Authorship：Last author   Language：Japanese   Publisher：法医学談話会  

症例は30歳代男性で、アパート3階の自宅から飛び降り、動けなくなったため救急要請がなされた。警察官現着時には男性は担架の上で大暴れしていたが、搬送を開始する頃に急におとなしくなった。病院到着時には見当識の異常などがみられる程度であった。しかし、わずか数分のうちに口から泡を吹くなど急速に容態が悪化し、到着の約2時間後に死亡が確認された。CT他各種検査の結果からも死因となる損傷・病変は認められず、死因究明のため翌日に司法解剖が行われた。急性覚せい剤中毒死が強く疑われたが、ガスクロマトグラフィー質量分析計を用いた定量分析の結果、血中メタンフェタミン濃度は1.00〜1.32μg/mLであり、致死濃度を下回っていた。その後、病理組織検査の結果、肺血管に多数の脂肪塞栓が認められ、第2腰椎骨折に続発する肺脂肪塞栓症による死亡であることが明らかとなった。

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Public Library of Science (PLoS)  

CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing often generates founder generation (F0) mice that exhibit somatic mosaicism in the targeted gene(s). It has been known that Fibroblast growth factor 10 (Fgf10)-null mice exhibit limbless and lungless phenotypes, while intermediate limb phenotypes (variable defective limbs) are observed in the Fgf10-CRISPR F0 mice. However, how the lung phenotype in the Fgf10-mosaic mutants is related to the limb phenotype and genotype has not been investigated. In this study, we examined variable lung phenotypes in the Fgf10-targeted F0 mice to determine if the lung phenotype was correlated with percentage of functional Fgf10 genotypes. Firstly, according to a previous report, Fgf10-CRISPR F0 embryos on embryonic day 16.5 (E16.5) were classified into three types: type I, no limb; type II, limb defect; and type III, normal limbs. Cartilage and bone staining showed that limb truncations were observed in the girdle, (type I), stylopodial, or zeugopodial region (type II). Deep sequencing of the Fgf10-mutant genomes revealed that the mean proportion of codons that encode putative functional FGF10 was 8.3 ± 6.2% in type I, 25.3 ± 2.7% in type II, and 54.3 ± 9.5% in type III (mean ± standard error of the mean) mutants at E16.5. Histological studies showed that almost all lung lobes were absent in type I embryos. The accessory lung lobe was often absent in type II embryos with other lobes dysplastic. All lung lobes formed in type III embryos. The number of terminal tubules was significantly lower in type I and II embryos, but unchanged in type III embryos. To identify alveolar type 2 epithelial (AECII) cells, known to be reduced in the Fgf10-heterozygous mutant, immunostaining using anti-surfactant protein C (SPC) antibody was performed: In the E18.5 lungs, the number of AECII was correlated to the percentage of functional Fgf10 genotypes. These data suggest the Fgf10 gene dose-related loss of the accessory lobe and decrease in the number of alveolar type 2 epithelial cells in mouse lung. Since dysfunction of AECII cells has been implicated in the pathogenesis of parenchymal lung diseases, the Fgf10-CRISPR F0 mouse would present an ideal experimental system to explore it.

DOI： 10.1371/journal.pone.0240333

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Authorship：Last author   Language：English   Publisher：日本犯罪学会  

淡水環境での溺死者に観察される蝶形骨洞内貯留液から、植物性プランクトンである珪藻の生細胞を検出するため、ニュートラルレッド(NR)法を用いた生細胞染色により、生死細胞判別を試みた。岡山県内の淡水域、河川水、溝渠、用水路、池、ダム湖から収集した水試料をNR試液で染色後、顕微鏡観察を行った。その結果、珪藻から生細胞が簡便な操作で30分以内に検出可能であることが立証されたたため、次に、2014年9月〜2017年5月までの期間内に、当法医学教室で行われた剖検のうち、淡水環境での溺死が示唆された溺死体15体と非溺死体5体を用いて実施した。蝶形骨洞内貯留液から試料を採取し、NR染色による珪藻生細胞の検出を行った結果、溺死体15体中12体に、蝶形骨洞内貯留液から淡水産プランクトン珪藻の生細胞が検出された。また、発見時に死後長時間経過していた2体からは珪藻細胞の死細胞のみが検出されたが、浴槽で発見された1体と非溺死体の蝶形骨洞内貯留液からは、珪藻細胞は検出されなかった。以上の結果から、本手法により、淡水環境での水吸引による溺死の判定が可能になることが判明した。

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：SPRINGER  

REIC (reduced expression in immortalized cells) has been identified as a gene whose expression was reduced in immortalized cultured cells. The REIC gene is identical to Dickkopf-3 (Dkk3), which encodes a secreted glycoprotein belonging to the Dkk family. Previously, we showed that Dkk3 protein is present in the mouse adrenal medulla. However, its role in this tissue has not been elucidated. To explore it, we performed electron microscopic (EM) studies and RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis on Dkk3-null adrenal glands. EM studies showed that the number of dense core secretory vesicles were significantly reduced and empty vesicles were increased in the medulla endocrine cells. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) analysis showed relative expression levels of chromogranin A (Chga) and neuropeptide Y (Npy) were slightly but significantly reduced in the Dkk3-null adrenal glands. From the result of RNA-seq analysis as a parallel study, we selected three of the downregulated genes, uncoupled protein-1 (Ucp1), growth arrest and DNA-damage-inducible 45 gamma (Gadd45g), and Junb with regard to the estimated expression levels. In situ hybridization confirmed that these genes were regionally expressed in the adrenal gland. However, expression levels of these three genes were not consistent as revealed by qPCR. Thus, Dkk3 maintains the integrity of secreting vesicles in mouse adrenal medulla by regulating the expression of Chga and Npy.

DOI： 10.1007/s00441-019-03113-8

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Authorship：Last author   Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本法医病理学会  

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Authorship：Last author   Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本法医病理学会  

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Cyanide poisoning has been regarded to contribute the fatal outcome in fire victims. The toxicity of inhaled hydrogen cyanide (HCN) at the cellular level was evaluated considering the impact of methemoglobin (MetHb) produced by fire gases. Cyanide (CN) concentrations and total hemoglobin contents were measured in right heart blood (RHB) and seven organs/tissues (basal ganglia, brain stem, heart, lung, liver, kidney and psoas muscle) collected from 20 fire fatalities. MetHb and carboxyhemoglobin saturations were also measured in RHB. The amount of CN probably bound to the cytochrome c oxidase of the tissue cells (CCO-CN) was extrapolated from CN and hemoglobin contents in RHB and organs/tissues, MetHb saturation in RHB and binding capacity of MetHb for CN. CN concentrations in RHB showed a wide range with the highest concentration of 8.927 μg/mL. The lung contained the largest CN content among organs/tissues with the mean concentration of 2.219 μg/g, then the heart (0.259 μg/g) and it was lower than 0.100 μg/g in others. Exceedingly large amount of CN in the lung could be explained by high hemoglobin content, being the port of entry of HCN and postmortem diffusion of fire gases. CCO-CN was theoretically present in about 20% of organ/tissue samples, most commonly in the basal ganglia (10 samples, with the mean of 0.059 μg/g) followed by heart (eight samples, with the mean of 0.109 μg/g). No CCO-CN was found in liver and kidney. HCN might have the effect on brain and heart.

DOI： 10.1016/j.legalmed.2019.101628

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Recent studies show that exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light suppresses ocular elongation, which causes myopia development. However, the specific mechanisms of this process have not been elucidated. A UV-sensor, Opsin 5 (Opn5) mRNA was shown to be present in extraretinal tissues. To test the possibility that UV-signals mediated by Opn5 would have a direct effect on the outer connective tissues of the eye, we first examined the expression patterns of a mammalian type Opn5 (Opn5m) in the late-embryonic chicken eye. Quantitative PCR showed Opn5m mRNA expression in the cornea and sclera. The anti-Opn5m antibody stained a small subset of cells in the corneal stroma and fibrous sclera. We next assessed the effect of UV-A (375 nm) irradiation on the chicken fibroblast cell line DF-1 overexpressing chicken Opn5m. UV-A irradiation for 30 min significantly increased the expression of Early growth response 1 (Egr1), known as an immediate early responsive gene, and of Matrix metalloproteinase 2 (Mmp2) in the presence of retinal chromophore 11-cis-retinal. In contrast, expression of Transforming growth factor beta 2 and Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 2 was not significantly altered. These results indicate that UV-A absorption by Opn5m can upregulate the expression levels of Egr1 and Mmp2 in non-neuronal, fibroblasts. Taken together with the presence of Opn5m in the cornea and sclera, it is suggested that UV-A signaling mediated by Opn5 in the extraretinal ocular tissues could influence directly the outer connective tissues of the chicken late-embryonic eye.

DOI： 10.1016/j.bbrep.2019.100665

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Authorship：Last author,　Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：OKAYAMA UNIV MED SCHOOL  

According to the World Health Organization's World Report, approx. 950,000 children and young people < 18 years old die from an injury each year, and unintentional injury deaths account for a large portion of these cases. Here we used medico-legal documents to epidemiologically analyze the cases of unintentional injury deaths among children < 5 years old in Okayama Prefecture, Japan from 2001 to 2015. Age, sex, manner/cause of death, and various circumstances of the incident were investigated. There were 73 unintentional injury deaths during the study period. Drowning (n=29), suffocation (n=24), and transport accidents (n=13) were the major categories of unintentional injury deaths. Twenty-two cases (30.1%) were autopsied. Differences in the characteristics of the unintentional injury deaths by age were observed. Information which cannot be obtained from Vital Statistics was available from medico-legal documents, and detailed characteristics of unintentional injury deaths among children < 5 years old were elucidated. Investigating medico-legal information is one of the meaningful measures for the prevention of unintentional injury deaths among children in Japan.

