grown on peat bags and flowering performance was compared with untreated controls and continuously cold-stored (12D) plants. In intermittently cold-stored plants, flowering was significantly earlier than that in untreated controls by 6 to 10 days. Compared to the continuous 12D plants, flowering was 15 and 4 days earlier in 4D/4D plants within the plots planted on September 13 and 17, respectively. The 2 to 4 days under outdoor conditions imposed in the low temperature storage apparently induced uniform flower initiation through the improvement of carbohydrate nutrition in strawberries. Although further studies are required to establish the most effective treatment procedures, intermittent low temperature storage could be a useful new flower-inducing technology for early forcing of June-bearing strawberries.

DOI： 10.2503/jjshs1.81.343

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Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (bulletin of university, research institution)  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：THE JAPANESE SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE  

To develop simple and versatile fertilizer management in cultivation by fertigation of carnations (Dianthus caryophyllus L.), the effects of fertilizer management by apparent nitrogen absorption concentration on cut flower yields, characteristic form and soil solution concentration were investigated using the cultivar 'Nora'. Cut-flower yield by the four-split (seasonally-split) application method was highest among treatments and that by the twelve-split (monthly-split) application method was higher than that of the fixed application method. The cut flower weight (g)/length (cm) ratio of the fixed application method was smaller than that of the twelve-split application method between 33 and 36 weeks after the beginning of harvest. There were differences in EC and nitrate nitrogen concentration between the different methods of treatment. The nitrate nitrogen concentration of soil solution in each treatment ranged from 8 to 169 ppm, from 54 to 103 ppm, and 21 to 108 ppm for the four-split, twelve-split and fixed application methods, respectively, 20 weeks after the beginning of harvest. Fluctuation in the fixed application method was the greatest among the treatments, fluctuation in the four-split application method was least among the treatments examined, and the nitrate nitrogen concentration of soil solution was maintained at an optimal concentration level for the growth of carnations throughout the cultivation period.<br>

DOI： 10.2503/hrj.10.475

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Authorship：Last author   Language：Japanese   Publisher：THE JAPANESE SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE  

We investigated the effects of flower bearing types and pinching methods on the characteristics of water consumption in winter-spring harvest cropping type of carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) in order to develop liquid fertilizer management of cultivation by fertigation. The standard type 'Nora' and spray type 'Barbara' were cultivated by bottom fertigation with single pinching or double pinching. The amount of daily water consumption changed with cultivation time, the amount of daily water consumption was lowest in summer for the early cultivation time and greatest in spring for the later cultivation time. The total amount of water consumption for 'Nora' grown by single pinching was 32.29 L (per plant), that of 'Nora' grown by double pinching was 35.26 L, that of 'Barbara' grown by single pinching was 29.75 L and that of 'Barbara' grown by double pinching was 30.29 L. There was a positive correlation between the amount of water consumption over 4 weeks and the number of leaves during those 4 weeks. There was a positive correlation between the amount of daily water consumption and the daily integrated solar radiation 4 weeks after planting. The amount of water consumption (y: L·plant⁻¹·4 weeks⁻¹) could be estimated by a regression line between the integrated solar radiation (X₁: MJ·m⁻²·4 weeks⁻¹) and the leaf number at that time (X₂: per plant) as follows; y = 0.00697X₁ + 0.00930X₂ − 1.36616, regardless of cultivar or pinching methods. Moreover, the amount of water consumption could be estimated by solar radiation alone starting 12 weeks after planting.<br>

DOI： 10.2503/hrj.10.33

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers  

In the progress of precision farming, it is very important to collect variety of information on crops and field. In this study, we developed a prototype mobile eggplant grading robot in order to get information that be used for presentation of better way on cultivation. This robot can collect and accumulate the fruit's features information and location information at the same time while harvesting. After the field test experiment, a prototype mobile eggplant grading robot has achieved its purpose which was acquiring and storing information in real time and has created field spatial maps from the information. In the previous experiments, a rotary encoder was used in order to discriminate plant location based on the distance from the start point of the robot. However, the detecting error of the distance increased in proportion to the travelling distance of the robot because of the slip of the rotary encoder. In this paper, the robot discriminated plants by using IC tags attached to individual plants and a transmitter-receiver mounted on the robot. From the results, the robot could discriminate individual plants correctly.