DOI： 10.18926/AMO/56647

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Language：Japanese  

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Authorship：Last author   Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本法医病理学会  

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Authorship：Last author   Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本法医病理学会  

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Authorship：Last author   Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本法医病理学会  

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Authorship：Last author   Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本法医病理学会  

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Authorship：Last author   Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本法医病理学会  

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Authorship：Last author   Language：English   Publisher：ELSEVIER IRELAND LTD  

DOI： 10.1016/j.legalmed.2016.10.002

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：OKAYAMA UNIV MED SCHOOL  

Human congenital anomalies provide information that contributes to the understanding of developmental mechanisms. Here we report bilateral optic nerve aplasia (ONA) with microphthalmia in the autopsy of the cadaver of a 70-year-old Japanese female. The gross anatomical inspection of the brain showed a cotton thread-like cord in the presumed location of the optic nerve tract or chiasm. Histologically, no neural retina, optic nerve bundle or retinal central vessels were formed in the eye globe, and the retinal pigment cells formed rosettes. The cornea, iris, and lens were also histologically abnormal. Immunohistochemically, no retinal cells expressed beta III tubulin, and Pax6-immunoreactive cells were present in the ciliary non-pigmented epithelial cells. This case of ONA could be attributed to the agenesis of retinal projection neurons as a sequel to the disruption of neural retina development. The neural retina formation would coordinate the proper development of ocular tissues.

DOI： 10.18926/AMO/54192

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Infective endocarditis (IE) of infants is rare, most of which occur associated with congenital heart disease or its cardiac surgery. We experienced a case of sudden death of a four-month-old male infant without congenital heart disease. It was elucidated by postmortem examination that the dead had suffered severe IE, which led him to death. In the microbiological genetic analysis using histological section, the pathogen causing inflammation in the present case was identified as Lactococcus lactis subspecies, although Staphylococci have been reported to be common and important one. Previously reported infectious diseases by Lactococcus lactis subspecies were all adult cases and this is the first report of an infantile death due to Lactococcal IE according to our knowledge. Any fatal disease may be included in sudden death cases targeted for forensic autopsy, even if it is rare. It is expected for forensic pathologists that they note such case and share each experience among themselves and other medical fields to develop a strategy for prevention. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.legalmed.2015.07.013

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Authorship：Last author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：WILEY-BLACKWELL  

In forensic diagnosis, postmortem blood glucose is known to be susceptible to change after death. However, the 1,5-anhydroglucitol (1,5-AG) concentrations in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) reflect the mean blood glucose level for a short period of time. In this study, we compared the postmortem 1,5-AG concentrations in vitreous humor and CSF in 47 subjects to evaluate the utility of this concentration in the vitreous humor for forensic diagnosis. The postmortem 1,5-AG concentrations in vitreous humor (mean +/- SD: 20.2 +/- 8.7 mu g/mL) and CSF (16.8 +/- 8.7 mu g/mL) did not differ significantly and showed a strong correlation (r(2) = 0.87, p &lt; 0.01). These results suggest that the vitreous humor 1,5-AG concentration provides useful information on the antemortem blood glucose level, in addition to the HbA1c value and the CSF 1,5-AG concentration.

DOI： 10.1111/1556-4029.12963

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Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本SIDS･乳幼児突然死予防学会  

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Other Link： http://search.jamas.or.jp/link/ui/2017307937

Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：日本法医病理学会  

乳児の予期しない急死の予防に資する目的で、2008年〜2015年に岡山大学大学院医歯薬学総合研究科法医学分野において解剖鑑定された予期せぬ乳児急死事例64例の実態を調査した。その結果、当該事例には第2子以上の男児が多く含まれていた。ほとんどの死亡は生後6ヵ月以内に発生し、多くの児は自宅において深夜の睡眠中に死亡していた。また、呼吸器感染症による急死例が少なからず含まれており、臨床診断がなされていない先天心奇形も認められた。予期せぬ乳児急死予防に向けては、ごく軽度の風邪様症状等に対しても、児への気配りが重要であると思われた。(著者抄録)

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BACKGROUND: Few studies have examined the actual conditions of fatal neglect in Japan. The aims of this study were to investigate persistent neglect among child fatalities using medico-legal documents, and to describe the characteristics of the socio-familial background and biological data. METHODS: The current study analyzed the documents of all postmortem external examinations and autopsies in children <2 years old carried out in one prefecture in Japan from 2006 to 2011. After examining 59 autopsy cases using modified the Maltreatment Classification System, we identified six children who experienced persistent neglect as study samples. RESULTS: Three children were found in unsanitary rooms and one was left alone inside a car. In two cases, age of mother at delivery was <21 years old. Three victims had 1 year older sibling. With regard to history of use of health services, three mothers missed some prenatal care visits, and two refused to receive neonatal home visits. With regard to biological data the average weight Z score of six children was -2.22 after being adjusted to average weight for age (in months) and sex. Three children had acute or chronic undernutrition. Three victims had thymic involution considered as being due to chronic child maltreatment. CONCLUSIONS: The present collaboration between public health and legal medicine has enabled investigation of the background and biological impact of experiences of persistent neglect. A multidisciplinary system of evaluating child death is needed to identify preventable factors in order to intervene in the case of neglected children in a timely manner.

DOI： 10.1111/ped.12531

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Other Link： http://search.jamas.or.jp/link/ui/2016088171

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Other Link： http://search.jamas.or.jp/link/ui/2016088173

Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：German   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： 10.1007/s00194-014-0973-2

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Authorship：Last author   Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：法医学談話会  

3例の剖検を担当した。2例目と3例目はそれぞれ死後約1ヵ月と約1ヵ月半後に発見されたが、外表の軟部組織消失程度は2例目のほうが強かった。しかしながら、解剖により内景を観察すると、脳の軟化程度などは3例目のほうが死後変化の進んだ状態であり、組織学的検査においても3例目のほうが細胞融解の程度が強かった。したがって、最終的には2例目と3例目それぞれの死後経過時間に矛盾はないと結論づけることができた。漂流死体の死後変化は、海底に沈んでいた時間や海岸に漂着していた時間などの違いによって異なるため、外表所見のみから死後経過時間を推定することは難しく、内景所見や組織所見などを合わせて総合的に判断することが重要と考えられた。

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(株)へるす出版  

尿中濫用薬物検査キットのインスタントビューM-1(M1)とトライエージDOA(DOA)の性能を比較検討した。死後経過時間が8時間から1～2週間の法医解剖死体43例の尿を試料とし、それらを直接にまたは遠心分離して得られた上清を用いた。また、死後経過時間が1～2ヵ月で、高度に腐敗した薬毒物非関連死体1例より、濃赤褐色尿を採取した。剖検尿43試料のうち、M1とDOAの双方、あるいはどちらか一方がAMP、THC、COC、BZO、BARおよびTCAのいずれかに対し陽性を示したものは14試料で、7試料においてGC-MSにより薬物の存在を確認した。M1とDOAがともに、BZO(7試料)およびBAR(1試料)に対し陽性を示した。全6種類の薬物群に対し、M1とDOAの双方が陰性を示した試料は29試料あり、GC-MSにより薬物の存在は確認しなかった。

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Other Link： https://search.jamas.or.jp/default/link?pub_year=2012&ichushi_jid=J02125&link_issn=&doc_id=20120913480009&doc_link_id=1520573330552381824&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcir.nii.ac.jp%2Fcrid%2F1520573330552381824&type=CiNii&icon=https%3A%2F%2Fjk04.jamas.or.jp%2Ficon%2F00003_1.gif

Authorship：Last author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：5  

OBJECTIVES: To clarify the factors affecting 'postmortem interval until finding' (PMI-f) among elderly unexpected death cases. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: All area of Yamagata prefecture in Japan. PARTICIPANTS: Entering subjects were 5675 elderly cases with age of ≥65 years selected from all 9002 cases of unexpected death from 2002 to 2007 in Yamagata prefecture between 2002 and 2007. Our final study subjects consisted of 3387 cases sampled with several criteria to assess the factors to prolong PMI-f. PRIMARY OUTCOME MEASURES: The outcome was the postmortem interval until finding (PMI-f) as the time from death until finding the body which we defined in this study. RESULTS: 'Living alone' showed the highest adjusted HR (3.73, 95% CI 3.37 to 4.13), also 'unnatural death' (1.50, 1.28 to 1.75), 'found at own home' (1.37, 1.22 to 1.55) and 'younger subjects' (0.99, 0.98 to 0.99). In the model including interactions with the household situation, we found 'male subjects living alone' and 'female subjects living with family' tended to be found later. CONCLUSIONS: PMI-f is an effective outcome for quantitative analyses of risk of bodies left. To prevent the elderly dead bodies left for long time, it is necessary to keep regular home-based contact with elderly individuals living alone.

DOI： 10.1136/bmjopen-2012-001280

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Postmortem degradation of DNA was quantitatively estimated. Brain, liver, kidney and muscle samples were obtained from sacrificed rats left at 20 degrees C or 4 degrees C. The quantity of DNA was measured by real-time PCR using a primer set for a sequence in the Rsrc 1 gene. When the quantity of amplified DNA using 10ng Human Genomic DNA was defined as 100 RFU, the quantities in the brain, liver, kidney and skeletal muscle (each 2 mu g of dry weight) on the day of sacrifice were 253 +/- 11, 338 +/- 22, 556 +/- 14 and 531 +/- 12 Relative Fluorescence Units (RFU), respectively (mean +/- S.E., n = 5). The quantity of amplified DNA decreased to below 10 RFU in 1-3 weeks in the liver, kidney and skeletal muscle at 20 degrees C, while that in the brain was more than 10 RFU for six weeks, demonstrating the usefulness of the brain as a sample for DNA analysis of decaying corpses. It was suggested that quantifying the amplified DNA in the brain at 20 degrees C and in the liver at 4 degrees C as well as the ratio of the quantity of amplified DNA in the liver to the brain at 4 degrees C might be useful for diagnosing time of death. This study provides the first quantitative analysis of the postmortem progress of DNA degradation in the corpse.

DOI： 10.18926/AMO/47011

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Postmortem changes in myoglobin concentrations in blood and organs were investigated using an enzyme immunoassay by animal experiments in combination with immunohistochemical staining of human cases. Blood myoglobin concentrations were found to increase drastically within a very short time after death. Those in striated muscle, however, did not change by day 14 postmortem. Myoglobin content in the liver and kidney increased slightly by day 5 postmortem, and more obviously by day 7 or later. However, almost no change was observed by day 5 in the kidney when the renal artery and vein had been ligated just after death. In the thyroid gland and the lung, the myoglobin content markedly increased by day 7 postmortem, with the logarithmical values rising nearly linearly as the time after death passed. In the thyroid gland, concentrations reached the level of the striated muscle. The mechanisms of postmortem myoglobin increase in organs are thought to be direct diffusion from the striated muscle and/or distribution through the blood. To estimate the postmortem interval, the determination of myoglobin content in the thyroid gland or the lung appears to be useful.

DOI： 10.18926/AMO/46847

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Authorship：Last author   Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：日本公衆衛生学会  

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We have developed a new method for sex determination based on simultaneous detection of the SRY (sex-determining region Y), STS (steroid sulfatase) and amelogenin (AMELX and AMELY) gene regions and their homologous sequences. The sex of 246 blood samples was correctly determined by this method. An AMELY-deleted male sample, which would have been erroneously considered female based solely on analysis of the amelogenin locus, was successfully identified as male by the present method. The detection limit of this method was 63 pg of genomic DNA, and the male DNA component could be detected from mixed samples having a male : female ratio as low as 1: 10. This method was useful for degraded DNA and possessed the human specificity. Practical application to 35 autopsy cases is described.

DOI： 10.18926/AMO/45270

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ELSEVIER IRELAND LTD  

Methamphetamine (MAP) and stress both cause a variety of cardiovascular problems. Stress also increases stimulant drug-seeking or drug-taking behavior by both humans and animals. In addition to the physiological effects on circulation, metabolism, and excretion, stress affects subject's responses to stimulant drugs such as MAP. However, the mechanisms underlying the drug-stress interactions remain unknown. In the present study, we assessed the effects of stress on myocardial responses to MAP in mice. Mice were injected with MAP (30 mg/kg) immediately before exposure to water-restraint stress (WRS), which has often been used as a stressor in animal experiments. The combination of MAP with WRS produced a significant increase (p &lt; 0.01) in the leakage of proteins specific to myocardial damage and the levels of cytokines IL-6, TNF-alpha, and IL-10. The histological findings indicated the possibility that a combination of MAP with WRS induced cardiac myocytolysis. We also examined the expression of heat shock proteins (Hsps), which have cardioprotective effects. Administration of MAP alone significantly stimulated the RNA expressions of Hsp32, 60, 70, and 90 and the protein Hsp70 in cardiac muscles, whereas the expressions due to WRS or MAP plus WRS were not increased. These results reveal the fact that exposure to WRS depresses the induction of Hsps, in particular Hsp70, due to MAP injection, following to enhance MAP-induced myocardial damage. We believe that interactions between MAP and severe stress, including environmental temperature, affect the induction of Hsps, following to susceptibility of hosts to cardiotoxicity due to the stimulant drug. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.cbi.2011.01.025

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Authorship：Last author,　Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：PRESTON PUBL INC  

Postmortem acidification of blood and the contribution of this phenomenon to increased flecainide concentrations in cardiac blood were evaluated in rabbits. Flecainide was administered intravenously, antemortem peripheral blood was collected 15 min after administration, then rabbits were sacrificed. Blood and organs were collected immediately or 24 h after death, or immediately or 24 h after performance of cardiac massage. Postmortem left/right cardiac blood and organs showed lower pH than antemortem blood, and flecainide concentrations in all postmortem blood samples were higher than those in antemortem blood. Increased flecainide concentrations in cardiac blood were enhanced by postmortem cardiac massage and postmortem interval. In perfusion experiments using rabbit lung and heart, even if the flecainide concentration in inflow was kept constant, outflow concentrations were 2- to 3-fold higher than in inflow when inflow pH changed from 7.4 to 5.5. In contrast, flecainide concentration in outflow decreased immediately and then remained low when pH of perfusate changed from 5.5 to 7.4. These results demonstrate that flecainide accumulates in the lungs before death, and this accumulated flecainide releases into blood following postmortem acidification of blood/organs.

DOI： 10.1093/jat/34.1.26

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Other Link： http://search.jamas.or.jp/link/ui/2011000411

Authorship：Last author   Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：(公財)産業医学振興財団  

45歳男。荷あげ後の小型タンカーのポンプ室内で蓋の空いた漉し器前の床で意識を失っており、発見後約3時間半に心肺停止状態で救急搬送されたが蘇生しなかった。換気条件下の現場の可燃性ガス濃度は75%LEL、ガソリン濃度は約90%LELであった。剖検所見より頭部、四肢に軽微な皮下出血の散在、眼瞼結膜に多数の溢血点、血液や臓器組織から油臭を認め、肝臓および左睾丸に腫瘤を認めたが病理所見より腫瘤はいずれも良性であった。中毒学的検査より大脳、右心血のトルエン濃度よりガソリン中毒死が示唆され、着衣にガソリンの付着がないことより経皮吸収でなく、高濃度ガソリンによる曝露と判断した。

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Authorship：Last author   Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：日本法医病理学会  

死体における人為的な呼気圧出音聴取の可・不可と溺死との関連に着眼し、これを知るための外表検査を考案して呼気圧出試験と命名し、その溺死診断上の有用性について検討した。死後経過時間が3日(72時間)以内の法医解剖例113例を対象として呼気圧出試験を実施した。溺死46例では、陽性は2例にとどまり、44例(95.7%)は陰性であった。非溺死67例では陽性が48例、陰性が19例となった。溺死例と非溺死例と比較し、前者と後者との間で統計的有意差があった。溺死診断の基準を満たさず、溺死以外の死因となりうる所見を認めた、非溺死水中死体2例は、何れも呼気圧出試験は陽性であった。陽性の場合には、水中死体であっても溺死でないことを強く疑うべきであり、水中死体で本試験陰性の場合には、その結果をもって溺死と判断はできないが、捜査状況なども含めて総合的に判断する上では、溺死を支持する根拠にはなると考えられた。

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：OKAYAMA UNIV MED SCHOOL  

The annual number of suicides in Japan increased sharply in 1998, and since that time it has consistently exceeded 30,000 per year. In this study, we analyze a database of personal and background characteristics of 824 cases (605 men, 219 women) who completed suicide in Okayama Prefecture in 2002 and 2003. The data were obtained with cooperation from the police. Using the methodologies in a previous European study as a model, we classified the suicide methods into 8 categories. To examine the generational and regional differences in the choice of methods, we stratified the sample into 4 age groups (&lt;= 24, 25 similar to 44, 45 similar to 64, and &gt;= 65) and 2 regional groups (Okayama/Kurashiki vs. other areas). Our results on gender differences in 7 of the suicide methods were mostly similar to the European data. However, our data showed a remarkably higher proportionate male-to-female mortality ratio for poisoning by other substances (ICD-10, X65-X69 codes) (1.83, 1.15-2.92). In terms of generational differences in the choice of suicide methods, the Mantel-Haenszel test of homogeneity was significant for most of the categories in our study, suggesting an impact of age on how people commit suicide. There were no remarkable regional differences in our sample. An epidemic curve for suicides via carbon monoxide poisoning using charcoal briquets revealed a trend of time clustering not observed in the other 6 means. The database constructed and used in this study contains richer information than conventional death statistics and is expected to provide helpful knowledge and insights for future epidemiological studies.

DOI： 10.18926/AMO/31815

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Authorship：Last author   Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：(一財)厚生労働統計協会  

目的 高齢者のいわゆる「孤独死」は深刻な社会問題であり,その予防は重要な政策課題である。しかし実証的データはほとんどなく,その定義も議論上にある。そこで本研究は高齢者のいわゆる孤独死対策に向けた基礎的資料を得るために,まず法医剖検例となった高齢者すべての死亡(すなわち誰にも看取られなかった高齢者死亡)の実態と背景要因を明らかにすることを目的とした。特に,これまで狭義の孤独死の定義として議論になってきた点である世帯構成による実態の違いに着目した。方法 岡山大学における平成17〜18年の同一医師による法医剖検例から65歳以上の死者を抽出し,剖検記録から死因の背景要因となる情報を収集した。全体の状況の記述に加え,世帯構成別に分け,背景要因を比較した。結果 剖検例210例のうち65歳以上の61例を分析した結果,死因の種類では「不慮の外因死」が77%,直接死因では「焼死」が全体の41%であった。世帯構成では「独居」46%,対象者の特性では杖歩行や義足,片麻痺,寝たきり等,日常生活動作の自立度が低い事例が36%みられた。発見時の状況では,第一発見者は「近隣の人」が41%で,死亡から発見までの時間では,「1日以上」発見されなかった事例は31%であった。また,「1ヵ月以上」発見されなかった5例のうち,世帯構成の明らかになった3例はすべて「独居」であり,ミイラ化や高度腐乱状態で発見された事例も含まれていた。また,火災等に関する死亡が53%あり,出火原因および場所では「台所・コンロ等」19%,次いで「タバコ」「ストーブ」各16%,「灯明」13%であった。結論 法医剖検例からみた高齢者の看取られない死(このうちすべてが予防すべき孤独であるかは議論を要する)は,世帯構成でみると,約半数が独居であった。また,独居事例では病死が多く,死亡から発見までの時間が長い事例もみられた。これらのことから,高齢者の看取られない死は必ずしも独居者のみの問題ではなく,その対策としては,独居に限らない高齢者への包括的対策,独居者に対しては心理的・社会的孤立予防への対策がより重要と考えられた。また,対象者は約7割が不慮の外因死であり,特に火災等に関する死亡が多くを占めていたことから,高齢者の不慮の事故対策は重要であり,中でも火災への予防的対策は急務の課題であることが明らかになった。高齢者の「孤独死」とは何かについては今後,より議論を要するが,具体的な対策を講じていくため,把握が難しい個々の事例のさらなる実態把握とそれに基づく検討が必要である。そのためには法医剖検例に基づく背景の疫学的検討は非常に有効であり,法医公衆衛生学ともいうべき新たな研究分野が必要と考える。(著者抄録)

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：法医学談話会  

2003〜2007年に山形県警と東京都監察医務院が扱った異状死体のうち、65歳以上の独居生活者、および死亡後発見まで長時間経過(山形県では死後3日以上経過、東京都では4日以上経過)した事例の検案データをもとに地域差の分析を行い、以下の結果を得た。1)65歳以上の全異状死体に占める独居者の割合は東京都区部(以下;東京都)が山形県よりも有意に高かった(36% vs 14%)。2)65歳以上の全異状死体に占める死後長時間経過例の割合も東京都が有意に高かった(13% vs 6%)。3)死後長時間経過例の死因として自殺が占める割合は山形県のほうが有意に高かった(9% vs 3%)。4)死後長時間経過例の発見者は両地域とも「家人・親戚」の割合が最も高かったが、東京都では「隣人・管理人」の割合も高く、「家人・親戚」とほぼ同率であった。5)東京都では「家人・親戚」に発見された割合に男女差がみられ、女性屍のほうが有意に高かった。6)山形県における死後長時間経過例のデータを死後短時間(3日未満)例と群間比較すると、独居生活者の割合が有意に高く、「家人・親戚」に発見された割合が有意に低かった。

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We encountered a case of fatal congestive heart failure that occurred under the influence of flecainide. In this case, an extreme postmortem increase in the flecainide level was identified in cardiac blood. The patient had been administered 400 mg/day of flecainide for seven days before death. Antemortem plasma obtained 13 h before death showed a flecainide concentration of 2.5 mg/L and a pH of 7.4. In comparison, centrifuged supernatants of postmortem right and left cardiac blood contained flecainide concentrations of 13.8 and 44.2 mg/L, respectively, with pH of 5.5 in both samples. This increase in blood flecainide concentration was attributed to postmortem redistribution, as about 18 h had passed between the last intake of flecainide and death.