DOI： 10.1299/jsmermd.2010._1A1-B05_1

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Authorship：Last author   Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Japanese Society of Agricultural, Biological and Environmental Engineers and Scientists  

We investigated the effects of the dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration in irrigation water on the growth and postproduction quality of potted cyclamen (Cyclamen persicum Mill.), grown using a recirculating Ebb & Flow subirrigation system (Ebb & Flow system). Four levels of DO were set: 4∼6 ppm (control, no air supply), 7∼9 ppm, 15∼18 ppm, and 30∼35 ppm, using an air compressor and two types of oxygen generator. The increase in the DO concentration of irrigation water caused a rise in the pH, but no alkalization of substrates or physiological damage of potted cyclamen was observed during cultivation. The results indicated that growth suppression during a high-temperature period was avoided by treatment with over 15 ppm DO; therefore, the growth and start of flowering of cyclamen were accelerated during the total cultivation period. Moreover, the results showed that the postproduction quality of cyclamen under floral display conditions at a low-light intensity was degraded easily over 15 ppm DO, but it was maintained for longer with 7∼9 ppm DO. From the above results, when the DO concentration in irrigation water was fixed until shipment, we considered that treatment with 7∼9 ppm DO, which facilitated a higher postproduction quality, was more desirable for potted cyclamen production with the Ebb & Flow system.

DOI： 10.2525/shita.21.169

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：THE JAPANESE SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE  

To improve the growth and development of pansy (Viola × wittrockiana Gams) and cyclamen (Cyclamen persicum Mill.) nursery plants in summer, we investigated the effects of increased water evaporation from medium on medium temperature and plant growth. Medium temperature declined when the polyethylene pot was removed using the soil cast with heat-adhesive polyester fiber. Air blowing on the surface of the medium promoted a cooling effect. Although either removing the pot or blowing air was likely to enhance the growth and development of these plants, simultaneous application of both treatments was more effective during high temperature periods. In pansy plants, these treatments lowered the leaf temperature and plant death rate, and increased the shoot dry matter. The number of leaves and floral buds, and shoot dry matter of cyclamen plants cultivated with these treatments were larger than those of non-treated plants.<br>

DOI： 10.2503/hrj.8.475

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Authorship：Last author   Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：THE JAPANESE SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE  

The effects of using media hardened by heat fusion of polyester fibers on yields and quality of cut flower stems 'Asami·Red' (syn. 'Rote Rose') rose and on the composition of nutrient solutions for a year under closed hydroponic culture were investigated. The yields of cut flower stems grown in vermiculite medium (grain diameter: 6–7 mm) and coconut coir medium (fiber length: 3 mm) were remarkably higher than those grown in rockwool and perlite medium (grain diameter: 0.6–1.5 mm or 2.5 mm). The weight of a cut flower stem did not differ among the media, however stem lengths from both grain perlite media were shorter than those from other media. Eighteen months after transplanting, the length and width of each medium were the same as those just after planting, and the thickness in rockwool and coconut coir media decreased slightly. The solidity of each medium remained almost the same at the termination of the project. The pH of the nutrient solution in the rockwool medium changed the most, becoming higher than that of the other media for most of the time. The EC in coconut coir medium tended to be high throughout the project. The concentration of NH₄-N decreased, while other inorganic components increased gradually. In conclusion, the vermiculite or coconut coir media hardened by heat fusion of polyester fibers is the most favorable of alternative media tested in comparisons with rockwool medium under closed hydroponic culture.<br>

DOI： 10.2503/hrj.8.61

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：The Japanese Society of Revegetation Technology  

A new media hardened by heat fusion polyester fiber has a characteristic that stanch the flow of media materials by watering. By raising bedding flower seedlings in the media, these materials were bound strongly with the growth of the plant, and penetration resistance of the media grew stronger. Pretreatment of slow release fertilizer for the media, it could keep flowering on the seedlings by only watering. 9cm diameter size media just fitted on 5.5cm pitch net-fence. This media was able to make wall greening quickly without using new base or soil. In summer high temperature, to keep the media wet condition and to send wind for them, the temperature of media were cold down and the ambient temperature of greening face was also cold down.

DOI： 10.7211/jjsrt.34.103

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： 10.2503/hrj.7.235

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Elsevier B.V.  

A machine vision-based mobile eggplant grading robot was developed as a model to sense and log essential data needed for precision farming and traceability of agricultural crops. The robot consisted of battery railcar, trailer, grading mechanisms including manipulator, end-effector, machine vision and divider. Manually operated, the robot moved along crop ridges during the harvesting process with the grading mechanisms all mounted on the trailer. The robot sensed and logged the field spatial variability dynamically by grading manually harvested eggplant fruit of individual tree. This paper presents the details of manufactured robot and results of the performance test conducted. Test results showed that the robot was feasible for field spatial variability sensing in greenhouse.

DOI： 10.1016/S1881-8366(08)80005-5

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Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE  

Celosia cristata L. Kurume type is a quantitative short-day plant with entirely globular inflorescences that is popular as a cut flower in Japan. The photoperiod sensitivity limits production and this could be overcome by prolonging its seedling stage by long-day treatments. In this study, the effects of transplant age and long-day treatment at seedlings stage on cut flower quality of C cristata Kurume type cv. Sakata-pride were investigated. Plug transplants raised under 15h (natural day length) or 24-h photoperiods in a greenhouse were transplanted into wooden containers when two, four or eight leaves had unfolded. Flower bud initiation had already occurred in transplants with eight unfolded leaves grown in natural but not in 24-h day length. Days to visible bud were prolonged by 24-h treatment. The cut flowers grown in 24h were longer than those grown in natural day length. The weight of cut flower and inflorescence decreased as transplant age increased. The inflorescence form changed from globular to flat as transplant age increased. The youngest transplants had the highest cut flower quality. These results suggest that in order to produce highly marketable quality cut flowers of C cristata Kurume type, the plug transplants must be planted before 4 leaves unfold, and that prolonging the seedling stage may be difficult through long-day treatment.

DOI： 10.17660/ActaHortic.2008.782.23

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Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (bulletin of university, research institution)  

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Japanese Society for Horticultural Science  

DOI： 10.2503/hrj.7.235

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Authorship：Last author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：The Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers  

Precision Farming practices that required GIS and GPS system are too costly and impractical for small-scale farm. However, site-specific management is still necessary as it contribute in reducing the operation cost and also over usage of pesticides chemicals. A new approach in generating yield and quality map for small scale farm using mobile grading robot has been carried out. A prototype mobile eggplant grading robot was constructed and field test was done. The mobile robot consists of a battery railcar with the grading unit trailer hauled behind. Eggplant fruits were harvested manually and passed to the grading robot. Features information of the eggplant was taken simultaneously with the harvesting location information to create field variability map. Observations found that the constructed prototype robot was capable of accumulating the field variability information during the field test.

DOI： 10.1299/jsmermd.2007._1A1-G03_1

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Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：THE JAPANESE SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE  

Rooting, growth and cut flower quality of Gypsophila paniculata L. cuttings grown in cell medium hardened by heat fusion polyester fiber was investigated. Rooting percentages of hardened media were not affected by medium compositions and were higher than those without hardened media. Moreover, the hardened media did not break down whenever root-ball was not formed. Regardless of transplantation age, hardened medium had little effect on transplant growth and cut flower quality. Hardened medium had no effect on the formation of succulent roots. Therefore, we developed a method of transplanting young cuttings before the root-ball formed using the harden cell medium.