DOI： 10.1093/jat/32.6.451

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Authorship：Lead author,　Last author,　Corresponding author   Language：Japanese   Publisher：Okayama Medical Association  

DOI： 10.4044/joma.120.43

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Other Link： https://search.jamas.or.jp/index.php?module=Default&action=Link&pub_year=2008&ichushi_jid=J00175&link_issn=&doc_id=20080512270007&doc_link_id=10.4044%2Fjoma.120.43&url=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.4044%2Fjoma.120.43&type=J-STAGE&icon=https%3A%2F%2Fjk04.jamas.or.jp%2Ficon%2F00007_3.gif

Authorship：Last author   Language：Japanese   Publisher：(株)日本医事新報社  

異常死体における糖尿病の罹患状況を検討した。2002〜2006年の110例(剖検:55例、検死:55例)を対象とした。対象の60.0%(66名)は50〜70歳代、男性が67.3%(74名)であった。「糖尿病」の病歴は「あり」38例(34.5%)、「なし」38例、「不明」34例であったが、HbA1c値から、糖尿病・糖尿病疑い症例は「糖尿病なし」群の34.2%(13例)、「不明」群の32.4%(11例)にみられた。死因は、糖尿病「あり」群は「なし」群よりも有意に内因死が多かった。また、いずれの群においても、内因死は外因死よりもHbA1c値が高かった。異常死体における内因死には糖尿病と気付かれずに未治療であった者や糖尿病の状態が良くない者の割合が多いことが考えられ、異常死減少は糖尿病対策、特に高齢者に対する糖尿病対策ではないかと思われた。

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：SPRINGER  

The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) system in drug abusers may be affected due to disorders of the hypothalamic dopaminergic system. The present study investigated alterations in the adenohypophysis of middle-aged drug abusers (40-60 years of age), using clusterin-containing mixed cell-follicles as the indicator, in which clusterin (apolipoprotein J) is a multifunctional glycoprotein related to neurodegeneration. The paraffin-embedded adenohypophyses of methamphetamine and psychotropic drug abusers (n=76) were compared with those of non-abusers (n=82). The number of follicles was larger in drug abusers independent of the immediate cause of death, although the size was not significantly different. When cell types forming the follicles were immunohistochemically examined, drug abusers showed an increase of prolactin (PRL) cells and gonadotroph cells and a reciprocal decrease of growth hormone cells, suggesting hypofunction of dopaminergic neurons in the hypothalamus, while there was no change in the adrenocorticotropic hormone and thyroid-stimulating hormone cells. These increases of the clusterin-containing follicles and PRL cells in the follicles may be related to the dysfiunction of dopaminergic neurons in the hypothalamus of chronic drug abusers and may be useful for investigating drug abuse in forensic casework.

DOI： 10.1007/s00414-006-0138-2

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Authorship：Lead author   Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本警察医会  

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Authorship：Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：OKAYAMA UNIV MED SCHOOL  

The authors designed a questionnaire to investigate the differences in German and Japanese general Practitioners' (GP) awareness of suicide and attitudes toward patients with suicidal ideation in their respective societies. The purpose of this study was to obtain insights leading to a better means of suicide prevention in primary care in Japan. The background for conducting the study was declining suicides in the past 20 years and the lower suicide rate in Germany compared with the present situation in Japan, where the number of suicides has in recent years continued to exceed 30,000, resulting in a suicide rate approximately 2 times higher than that in Germany. The questionnaire was randomly mailed to GPs in Okayama-Prefecture (western Japan) and Hamburg-State (northern Germany) and was collected in the same way. The patterns of answers were compared between the 2 countries, and the differences were statistically analyzed. Japanese GPs seem to have a lower will to prevent suicide in daily practice compared to German GPs and a great lack of knowledge about treatment of suicidal patients. These observations suggest that improving GPs' interest in the problem of suicide and providing training programs for the treatment of patients with suicidal intentions might be a means of achieving better suicide prevention in Japan.

DOI： 10.18926/AMO/30747

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：PRESTON PUBLICATIONS INC  

The authors encountered a case of hydrochloric acid (HCl) poisoning, thought to be caused by oral ingestion of concentrated HCl. Coagulation of the surface of the tongue and the mucosa of the pharynx, esophagus, and stomach were observed at forensic autopsy. An overabundance of Cl- was found in the gastric contents, corresponding to 8.19 mL of concentrated HCl. This was suggested to be a lethal oral dose of concentrated HCl, and the cause of death was determined to be HCl poisoning. Measuring the pH and concentrations of various ions in body fluids and contents of the alimentary tract enabled postmortem diffusion of HCl to be determined.

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We have improved on conventional methods for HLA-DRB1 genotyping and devised a new method that is simple, cost-effective, and adequately applicable to routine forensic practice. This method consists of group-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of the exon 2 region of the HLA-DRB1 gene and simultaneous detection of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at multiple sites using multiplex primer extension reactions. With this method, we successfully detected HLA-DRB1 genotypes from the following materials: the peripheral blood of 142 donors, 6 aged saliva stains of known DRB1 genotype stored for 5-10 years at room temperature, 10 aged bloodstains of unknown DRB1 genotype stored for 29 years at room temperature, and minimal bloodstains and saliva stains from 3 donors of known DRB1 genotypes. Furthermore, we were able to type DRB1 alleles of the minor component in mixed samples at a proportion of 1/1,000 or 1/10,000. In a criminal case, DRB1 alleles detected from mixed bloodstains on a sword found at the scene enabled us to explain the case. This method is expected to be useful for forensic medicine.

DOI： 10.18926/AMO/31971

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Major objectives in forensic gerontology are physical and mental disorders during aging, which can be caused by various factors involving nutrition and stress, often accompanied by dysfunction in the neuroendocrine systems including the hypophysis. The objective of the present study was to investigate the histopathological changes in the adenohypophysis in elderly subjects using autopsy materials. Hypophyses with a scaphoid shape (group S: 16 males and 4 females; mean age, 78.6 years) and a normal one (group C: 30 males and 20 females; mean age, 65.2 years) were compared. Incidence of the scaphoid-shaped hypophysis mildly increased with age, being 17% in the elderly over 65 years of age. The weight of the pituitary gland in group S (0.42 +/- 0.1 g) was lower than that of group C (0.65 +/- 0.2 g). The degree of fibrosis was higher in group S (31.6% +/- 5.4%) than in group C (18.3% +/- 6.3%). Immunohistochemical staining showed no significant differences in the proportion of the ACTH cells and the TSH cells between the two groups (p > 0.05). However, there was an increase in the proportion of gonadotrophs, prolactin cells, and S-100-containing cells in group S and a decrease in that of GH cells (p < 0.05). These findings may be associated with reduced anabolic, gonadal and hepatic functions due to malnutrition.

DOI： 10.1111/j.1749-0774.2005.tb00006.x

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The terms forensic medicine, forensic science, and forensic pathology are often confused. However, forensic medicine or science in the broad sense can be classified into three main fields: forensic pathology, forensic toxicology, and forensic biology. Forensic pathology deals with the issues diagnosed at forensic (and administrative) autopsy. In forensic toxicology, all problems in relation to substances with pharmacological/poisonous effects on humans are investigated. Forensic biology is the field in which genetic markers or proteins are investigated in cases of stain analysis, autopsy of unidentified bodies, and paternity tests. Immunoassay commonly means a method for quantitative analysis of a substance using immunoreactions. However, the original meaning of the word ‘assay’ is not restricted to quantitative analysis and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) has been developed in the area of histology as a qualitative investigation method to identify the existence/localization of antigens (immunohistochemistry). Besides, forensic analysis frequently requires a qualitative judgment and it is often achieved by examination using immunoreactions. Therefore, in this article we deal with the word ‘immunoassay’ in the broad sense including both quantitative and qualitative/semiquantitative analyses using immunoreactions.

DOI： 10.1016/B0-12-369397-7/00268-5

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DOI： 10.1016/B0-12-369399-3/00206-8

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DOI： 10.1007/s00194-005-0330-6

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We developed a new method for ABO genotyping using a multiplex single-base primer extension reaction. The method allows for the simultaneous detection of six SNP sites in the ABO gene (nt 261, 297, 681, 703, 802, and 803) and the determination of ABO genotypes from their combinations. It enabled ABO genotyping of all samples of peripheral blood DNA extracted from 103 Japanese individuals, and had a highly satisfactory detection sensitivity being capable of genotyping 0.1 ng of genomic DNA. Using this method, we were able to determine ABO genotypes of minute stain samples, heated bloodstains, aged bloodstains and mixed samples. Experiments with samples from 26 animal species and bacterial samples to test the species-specificity of the method showed that genotyping was possible in the chimpanzee and gorilla, but their genotypes were extremely rare in humans. In addition, we applied this method to casework samples, and successfully determined ABO genotypes of bones, teeth, muscles, organs, nails, and semen-contaminated vaginal fluid in which ABO grouping by conventional serological techniques was not possible. This new method enables the sensitive, simultaneous detection of six SNP sites in the ABO gene by two specific reactions, i.e. PCR and a primer extension reaction. Therefore, it holds promise as an effective method of ABO genotyping particularly for forensic samples. © 2004 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.legalmed.2004.05.005