DOI： 10.2503/hrj.4.17

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DOI： 10.2503/hrj.3.23

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：THE JAPANESE SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE  

Effects of the nutrient level at planting time on growth and quality of cut flower in spray chrysanthemums were investigated. An equal amount of fertilizer measuring approximately N 267 mg/shoot was applied to each plot with different basal fertilizer ratios of 0 %, 25 %, 75 % and 100 %, respectively. The residual nutrients divided into 10 equal dosages were applied every week. For reference, fertilizer was also applied according to the conventional recommended method (N 500 mg/shoot).<br> Initial growth of plants in 25 % and 50 % plots was better than that in the other plots. Necrosis due to excessive fertilization was observed in the leaves of plants in the 75 % and 100 % plots. Regardless of the ratio of basal fertilizer to total application, the quality of cut flowers was good and marketable. The quality of cut flowers from the conventional plot was lower than that from other plots due to excessive growth of leaves and stems.<br> It is desirable to maintain the initial nutrient levels at planting time in a range between 50 and 300 ppm nitrate using a soil solution in spray chrysanthemum production.<br>

DOI： 10.2503/hrj.3.155

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DOI： 10.2503/hrj.2.171

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：THE JAPANESE SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE  

The effects of nutrient application based on the nitrogen application standard curve (NASC) developed in the hydroponics system on the cut flower quality and nutrient uptake of spray chrysanthemums in bench culture were investigated. Plants were grown at 0.75, 1.0, 1.25 and 1.5 strengths of NASC, including 356, 474, 593, 711 mg total nitrogen/shoot, respectively.<br> About 80% of harvested flowers were marketable flowers having the weight of ≧ 40 g when the lower 20 cm leaves were trimmed after cutting on 80 cm shoot (the shipping standard size in Wakayama) in all application levels. Using the 0.75 strength, there was little residual nitrogen in the soil at harvest. However, Using treatments of ≧ 1.0 strength, an accumulation of nitrogen in the soil was detected during the cultivation period. The residual nutrients in the soil increased with increases in the fertilization level.<br> Consequently, nutrient application based on 0.75 NASC strength can produce high quality cut flowers in bench culture, and is suitable for the environment due to the low levels of nutrients remaining in the soil. Modification of NASC is recommended to improve plant growth in the early stages.<br>

DOI： 10.2503/hrj.1.249

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：THE JAPANESE SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE  

Growth and cut flower quality of stock (Matthiola incana R. Br.) and snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus L.) seedlings grown in cell medium hardened by heat fusion polyester fiber were investigated. In both species, hardened medium had no effect on germination rate and percentage. The media hardened by heat fusion polyester fiber did not break down, regardless of root-ball formed. Regardless of species and transplant age, hardened medium had little effect on transplant and cut flower quality. Hardened cell medium was easy to transplant since it did not break down and was therefore considered effective for transplanting yound seedlings before root-ball formed.<br>

DOI： 10.2503/hrj.1.245

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Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：Japanese   Publisher：Japanese Society for Horticultural Science  

This experiment was conducted to clarify the effect of fertigation frequency (once or 8 times per day) on the growth, evapotranspiration rate, and photosynthetic and leaf morphological properties of chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflorum Kitamura cv. Pinky) grown under different restricted root zone volumes (30, 100, and 300 ml). Shoot growth was reduced with decreased root zone volume, but, the growth reduction was smaller when the plants were fertigated 8 times per day rather than once per day. Although the evapotranspiration rate did not decrease when the plants were fertigated frequently, the rate decreased significantly when the total water consumption nearly equaled the water-holding capacity of the medium (50% of the volume), especially in 30-ml or 100-ml containers. Stomata size decreased with a decrease in fertigation frequency and container size. The percentage of open stomata (open/total stomata × 100) and consequently, transpiration rate, net photosynthetic rate, and leaf CO_2 concentration were significantly lower in the plants grown in 30-ml and 100-ml containers, and fertigated once per day, compared to the four other treatments. The rates of photosynthesis and evapotranspiration of the plants fertigated 8 times per day remained faster than those fertigated only once per day. Consequently, vegetative growth of the plants fertigated frequently was equal to or more vigorous than those grown with three fold greater root zone volume but fertigated only once per day.

DOI： 10.2503/jjshs.71.277

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Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Japanese Society for Horticultural Science  

DOI： 10.2503/jjshs.70.760

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Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (other academic)  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Japanese Society for Horticultural Science  

DOI： 10.2503/jjshs.69.416

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： 10.2503/hrj.1.249

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Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (other academic)  

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

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Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (bulletin of university, research institution)  

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Synthetic auxin treatment for promoting the fruit growth of tomato without pollination sometimes causes puffy fruits. The newly developed cytokinin-like substance, forchlorfenuron (1- (2-chloro-4-pyridyl) -3-phenylurea, CPPU). when applied at anthesis, reduces tomato puffiness of auxin-induced parthenocarpic fruits. Addition of 50300 mg•liter^-1 to an auxin solution did not decrease fruit weight but thickened the peduncle, enlarged columella, and elongated the calyxes beyond those of the control fruits.

DOI： 10.2503/jjshs.63.61

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© 2018 The Japanese Society for Horticultural Science (JSHS), All rights reserved. Blossom-end rot (BER) in tomato has been generally reported as a calcium (Ca)-related physiological disorder influenced by cultivar and environmental factors. In our previous works, we found that different fruit-sized cultivars could share a similar threshold value of water-soluble Ca. In addition, seasonal susceptibility to BER was closely related to fruit growth rate. This study aimed to clarify the effect of fruit growth rate as a dominant factor determining the susceptibility in different fruit-sized tomato cultivars. A large-sized cultivar, ‘Momotaro Fight’, and medium-sized ‘Cindy Sweet’, with different susceptibility to BER disorder, were hydroponically grown with modified Hoagland nutrient solutions consisting of a range of Ca:K (potassium) ratios in four cropping seasons. In spring and summer, BER incidence was more than 60 and 10% in ‘Momotaro Fight’ and ‘Cindy Sweet’, respectively, when plants were fed with low Ca. BER was rarely observed when water-soluble Ca exceeded 0.30 μmol·g−1 FW, and the rate of BER incidence increased with a decrease in water-soluble Ca concentration in both cultivars. Fruit growth rate was much more vigorous in ‘Momotaro Fight’ than ‘Cindy Sweet’, especially in summer. It was significantly favored by the increased temperature and solar radiation in both cultivars. The multiple regression analyses detected a significant effect of fruit growth rate on BER incidence, exclusively in ‘Momotaro Fight’. Together with water-soluble Ca, fruit growth rate explained over 50% of the variation of BER incidence. A vigorous rate of fruit growth can play a more important role in decreasing water-soluble Ca in ‘Momotaro Fight’, and result in severe and frequent BER incidence, compared to ‘Cindy Sweet’. Thus the cultivar difference in the susceptibility to BER is likely explained by the difference in the growth rate of young fruit affecting water-soluble Ca in the distal part of tomato fruit.

DOI： 10.2503/hortj.OKD-114

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：岡山大學農學部  

ブプレウルム（Bupleurum rotundifolium L.）は、種子のロットによって発芽や生育が異なることが生産上大きな問題となっている.本実験では種子のロット（No.021793、025090、026247、027668）および採種時期が生育、発芽および開花に及ぼす影響を調査した.ロットによって発芽率は異なった.発蕾および開花は025090で最も早く、026247で最も遅く、027668と021793はその中間だった.自家採種種子は採種時期により発芽が異なり、6月中旬から7月上旬の高温期に採種した種子は発芽率が著しく高かった.しかし、高温期採種種子は著しく開花が遅れ、節数が多く、切り花品質が低下したのに対し、低温期採種種子は開花が早く、切り花形質が優れる傾向があった.種子のロットによって生育や開花が異なった.親個体のロットによる違いがほとんど認められなかったので、採種種子の性質の違いは親個体のロットによる違いよりも採種時期の環境条件の方が大きく影響していると考えられた.