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD  

A novel 39-plex typing system for single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) has been developed. This multiplex approach has the advantage of being able to type 38 autosomal SNPs and one sex-discriminating base exchange site on the X and Y chromosomes rapidly and simultaneously. The SNP loci on the autosomes, which we examined, contain 15 loci distributed on blood type genes: three on RhCE, two each on Km and Gc, and one each on Duffy, AcPl, Tf, MN, GPT, EsD, PI, and Kidd genes.
Thirty-seven genomic DNA fragments containing a total of 38 SNPs and one sex-discriminating site were amplified in one multiplex PCR reaction. Following the reaction, single nucleotide primer extension reaction was performed by dividing these SNP loci into five groups. The SNP type of each of the 39 loci was determined at one time by capillary electrophoresis using the newly designed multi-injection method.
The combined PD (power of discrimination) of this typing system was (1-1.1) X 10(-14), and the MEC (mean exclusion chance) was 0.9990. We applied this system to forensic cases, including 16 paternity testing cases (13 non-exclusion and three exclusion cases) and one personal identification case. For the paternity testing cases, the highest Essen-Moller's W-value was 0.9999995. The pM (matching probability) of the personal identification case was 2.22 x 10(-17). These data showed that this system was an excellent tool for use in forensic cases of paternity testing and personal identification. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.forsciint.2004.03.005

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We developed a method for identifying human brain from a tissue-like fragment by detection of neurofilament protein (NF) using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). NF was extracted from 0. 1 g of organ/tissue homogenized with Tris-HCl buffer (pH 7.2) containing urea, phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF), EDTA and, EGTA. It was necessary to dilute the extract at more than 2(3)-fold to avoid immunosuppression by urea. Positive reaction was always obtained for NF-H in 2(3)-fold diluted extract of brain tissue, however, NF-L and NF-M were not always detected when a brain fragment contained gray matter. Human cerebral white matter could be easily distinguished from other organs/tissues by detecting any of the NF-subunits. Brains of human and some animals could be discriminated by detecting NF-L or NF-M, although the species specificity of NF-H was not Good. Our findings suggested that detection of NF-H was more useful than NF-L and NF-M for identifying a brain from a tissue-like fragment. The present ELISA method for NF-H could identify human brain specimens under the following conditions: putrefied at 4 degreesC for up to 3 weeks, dried at 37 degreesC for at least 4 months, heated at 50 degreesC for at least 4 weeks. Our results showed that our method is useful for identification of brain tissue in forensic stain analysis. Two practical cases are described. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.forsciint.2004.01.020

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We found small cytoplasmic vacuoles in the hormone-producing cells of anterior pituitary in hypothermic death. The vacuoles were found in approximately 40% of anterior pituitary cells both in males and females that had died from cold (n=31) while the detection rate was lower than 1% (P&lt
0.001) in the other causes of death (n=180: fire death, n=25
fatal injury, n=24
asphyxia, n=20
poisoning, n=8
natural diseases, n=103). The detection rate in hypothermic death was the highest in ACTH cells (about 65%), followed by gonadotrophs (about 43%), and the lowest in TSH cells (about 16%) (P&lt
0.001). These findings suggest that the cytoplasmic vacuoles in the anterior pituitary cells may be the most closely related to cold exposure among the above-mentioned cause of death, providing a supplementary evidence for determining the causes of death. © 2004 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.legalmed.2004.05.004

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Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：SPRINGER-VERLAG  

We presented an unusual case of negligent homicide by thorax compression, which is the expanded concept of traumatic asphyxia. A 58-year-old man was restrained in the prone position by six prison officers. They were ordered by their superiors to continue restraining him for about 15 min and the victim died. At the forensic autopsy, typical findings of thorax compression with intramuscular hemorrhages on the back and multiple fractures of the ribs were observed. No evidence of neck compression/smothering or other fatal issues likely to occur by chest compression was found. The reconstruction of the scene corresponded exactly with the localization of the injuries found in the victim. This is the first case of death by pure thorax compression without other fatal factors during intentional restraint, in which the force causing the chest compression was distinctly determined by the autopsy and reconstruction.

DOI： 10.1007/s00414-003-0423-2

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：OKAYAMA UNIV MED SCHOOL  

Healthy subjects 40 years old were used as controls in a study of stellate cells (S-100 protein-containing cells, or S-100 cells) in subjects with chronic alcoholism and fatty liver or fatty cirrhosis. S-100 cells were sparsely found in the adenohypophysis of control subjects, and these cells sometimes formed small clusters. However, in chronic alcoholics with fatty liver or fatty cirrhosis, the number of stellate cells in the anterior pituitary tended to be 17 times higher than it was in the control group. No increase in the number of S-100 positive cells that constitute the large and small follicles in the intermediate pituitary. The physiological function of the S-100 protein has not yet been identified. The fact that an increase in prolactin-secreting and growth hormone-secreting cells, as well as a decrease in gonadotrophs were observed in the hypophysis of alcoholics suggests that the function of stellate cells may be closely related to these phenomena. Our results also imply that the stellate cells found in the anterior and intermediate pituitary differ in function although they both produce S-100 proteins.

DOI： 10.18926/AMO/32818

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Allele and genotype frequencies for 15 short tandem repeat (STR) polymorphisms-D3S1358, TH01, D21S11, D18S51, Penta E, D5S818, D13S317, D7S820, D16S539, CSF1PO, Penta D, vWA, D8S1179, TPOX and FGA-in a Japanese population were estimated. No deviations of the observed allele frequency from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium expectations were found for any of the systems studied. Between 2 new pentanucleotide STR loci, Penta E and Penta D, for which there is only limited data regarding the allelic distribution in Japanese, the Penta E locus was found to be highly polymorphic and exhibited a tri- or tetra-modal distribution pattern having allelic peaks with 5, 11, 15 and 20 repeats. The distribution was significantly different from that of the other ethnic groups. Statistical parameters of forensic importance, the power of discrimination (PD), observed and expected heterozygosity values (H), polymorphism. information content (PIC), power of discrimination (PD), matching probability (pM), power of exclusion (PE), and typical paternity index (PI), were calculated for the loci. These parameters indicated the usefulness of the loci in forensic personal identification and paternity testing among Japanese. The systems Penta E, FGA, D18S51 and D8S1179 were the most informative. This method was successfully applied to forensic personal identification and paternity testing among Japanese, thereby confirming its efficacy for forensic practice.

DOI： 10.18926/AMO/32819

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Authorship：Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：OKAYAMA UNIV MED SCHOOL  

In this study we used paraffin-embedded human pituitary obtained from 248 autopsy cases and identified mixed cell follicles by the immunohistochemical method. We examined the number and size of the mixed cell follicles, and the ratio of each component cell of these follicles, in the anterior pituitary at various age groups. The number of follicles increased with age, and the size of the follicles also tended to enlarge with age. Statistical analysis showed that a high correlation existed between age and the number or the size of the mixed cell-follicles formed by various adenohypophyseal cells. In addition, when the proportions of the different cell types that formed the follicles were examined, sex differences were observed with aging for the GH cells, the PRL cells, and the gonadotroph (GTH) cells, while no changes were observed with aging in both men and women for the ACTH cells and TSH cells. These results indicate that the number, size, and ratio of each component cell of follicles in the anterior pituitary are adequately applicable for the purpose of age estimation in routine forensic medicine.

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We report a case of sudden unexpected death due to rupture of the stomach. A 49-year-old man was found dead in a public lavatory. Autopsy findings revealed two rupture wounds measuring 14 cm and 6 cm located in the fundus of stomach at the side of the greater curvature despite of any superficial injury. The deceased had an ulcer in the lesser curvature of stomach, and dilation in this area was expected to be impaired. Under this condition, excessive over-eating resulting in over-extension of the stomach wall at the greater curvature was speculated to have caused stomach rupture. © 2002 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/S1344-6223(02)00034-2

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Language：English   Publisher：川崎医学会  

ヒト脳下垂体の中葉において形態学的にリンパ球に類似した細胞群を観察し,その免疫組織化学的性質を検討した.これらの細胞群は,腺下垂体中に存在するホルモンに対する抗原またはS-100蛋白に対する抗原によって免疫染色されなかったが,抗B細胞膜抗原によって免疫染色された.これらの細胞が中葉でのみ認められる理由,主としてB細胞である理由,その機能については,本研究で明らかにすることはできなかった.この細胞群と脳下垂体中葉の機能の間に相関性は認められなかったが,ヒトの中葉は両生類,鳥類,齧歯類に比べるとより縮退しており,未知の機能を有することが考えられる

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In this study, we experienced a case of an elderly man with clinically undiagnosed squamous cell carcinoma of the lung, who died 8 days after a trauma. This case was autopsied because of a question over the causal association between the trauma and death. From the autopsy findings, it was judged that respiratory and metabolic abnormalities due to lung cancer were exacerbated by trauma, and that medically the cause of death should be assessed as death by disease.

DOI： 10.4044/joma1947.115.1_33

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We encountered two cases of unnatural death occurring indoors in early spring in Okayama Prefecture. The two cases were both females aged 31yearsold and 88yearsold. Autopsies revealed death from hypothermia as the cause of death. The diagnosis of death from cold was not based solely on the characteristic findings of the dead body. After confirming that there were no other accidents and diseases that may cause death, an overall evaluation should be made considering the conditions surrounding occurrence of death from cold. We describe these procedures using these two autopsy cases of death from hypothermia.

DOI： 10.4044/joma1947.114.3_303

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Other Link： http://search.jamas.or.jp/link/ui/2003248180

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ヒト胎児屍体3体および内分泌学的疾患,アルコール関連疾患,肝疾患,精神疾患,悪性腫瘍が無い屍体132体(0〜100歳)から得た脳下垂体切片を用いて,下垂体前葉におけるS-100蛋白陽性星状細胞を免疫組織化学的に検討し,星状細胞数を用いた年齢推定の可能性について検討した.星状細胞の割合と年齢の間には,男女のいずれにおいても明確な正の相関が認められ,それぞれについて線形回帰方程式が得られた.年齢と共に星状細胞が増加する理由は明らかではないが,この結果から脳下垂体前葉の星状細胞の割合を年齢推定に応用できることが示唆された

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We describe a modified method for typing a polymorphic microsatellite D12S391 locus by PCR using a newly designed primer pair. This primer pair produces shorter D12S391 amplified fragments (104156 bp) than the primer pair originally described by Lareu et al. (209-261 bp). The detection system for the D12S391 locus using the new primer pair and capillary electrophoresis (CE) analysis was evaluated using various forensic samples. The typing results from 70 DNA samples using the new primer pair and the original primer pair were completely identical. One hundred twenty-five amplified fragments from D12S391 alleles were sized correctly within +/-0.25 by of the D12S391 allelic ladder. A rare allele, 19.3, previously found only in Caucasians, was found for the first time in a Japanese subject, and it was clearly distinguished from allele 20 by the CE analysis. This detection system was sensitive and could detect D12S391 types from 16 pg of genomic DNA, and from a minor component at a ratio of 1:10 in mixed samples. This system was more useful for the analysis of degraded DNA than was the method using the original primer pair, and could detect D12S391 types from bloodstains that had been stored for 26 years. In addition, the specificity of the method was demonstrated using nonhuman DNA.