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イチゴの養液栽培における株当たりの培地量と給液制御方法（給液頻度）の影響について'女峰'、'アスカルビー'、'章姫'、'とちおとめ'の4品種を用いて検討した.本実験で最小の培地量0.6L／株でも給液頻度が生育・収量に影響することはなかった.培地量が少なくなるほど総収量、平均果実重と収穫終了時の地下部乾物重は減少する傾向にあったが、収穫果実数と収穫終了後のランナー発生、子株の成長には差が認められなかった.収量と根の乾物重にはピートバッグ（2.25L／株）とボウル型プランター（0.6-1.5L／株）の間に大きな差があった.両者と培地量との間には有意な非線形（2次）の回帰が認められ、根域や容器外縁の形状、排水性など培地量以外の要因が収量と根の成長に影響している可能性が高いと考えられた.

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：岡山大學農學部  

カーネーションの灌水同時施肥栽培に適した栽植方式を明らかにするため、2条並木植え（25株・m-2、2条高密度区）、2条疎植植え（12.5株・m-2、2条低密度区）および4株列植え（25株・m-2、4株区）が、収量および切り花品質に及ぼす影響について、スプレーカーネーション'バーバラ'および'チェリーテッシノ'を供試して検討した.総切り花本数は'バーバラ'では、2条高密度区と4株区で差は認められず、2条低密度区は、2条高密度区および4株区の約60％であった.'チェリーテッシノ'では、2条高密度区は4株区より15％多かった.2条低密度区は、2条高密度区の約60％、4株区の約70％の総切り花本数であった.切り花品質は、2条高密度区と4株区では、両品種ともに処理区間に差は認められなかったが、2条低密度区は、切り花重、茎径が増大し、2条高密度区および4株区よりボリュームが増大した.以上の結果、2条並木植えは4株列植えと比較して品質は変わらず、同程度以上の収量を得られるので、カーネーションの灌水同時施肥栽培には、2条並木植えが適することが示唆された.

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：広島県立総合技術研究所農業技術センター  

トルコギキョウの吸水種子の低温処理後に用いる播種用資材として多糖類の一種であるキサンタンガムの実用性を調査した。キサンタンガム濃度が0.125〜0.5％の範囲であれば、子葉展開率や成苗率に差がないことが明らかになった。また、これまで用いられてきた高吸水性高分子化合物と比較して子葉展開率は同等であり、成苗率は明らかに大きくなった。これらの結果から、キサンタンガムは、トルコギキョウの流体播種用資材として実用性が高いと考えられた。

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：岡山大学農学部附属山陽圏フィールド科学センター  

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ポリエチレンポットの廃棄は現在、大きな環境問題になっている。ポリポットを用いない花壇苗生産を開発するために、まず、熱融着性ポリエステル繊維を利用して固化した培地の特性を調査した。続いて、この固化培地における栄養繁殖性ペチュニアの生育を調査した。最後に、ポリポットを使用せずに栽培する場合、灌水方法がペチュニアの生育に及ぼす影響を調査した。培地からの水蒸発量には培地固化による影響は認められなかった。ポリポットがない培地の水減少量はポリポットがある培地の約2倍であった。無固化培地では根鉢を形成していないと培地は崩れ、挿し芽20日後においても半数以上の個体で培地が崩れた。固化培地では発根前でも培地が崩れなかった。発根および鉢上げ時の草丈、葉数、生体重は培地の固化による差はほとんど認められなかった。定植時の草丈、花蕾数、葉数、生体重にはセル用およびポット用培地の固化による有意な差は認められなかった。無固化培地ではポットがないと培地が崩壊し、特に頭上灌水で崩壊程度が大きかった。底面灌水区と頭上多量灌水区では定植時の生育にほとんど違いは認められなかった。しかし、頭上少量灌水区では生育が抑制され、ポットレスにすることにより生育が著しく抑制されたが、固化培地で緩和された、以上の結果、養水分管理を適切に行えば、培地を固めても、ポリポットがなくても、ペチュニアの生育に差が生じないことが明らかになった。また、固化培地は崩れないため、定植作業が容易で、作業時間も短かった。従って、固化培地を用いたポットレス花壇苗生産は十分実用性があると考えられた。