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We have developed a new method for typing single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on the human Y chromosome based on a multiplexed single nucleotide primer extension. This method has the advantage that several SNPs are typed rapidly and simultaneously. We examined 15 different SNP loci on Y chromosome, M9, M105, M122, M125, M128, M130, SRY465, IMS-JST006241, IMS-JST006841, IMS-JST002611, IMS-JST003305, IMS-JST008425, IMS-JST021354, IMS-JST021355 and IMS-JST055457, in 159 Japanese males. From the typing results of these 15 loci, we found 13 haplotypes. Gene diversity for each locus ranged from 0.025 to 0.486 and the haplotype diversity was estimated to be 0.838. This method could be readily applied for personal identification and paternity testing.

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Authorship：Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：WAYNE STATE UNIV PRESS  

The difference in the allele frequencies of two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the second exon of the myoglobin gene between Japanese and other populations is reported. These SNPs are the substitutions of (A79G) and (T109C), and they were investigated by a single polymerase chain reaction-single strand conformation polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) analysis followed by direct sequencing. The substitutions were always linked and two alleles were found in the samples used: the A-T allele with no substitution at positions (79A) and (109T) and the G-C allele with substitutions of (79G) and (109C). The frequencies of these alleles were 0.755 bind 0.245, respectively, and they were found to be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The distribution of alleles in the Japanese population was significantly different from that reported among whites, blacks, and Hispanics (p &lt; 0.0001).

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We encountered a rare case of suffocation by an advertising balloon filled with pure helium gas. Suffocation caused by inhalation of atmosphere lacking in oxygen is not exceptional, but reports of death by suffocation due to a pure inert gas such as helium are very rare. In this case, the balloon mooring on the ground was enclosed, warning signs were displayed, and it was clear that entering the balloon filled with an atmosphere lacking in oxygen was extremely dangerous and should not be done; the accident did, however, occur. Accidents of this kind may occur in the future unless appropriate education and countermeasures are taken.

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We developed a method for human identification of forensic biological materials by PCR-based detection of a human-specific sequence in exon 3 of the myoglobin gene. This human-specific DNA sequence was deduced from differences in the amino acid sequences of myoglobins between humans and other animal species. The new method enabled amplification of the target DNA fragment from 30 samples of human DNA, and the amplified sequences were identical with that already reported. Using this method, we were able to distinguish human samples from those of 21 kinds of animals: the crab-eating monkey, horse, cow, sheep, goat, pig, wild boar, dog, raccoon dog, cat, rabbit, guinea pig, hamster, rat, mouse, whale, chicken, pigeon, turtle, frog, and tuna. However, we were unable to distinguish between human and gorilla samples. This method enabled us to detect the target sequence from 25 pg of human DNA, and the target DNA fragment from blood stored at 37 degreesC for 6 months, and from bloodstains heated at 150 degreesC for 4 h or stored at room temperature for 26 years. Herein we also report a practical application of the method for human identification of a bone fragment.

DOI： 10.18926/AMO/32024

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Authorship：Corresponding author   Language：Japanese   Publisher：Okayama Medical Association  

Two judicial autopsy cases of sudden unexpected natural death were reported. In both cases it was suspected that the victims had died of a traffic accident or violent injury. It became clear, however, that both the cause of death had been myocardial infarction by the forensic autopsies and that the suspects had not been criminally responsible for the death of the victims. It is expected that sudden unexpected natural death whose cause and manner are unclear at first may occur more frequently following the increase of the number of death from ischemic heart disease in the future. In these circumstances the forensic autopsy of such cases will become more important socially.

DOI： 10.4044/joma1947.113.3_241

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Other Link： http://search.jamas.or.jp/link/ui/2001181637

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：OKAYAMA UNIV MED SCHOOL  

In this study, sex determination using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) on tooth material was evaluated from the viewpoint of forensic medicine. The sensitivity of PCR for detection of the Y chromosome-specific alphoid repeat sequence and the X chromosome-specific alphoid repeat sequence was 0.5 pg of genomic DNA. Sex could be determined by PCR of DNA extracted from the pulp of 16 freshly extracted permanent teeth and dentine including the surface of the pulp cavity of 6 freshly extracted milk teeth. Sex could be determined using the pulp in all 20 teeth (10 male and 10 female) preserved at room temperature for 22 years. For the pulp of teeth stored in sea water, the sex could be determined in all 8 teeth immersed for 1 week and in 5 of 6 teeth immersed for 4 weeks. In the remaining 1 tooth, in which sex determination based on the pulp failed, the sex could be determined correctly when DNA extracted from the tooth hard tissue was examined. For teeth stored in soil, the sex could be determined accurately in all 8 teeth buried for 1 week, 7 of 8 teeth buried for 4 weeks, and in all 6 teeth buried for 8 weeks. When teeth were heated for 30 min, sex determination from the pulp was possible in all teeth heated to 100, 150, and 200 degrees C, and even in some teeth heated to 250 degrees C. When this method was applied to actual forensic cases, the sex of a mummified body estimated to have been discovered half a year to 1 year after death could be determined readily by examination of the dental pulp. In the skeletons of 2 bodies placed under water for approximately 1 year and approximately 11 years and 7 months, pulp tissues had been dissolved and lost, but sex determination was possible using DNA extracted from hard dental tissues. These results indicate that this method is useful in forensic practices for sex determination based on teeth samples.

DOI： 10.18926/AMO/32309

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD  

Using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), we studied the short tandem repeat (STR) polymorphism observed at the D12S391 locus. In 350 Japanese examined, 14 different alleles ranging from 209 bp to 261 bp were detected. Allele 18 (221 bp) showed the highest frequency at 0.30. Observed and expected values of respective genotypes satisfied the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (chi(2)=24.08, P=0.24, df=20). In addition, 18 additional sequence structures (suballeles), were detected in this study. Within the suballeles, sequence variants, in which the initial repeat of (AGAT) was replaced with (AGGT), was found in five samples. It was found that the analysis of single strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) before sequence analysis was useful for distinguishing these suballeles. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/S0379-0738(99)00048-1

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DOI： 10.1016/S0009-8981(99)00011-X

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：法医学談話会  

塗装作業現場において作業員3名が倒れているのが発見された.1名は死亡していたが2名は生命をとりとめた.死者(21歳男)の司法解剖では,急死の所見が認められた他には,死因となるような損傷も病変も認められなかった.剖検時採取した試料についてGC/MSによる検査を行った結果,全ての試料からトルエンが検出され,その他の有機溶媒成分は全く検出されなかった.GCによる諸試料のトルエン濃度測定結果は,血液で65.8μg/g(右心血),44.9μg/g(左心血),20.3μg/g(大腿静脈血),脳で437.9μg/g(脳幹),465.4μg/g(大脳)であり,致死レベルに達していたことから死因は急性トルエン中毒と判断された.また死者の膀胱内には410mlの尿が貯留しており,尿中馬尿酸濃度は82.9mg/mlと著しく高値であった.本事例において,死者は著しく高濃度のトルエン蒸気に長時間暴露された後死亡したものと推定された

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死者は当初は不審な点が多々あった.死者の足取りは死体発見前日の夕立の頃で途切れていた.解剖で死因は溺死と判明し,損傷は高所からの転落によって形成された可能性が高いと判断されたその後,死者は死体発見前日に夕立の中を家へ急いでいた,雨が止んだ後の路上に所持品が落ちていた,雨水は側溝を鉄砲水の如くに流れていた,死者が歩いていた道路の側溝は死体の発見された池へつながっている,などのことが判明し,側溝から池へ至る水路の途中から死者のバッグが発見された.死亡時刻は,捜査で判明した食事時間と剖検で判明した食後経過時間から,足取りの途絶えた夕立の頃と特定された.死体に見られた全ての損傷は,水路を流される過程で形成されたものとして説明された.以上から,「死者は豪雨の中を歩行中に側溝へ転落,大量の水と共に水路を流され,途中で身体諸処を強打する等しつつ池へ流れ出た」と結論された

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A sensitive method of HLA-DRB1 typing was devised using a semi-nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) followed by a restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis (semi-nested PCR-RFLP method). The first-round amplification (30 cycles) of the semi-nested PCR was performed using DRB generic primer pairs and the second round of PCRs (20 cycles) were performed using DRB1 group-specific primers. The products of the second round PCRs were digested with restriction endonucleases for the typing of HLA-DRB1 alleles. By this method, HLA-DRB1 typing was possible from 10 pg of genomic DNA extracted from lymphocytes and from 0.5 mu l of 1,000 times diluted blood without DNA extraction. HLA-DRB1 alleles could be typed from a 2-mm long bloodstained cotton thread prepared from 10 times diluted blood and from a 2-mm thread of whole blood bloodstains stored at room temperature for 2 years. From the mixture of blood of two individuals with different genotypes, DRB1 alleles of the minor component were detected down to 1/1,000 of the major component. This semi-nested PCR-RFLP method is useful for HLA-DRB1 typing from extremely small amounts of DNA and from mixed samples.

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We performed haptoglobin (Hp) genotyping by polymerase chain reaction using allele-specific primer-pairs. The major six genotypes of Hp were identified using this method. Among Japanese individuals living in Ehime and Okayama Prefectures, the allele frequencies were estimated to be Hp(2) = 0.723 and Hp(1S) = 0.277. Genotyping of Hp was possible with 0.3 ng of DNA and with 0.125 mu l of blood. It was also possible with whole blood left at room temperature for a month and also with the bloodstains left at room temperature for three years. In the heated blood samples, both alleles, Hp2 and Hp'S, were detected in those heated at 100 degrees C for 2h. In bloodstains, Hp(2) and Hp(1S) were detected in samples heated at 100 degrees C for 2h and 120 degrees C for 30min. In addition, the genotype could be detected in samples other than blood such as saliva, hair roots, tissue sections and dental pulps. The present method for Hp genotyping is expected to become a useful method in forensic analysis.