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：岡山大學農學部  

キク'精興の誠'に発生する葉身の黄斑発生について、定植期および培地が発生程度に及ぼす影響を調査した。黄斑が発生するまでには日数を要し、かつその進行は緩慢であった。黄斑発生は砂壌土で顕著であり、ピートモス砂混合培地で軽減した。培地が異なっても、発生の大小は似ていた。定植期によって黄斑発生は増減し、高温強光条件下で顕著であり、低温弱光条件下で減少した。黄斑の発生には環境条件が、特に温度や光条件が大きく関与しているものと考えられた。

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Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：English   Publisher：INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE  

In Zantedeschia rehmannii Engl. tuber storage at 1-5 degrees C for 30 days is suitable for breaking dormancy, and a temperature of 10 degrees C is suitable for flower bud initiation Thus, effects of the combination of VC and 10 degrees C during tuber storage on growth and flowering were investigated. Tubers which were not given low temperature (&lt; 15 degrees C) were stored for 50 days. Initial storage temperature was either 1 degrees C or 10 degrees C, and tubers were moved to alternate temperatures 10, 20, 30, and 40 days after storage. There were no significant differences among treatments in days to emergence, although days to flowering of plants stored at 10 degrees C 20 days followed by 1 degrees C 30 days were shorter than those of other treatments. Storage temperature and duration had no significant effect on anthocyanin content, cut flower weight, malformed flower percentage, cut flower length, and bract length. Percentage of flowering and number of flowers per plant decreased as storage duration at 10 degrees C decreased. Flower production increased remarkably in plants stored at 1 degrees C for 10 days followed by 10 degrees C for 40 days and at 1 degrees C for 20 days followed by 10 degrees C for 30 days because secondary flowers were harvested. It is thought that dormancy is broken at any temperature for 50 days, however, storage at 10 degrees C for &gt; 30 days is suitable for increase in flowering. Our results suggest that tuber storage at 1 degrees C then 10 degrees C may be desirable when Z. rehmannii is forced in summer.

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：誠文堂新光社  

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Effects of the nutrient level at planting time on growth and quality of cut flower in spray chrysanthemums were investigated. An equal amount of fertilizer measuring approximately N 267 mg/shoot was applied to each plot with different basal fertilizer ratios of 0 %, 25 %, 75 % and 100 %, respectively. The residual nutrients divided into 10 equal dosages were applied every week. For reference, fertilizer was also applied according to the conventional recommended method (N 500 mg/shoot).<br> Initial growth of plants in 25 % and 50 % plots was better than that in the other plots. Necrosis due to excessive fertilization was observed in the leaves of plants in the 75 % and 100 % plots. Regardless of the ratio of basal fertilizer to total application, the quality of cut flowers was good and marketable. The quality of cut flowers from the conventional plot was lower than that from other plots due to excessive growth of leaves and stems.<br> It is desirable to maintain the initial nutrient levels at planting time in a range between 50 and 300 ppm nitrate using a soil solution in spray chrysanthemum production.<br>

DOI： 10.2503/hrj.3.155

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DOI： 10.2503/hrj.2.171

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：JAPANESE SOCIETY OF AGRICULTURAL, BIOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS AND SCIENTISTS  