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Four fatalities related to smuggling of drugs by body-packing were investigated. The victims were examined at the Institute of Forensic Medicine of Hamburg University between 1983 and 1995, two of them due to "sudden" unknown cause of death. All victims were male. Two of them were found already dead in a backyard and in a hotel, two other were emergency cases and died at a hospital. Smuggled substances included cocaine (two cases), heroin and amphetamine/caffeine. In all cases, the cause of death was intoxication caused by tom packages which were detected at autopsy. The maximum weight of the packet's contents was 630 g divided in 90 packages. Only one victim was apparently an intravenous drug-abuser. Hair analysis was performed in three cases and revealed in one case a difference between a concealed and a habitually consumed drug. Toxicological analysis revealed that the substances were quite pure and provided evidence that rather long survival was possible following intoxication in three cases, in two cases supported by hospital treatment in the final stage. The procedural regimen in cases of suspected body-packing is discussed. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd.

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Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：Japanese   Publisher：(株)日本医事新報社  

異状死体にはHBV及びHCVに関して感染性を有する可能性のある例が高率に含まれている.検案現場は血液で広く汚染されている場合がままあり,死体検案における感染予防対策が必要である

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We investigated the possibility of identification of human skin left under various conditions using our original enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for squamous cell carcinoma-related (SCC) antigen. The antigen could be detected in specimens under the following conditions: putrefied or dried at room temperature for at least 12 months, immersed in fresh water at room temperature for 3 weeks and heated at 100°C for 72 h.

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A new method of identifying human skin from a tissue fragment by detection of developed. When an extract was prepared from 0.1 g human skin homogenized with 1 ml of phosphate buffered saline, this method was able to detect SCC antigen in extracts diluted 10(2)-fold. There was no difference in the detection limit between individuals. Species specificity was good, and there was no cross reaction observed with skins from animals. Our method could also discriminate between skin and other organs or tissues, except for esophagus and lung. A practical case to which this method was applied is presented.

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(株)医学書院  

月経血のFDP-Dダイマーならびにミオグロビン濃度を測定した.FDP-Dダイマー濃度は1.02×105±4.47×104ng/ml(102±44.7μg/ml,mean±SD)で,末梢血中濃度の2,000倍以上の濃度であった.又,FDP-Dダイマー濃度は凝血塊の有無による差はなかった.ミオグロビン濃度は66.3±30.7ng/ml(mean±SD)で,末梢血中濃度と同程度とみなされた

DOI： 10.11477/mf.1409902429

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Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：English  

FDP-D dimer (D-D) and myoglobin concentrations in peripheral, menstrual and postmortem bloodstains were determined. The mean plasma concentrations of D-D in peripheral, menstrual and postmortem blood were 0.047, 102 and 220 μg/ml and those of myoglobin were 0.028, 0.066 and 727 μg/ml respectively. The mean D-D concentration in menstrual bloodstains was about 200 times higher than in peripheral bloodstains. The myoglobin contents in both bloodstains were similar. The mean myoglobin content in postmortem bloodstains was about 4000 times higher than in menstrual bloodstains. By the simultaneous determination of D-D and myoglobin contents, blood or bloodstains containing large amounts of D-D and only a small amount of myoglobin could be identified as menstrual blood.

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Other Link： https://search.jamas.or.jp/link/ui/1997129855

Language：German   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

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Language：Japanese  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ELSEVIER SCI PUBL IRELAND LTD  

A method for identifying human skeletal muscle by detection of human myoglobin using a double-sandwich ELISA was developed. When an extract was prepared from 0.1 g skeletal muscle homogenized with 10 ml PBS, this method was able to detect human myoglobin in extracts diluted 10(4)-fold. There was no difference in the detection limit between individuals or sites of origin of skeletal muscles. Species specificity was good and no cross reaction occurred with skeletal muscle from other animals except the gorilla. Our method could also discriminate between skeletal muscle and other organs or tissues except the heart. Human myoglobin could be detected in skeletal muscles under the following conditions: putrefied at room temperature for 5 months, dried at room temperature for 11 months, heated at 100 degrees C for 72 h and immersed in fresh water at room temperature for 6 days. Two practical cases to which this method was applied are presented.

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Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：Japanese   Publisher：法医学談話会  

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Authorship：Lead author,　Last author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD  

Autopsy findings in a 22-year-old man who received a gunshot wound to the head and died at the scene are presented. Massive white-grey emboli were found in the pulmonary arteries, and these were identified as cerebral cortical or glial tissue by histological examination. It was thought that the momentary severe increase of intracranial pressure and simultaneous rupture of the superior sagittal sinus due to the kinetic energy of the bullet had caused the lacerated cerebral tissue to enter the blood stream.

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Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：English   Publisher：日本犯罪学会  

小さなニトロセルロース膜を溶血液に浸し,大型試験管に入れた。それらの膜を5分間振って抗血清またはレクチンと反応させ,それから5分間洗浄した。55°Cで5分間抗体またはレクチンの溶離後に,該当する標識細胞を加えた。試験管を流水で冷却し,1分間振ってから遠心分離した。血球凝集反応の存在または不在を肉眼で観察した。本法を用いると,たとえ材料がひどく腐敗していたとしても,溶血液のABO血液型は30分以内に正確に同定された

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Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：English   Publisher：(NPO)日本法医学会  

A method for discriminating between postmortem and antemortem blood from bloodstains by detection of human myoglobin using a dot-ELISA was devised, and its applicability to forensic practice was investigated. This method exploits the high amount of myoglobin present in postmortem blood in comparison with that in antemortem blood. Our dot-ELISA was able to detect human myoglobin from bloodstains containing more than 10 μg/ml myoglobin, the level commonly observed in postmortem blood. Using this method, 10 stains of postmortem blood and 10 of antemortem blood were all identified correctly. A one-year-old stain made of postmortem blood and a stain of bloody fluid obtained from a severely putrefied body 4 months after death were identified as postomortem blood by this method. Two practical cases for which this method was applied are presented.

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Other Link： https://search.jamas.or.jp/index.php?module=Default&action=Link&pub_year=1994&ichushi_jid=J01194&link_issn=&doc_id=19950040090006&doc_link_id=40003039881&url=https%3A%2F%2Fci.nii.ac.jp%2Fnaid%2F40003039881&type=CiNii&icon=https%3A%2F%2Fjk04.jamas.or.jp%2Ficon%2F00003_1.gif

Language：Japanese   Publisher：Okayama Medical Association  

A 63-year-old male died in the hospital from erroneous drip infusion of thrombin, a local hemostatic, after polypectomy for intestinal polyposis. At autopsy, thromboses were observed in the cutaneous veins of the right arm, the right axillary vein and the right subclavian vein, and soft fibrin clots in the superior vena cava, the right atrium, the right ventricle and the pulmonary arteries. Thrombi were also found in the rami of the arteries in both lungs under the microscope. Leucocyte infiltration was recognized in the thrombus, but no organization. This finding shows that the thrombi were fresh. The remainder (150ml) of the drip solution was analyzed for thrombin activity and 8 to 16 units of thrombin activity per ml were demonstrated. From these results, the cause of death was considered pulmonary thrombosis due to intravenous administration of thrombin.

DOI： 10.4044/joma1947.105.9-10_839

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Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：Japanese   Publisher：法医学談話会  

民家火災の焼け跡からこの家の一家6人全員が死体で発見された。家族構成は主人(36歳),妻(30歳),長男(9歳),次男(7歳),長女(4歳)及び主人の祖母(87歳)である。主人,妻,長男,次男及び長女の5名には,胸部などに多数の刺創を認めた。主人の祖母は焼損が高度で,外表からは創傷の有無や焼死と死後焼却の鑑別は困難であった。当初,部外者による殺人・放火事件が強く疑われ,全員の司法解剖が行われた。主人のみは煙の吸引による一酸化炭素中毒により死亡していたが,他の5名は創傷に基づく失血ないし心臓損傷で死亡していることなどが判明し,その他の剖検所見も併せて,本件は主人の引き起こした無理心中事件と考えられた

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

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Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本犯罪学会  

17歳女,交通事故により生じた頭蓋底輪状骨折の症例.本例では,頭部において体幹から上方向へ引き抜き動作により骨折が生じたと考えられた.本例の輪状骨折の原因は抜出の範ちゅうではあるが,頭部の横軸方向の回転は見られなかった

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Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：Japanese   Publisher：法医学談話会  

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Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：Japanese   Publisher：法医学談話会  

死体検案中に実施可能な一酸化炭素ヘモグロビン(CO-Hb)の簡易半定量法を考案した.本法では微量拡散法の原理に基づき,密閉したバイアル内で血液から遊離させた一酸化炭素(CO)と,ろ紙に浸み込ませた塩化パラジウムの塩酸溶液を反応させる.その結果ろ紙上に金属パラジウム(Pd)が析出するので,その析出程度からCO-Hb濃度を判断する.本法によれば,CO-Hb濃度が20%以上の血液ではPdはろ紙全面に一様に析出するのに対し,10%の血液ではPdは斑状に析出する.COを吸引した死体の場合にはCO-Hb濃度は通常20%以上にはなるので,本法によりCO吸引の有無を検案中に知ることができ,死亡時の状況を把握したり死因を確定する上で役立つ

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Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：Japanese   Publisher：法医学談話会  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

The authors report on a convenient electron impact ionization-mass fragmentographic method for determining the amount of tetrodotoxin (TTX) present in body fluids. To explain this method briefly, the TTX present in body fluids was purified with activated charcoal and transformed into 2-amino-6-hydroxymethyl-8-quinazoline (C9-base) with alcoholic KOH (1%). Then the C9-base was injected into a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer in the form of trimethylsilyl derivative. In this manner the minimum detectable amount of TTX in body fluids was found to be about 0.01 microgram/g. When this method was applied to sera, urine, and the stomach contents of 2 decedents suspected of puffer fish poisoning, 0.053 microgram/g of TTX was detected in stomach contents of one victim. This new analytic method is simpler and more sensitive than other assay methods and thus is considered useful in forensic work.

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By sectional analyses of hair, pubic hair, fingernail and toenail of the descendent who had been a habitual abuser of methamphetamine, the drug was detected in each specimen and the drug concentration in the section containing root was higher than that in the other sections. However, no methamphetamine was detected in the other body fluids and tissues. It was considered that the decedent had used methamphetamine for about 18 months and that the dosage of the drug used for the last 10 days or so was relatively large though he had discontinued injecting the drug for 3-5 days.

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：医歯薬出版(株)  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：法医学談話会  

木製バットで頭部を強打され,約49時間後に硬膜外血腫による脳圧迫により死亡したシンナー使用常習者の剖検例で,大脳,小脳,硬膜外血腫,左肺,右肺,大腿部筋肉,脂肪組織および右心血からそれぞれ16.5 μg/g, 6.22 μg/g, 3.08 μg/g, 0.39 μg/g, 0.59 μg/g, 1.06 μg/g, 26.6 μg/gおよび0.33 μg/gのトルエンが検出された.本屍の右心血中トルエン濃度を薬物速度論的に解析した結果,受傷時の血中トルエン濃度は31 μg/g以上であったと推定された.しかし,受傷するまでの行動から死者が重度のシンナー酩酊状態であったとは考えられず,シンナーに対する耐性が著明に形成されていた可能性も否定できない

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

We experienced two autopsy cases in which endogenous alcohol productions by saprogens had been unusual. Case 1 is a victim found in a mountain stream 3 to 4 weeks after his death. Since ethanol and n-propanol concentrations in the right intrathoracic bloody fluid, pericardial sac fluid, and blood in the right side of the heart were 0.41 mg/g and 0.052 mg/g, 0.42 mg/g and 0.032 mg/g, and 0.45 mg/g and 0.025 mg/g, respectively. The ethanol detected in those specimens appeared to have been produced postmortem. The femoral muscle and urine, however, contained very little n-propanol though the ethanol levels were 0.21 mg/g and 0.05 mg/g, respectively. Thus, we judged the victim might have died soon after drinking a little alcohol. Case 2 is a victim who was stabbed in the abdomen (liver) with a knife and died due to hemorrhagic shock after 26.5 hours in spite of a peritoneotomy. It was probable that metabolic activities of the liver had decreased significantly after getting a wound. Almost 1 mg/g of ethanol and little n-propanol were detected in the heart blood. In the intraabdominal bloody fluid, however, 2.45 mg/g of ethanol and 0.079 mg/g of n-propanol were detected. n-Propanol level in the bloody fluid is equal to that in severely decomposed body and indicates that a large amount of ethanol was endogenously produced. It may be considered that the unusual ethanol production was caused by the severe peritonitis after the operation.

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Language：English   Publisher：日本アルコール・薬物医学会  

第1例は,死後3-4週間経過して発見された死体.右胸腔内貯留血性液,心嚢液並びに右心血のエタノール濃度及びn-プロパノール濃度は,それぞれ0.41 mg/g及び0.052 mg/g, 0.42 mg/g及び0.032 mg/g,並びに0.45 mg/g及び0.025 mg/gで,大腿部筋肉ではエタノール濃度が0.21 mg/g, n-プロパノールは痕跡程度検出された.また尿では,n-プロパノールは痕跡程度検出され,エタノール濃度は0.05 mg/gであった.したがって本屍は,少量の飲酒後間もなく死亡したものと判断した.第2例は,腹部を刺され,肝臓損傷を受け,26.5時間後に出血性ショックで死亡.心臓血から生前の飲酒に由来するエタノールが1 mg/g近く検出され,腹腔内貯留血性液のエタノール濃度は2.45 mg/g,高度腐敗死体にも匹敵するn-プロパノール(0.079 mg/g)が検出された.このことは,術後重篤な腹膜炎を併発していたことが原因と考えられた

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Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：Japanese   Publisher：Okayama Medical Association  

The blood myoglobin level was determined in 18 trauma cases of long bone fracture and the changes in the blood myoglobin level and activities of enzymes in the blood exuded from the muscle tissues after a slight exercise of a 2-km marathon of healthy persons were determined. The blood myoglobin level of the trauma cases increased while there were no changes in the blood myoglobin level and activities of the enzymes in the blood after a 2-km marathon. The blood myoglobin level may be of help to determine whether a man has been injured or not even if he had been exercising at the time of injury.

DOI： 10.4044/joma1947.103.9-10_1103

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Other Link： http://search.jamas.or.jp/link/ui/1993053828

Language：Japanese   Publisher：Okayama Medical Association  

The progress of sex identification methods for forensic materials such as dried bloodstains and others in legal medicine is reviewed.<br>Dixson and Torr (1956) first described a scientific method to identify human sex from forensic materials by detection of X chromatin in female cell nuclei. In 1972, we introduced a method for detecting Y chromatin in the human interphase nuclei by fluorescent microscopy as a new tool for decisive male sex determination from forensic materials. This method was accepted in forensic practice as the only reliable means to identify sex. In 1983, we reported sexes were distinguishable from dried bloodstains by the ratio of sex hormones, testosterone and progesterone, determined by radioimmunoassay. Gene analytical methods to prove the human Y chromosome specific DNA sequences have been introduced in this field. We also examined the method of Witt and Erickson (1989) to detect Y and X chromosome specific sequences using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and we improved this technique to exhibit its ability to identify sex in forensic practice. Our improved PCR method is expected to have a broad applicability in forensic practice because of its simplicity, sensitivity and reliability.

DOI： 10.4044/joma1947.103.3_145

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Authorship：Lead author,　Last author,　Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

We have devised an enzyme immunoassay for the determination of human myoglobin. This assay provides superb reproducibility and a recovery rate without the influence of any anti-coagulants and hemolysis. The mean blood myoglobin level in healthy humans, determined by this assay, was 35.5 ± 23.9 ng/ml and the urine myoglobin level was found to be distributed over a broad range under 373.5 ng/ml. In cases of trauma sustained by living bodies, the blood myoglobin level was found to increase in accordance to the severity of trauma. Further, the myoglobin level in the blood began its increase during the early stage of the injury, and greater increases were shown in the elderly. In autopsy specimens, the ratio of the cardiac blood myoglobin level to the cerebrospinal fluid myoglobin level had a negative correlation with the postmortem passage of time and, as in the case of living bodies, the myoglobin level in the blood was considered a useful indicator of the severity of damage. However, since myoglobin level was found to vary, depending on the sites from where the sample blood was taken, the evaluation of the data should be done carefully. Finally, the simultaneous determination of the creatine phosphokinase (CPK) activity in autopsied blood samples would be of help for estimating the pestmortem passage of time and the progress of putrefaction.

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(NPO)日本法医学会  

台所のガステーブルからの都市ガスの漏れによる一酸化炭素中毒で,約4日後に発見された3名のうち1名は既に死亡していた

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Other Link： https://search.jamas.or.jp/index.php?module=Default&action=Link&pub_year=1990&ichushi_jid=J01194&link_issn=&doc_id=19870273010009&doc_link_id=40003040007&url=https%3A%2F%2Fci.nii.ac.jp%2Fnaid%2F40003040007&type=CiNii&icon=https%3A%2F%2Fjk04.jamas.or.jp%2Ficon%2F00003_1.gif

Language：Japanese   Publisher：Okayama Medical Association  

In this paper we present 13 autopsy cases on interest in medico-legal traumatology. The cases are as follows : 1)two cases of incomplete cardiac rupture dur to thoracic trauma, 2)rupture of herniated large intestine due to abdominal trauma, 3)large incised wounds on the side of the neck by a small kitchen knife, 4)a homicidal case with similar wounds that accompanied self-inflicted wounds, 5)a homicidal case accompanied by multiple stab wounds on the chest, 6)an accidental death skewered by a slender metallic stick, 7)special fatal shotgun injuries, 8)a homicidal case accompanid by various burns by an electric hair-dryer, iron and ciga-rettes, 9)two murder cases by a metallic baseball bat, 10)a suicidal case due to a fall from a high place, and 11)a severely disrupted victim of a road traffic accident.

DOI： 10.4044/joma1947.102.1-2_23

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Other Link： http://search.jamas.or.jp/link/ui/1990165933

Language：Japanese   Publisher：法医学談話会  

法医学の実務において水に関係した死体は多種多様であり,水中に限らず陸上や室内でもしばしば経験されるが,死因の決定に当たり剖検所見と共にプランクトン検査が参考にされる.このような死体を次のように分類することを提唱する.1)溺死,2)水中異常急死,3)水中での病死,4)水の気道内吸入による窒息死,5)末期呼吸期の水吸収,6)死体の水中放棄.1)〜5)は肺のプランクトンが陽性であってよい.しかし2)と5)ではプランクトンは少数で肺内の分布が不均一のことが多い.5)は先行病変を死因とすべきだと考える.4)を溺死と区別するのは,室内で水を気道に吸入するなど,溺死という語がなじまず,かつ死亡時の症状も異なるためである.6)は水の死後侵入がなければプランクトンは陰性である

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J-GLOBAL

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(NPO)日本法医学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(株)へるす出版  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(株)へるす出版  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(株)へるす出版  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(NPO)日本法医学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(NPO)日本法医学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(NPO)日本法医学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本公衆衛生学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(株)へるす出版  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(NPO)日本法医学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(NPO)日本法医学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(NPO)日本法医学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(NPO)日本法医学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(NPO)日本法医学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(NPO)日本法医学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本法医病理学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本医用マススペクトル学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(株)へるす出版  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(株)へるす出版  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(株)へるす出版  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(NPO)日本法医学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(NPO)日本法医学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(NPO)日本法医学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(NPO)日本法医学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(株)へるす出版  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(NPO)日本法医学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(株)へるす出版  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(NPO)日本法医学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(NPO)日本法医学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(NPO)日本法医学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(NPO)日本法医学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本法医病理学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本法医病理学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本法医病理学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(NPO)日本法医学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本公衆衛生学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本犯罪学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(株)へるす出版  

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Language：Japanese  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(NPO)日本法医学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(NPO)日本法医学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(NPO)日本法医学会  

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CiNii Article

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本法医病理学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(NPO)日本法医学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本公衆衛生学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(NPO)日本法医学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(NPO)日本法医学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(NPO)日本法医学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(NPO)日本法医学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(NPO)日本法医学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(NPO)日本法医学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本公衆衛生学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本公衆衛生学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本公衆衛生学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：岡山医学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本口腔ケア学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(NPO)日本法医学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(NPO)日本法医学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(NPO)日本法医学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Article, review, commentary, editorial, etc. (other)  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本法医病理学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(NPO)日本法医学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本公衆衛生学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(NPO)日本法医学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(NPO)日本法医学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本公衆衛生学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(NPO)日本法医学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(NPO)日本法医学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Article, review, commentary, editorial, etc. (other)  

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Article, review, commentary, editorial, etc. (other)  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(NPO)日本法医学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(NPO)日本法医学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本解剖学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(NPO)日本法医学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(NPO)日本法医学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(NPO)日本法医学会  

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