Changes in the evapotranspiration (ETP) of stock (Matthiola incana R. Br.) cv. White Dorse seedlings in a cell flat were measured, and regression analyses were conducted to investigate the relationships between ETP and environmental factors (solar radiation ; SR, saturation deficit ; SD and air temperature ; AT). <BR>In each sowing month, ETP was positively correlated with SR, SD and AT. Coefficients of determination (R²) were higher than 0.81 in SR throughout the year and larger than those in SD or AT in most sowing months. Seasonal variation of R² in the regression lines was also lowest between ETP and SR compared to the other two factors. Thus, ETP was strongly affected by SR in each sowing month. <BR>When the yearly data were pooled, the regression line between ETP (y;mg·plant^-1) and SR (x;MJ·M^-2) was expressed as follows ; y = 276.2x+24.1 (R²= 0.873). Although R² of a multiple regression equation became 0.921 when SD and AT were included as explanatory variables, there was little difference between the values of R^-2-. A simple regression line of ETP and SR could estimate ETP. <BR>Change in ETP during seedling growth caused by the increase in the total leaf area was only 1.7 fold in comparison to changes in total dry weight and leaf area which were 10 and 7 fold, respectively. ETP at night was considered negligible in the estimation of ETP. <BR>When the transplants of stock are grown with an automatic fertigation system for a cell flat (12ml cell volume), supplying every 5 to 6 MJ·m^-2 cumulative solar radiation may be a suitable value for fertigation frequency.

DOI： 10.2525/jshita.14.81

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：JAPANESE SOCIETY OF AGRICULTURAL, BIOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS AND SCIENTISTS  

We demonstrated the practical utility of solar radiation mediated fertigation control for transplant production in a cell flat with an automatic ebb-and-flow fertigation system. Furthermore, we investigated seasonal changes in growth and productivity of stock (Matthiola incana R. Br.) cv. White Dorse as affected by fertigation frequency controlled in response to solar radiation (5 or 10 MJ · m^-2) and scheduled time course (once or twice per day).<BR>The shoot dry weight of transplants and fresh weight of cut flowers were higher in plants fertigated with every 5 MJ · m^-2 of solar radiation, sown between late April and late July. In plants sown during other periods, there was no significant difference in growtn and productivity among plants fertigated differently. When the plants sown in June were fertigated twice per day, the exposure was 5 MJ · m^-2 in average of cumulatlve solar radiation from fertigation to subseauent fertigation. However, the maximum cumulative value exceeded 8 MJ · m^-2. Water stress caused by the high solar radiation accompanied by high temperature and large saturation deficit may have resulted in reduced growth of the transplants and decreased quality of the cut flowers.<BR>When the stock transplants were grown in a cell flat (220 cells of 12ml cell volume), suffcient but not excess fertigation could be obtained by supplying nutrient solution every 5 MJ · m^-2 of solar radiation with an automatic ebb-and-flow fertigation system.

DOI： 10.2525/jshita.14.87

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Language：English   Publisher：INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE  

Effects of nutrient deficiency (N, P and K) on color development and anthocyanin accumulation in strawberry fruit were determined. In fruits of N deficient `Nyoho' red color began to develop faster, while L* value and hue angle were lower at 24 days after anthesis (DAA) compared to those of control or P and K deficient plants, but there was no significant difference at 27 to 36 DAA. The concentration of total anthocyanins was significantly higher in N deficient fruits than that in control at 24 DAA, but was significantly lower in N deficient fruits compared to that in controls at 33 or 36 DAA. In case of 'Toyonoka', there was no effect of treatment on color development and anthocyanin concentration. In three other cultivars (Tochiotome, Sachinoka and Hokowase), L* value, hue and chroma were significantly higher, and the concentration of total anthocyanins was also lower in N deficient fruits compared to the other treatments. It was concluded that the anthocyanin synthesis. in strawberry fruits may be reduced by N deficiency.

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Language：Japanese  

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Language：Japanese  

CiNii Article

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Language：Japanese  

CiNii Article

CiNii Books

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Language：Japanese  

CiNii Article

CiNii Books

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Language：Japanese  

CiNii Article

CiNii Books

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Language：Japanese  

CiNii Article

CiNii Books

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