Faculty Profiles - AKIYAMA Tomoyuki

Papers - AKIYAMA Tomoyuki

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Action of antiepileptic drugs on neurons. Reviewed

Kobayashi K, Endoh F, Ohmori I, Akiyama T

Brain & development 42 ( 1 ) 2 - 5 2019.7

A case of dihydropyrimidinase deficiency incidentally detected by urine metabolome analysis. Reviewed International journal

Hiroki Tsuchiya, Tomoyuki Akiyama, Tomiko Kuhara, Yoko Nakajima, Morimasa Ohse, Hiroki Kurahashi, Takema Kato, Yasuhiro Maeda, Harumi Yoshinaga, Katsuhiro Kobayashi

Brain & development 41 ( 3 ) 280 - 284 2019.3

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)

Dihydropyrimidinase deficiency is a rare autosomal recessive disease affecting the second step of pyrimidine degradation. It is caused by mutations in the DPYS gene. Only approximately 30 cases have been reported to date, with a phenotypical variability ranging from asymptomatic to severe neurological illness. We report a case of dihydropyrimidinase deficiency incidentally detected by urine metabolome analysis. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-based urine metabolomics demonstrated significant elevations of dihydrouracil and dihydrothymine, which were subsequently confirmed by a quantitative analysis using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Genetic testing of the DPYS gene revealed two mutations: a novel mutation (c.175G > T) and a previously reported mutation (c.1469G > A). Dihydropyrimidinase deficiency is probably underdiagnosed, considering its wide phenotypical variability, nonspecific neurological presentations, and an estimated prevalence of 2/20,000. As severe 5-fluorouracil-associated toxicity has been reported in patients and carriers of congenital pyrimidine metabolic disorders, urinary pyrimidine analysis should be considered for those who will undergo 5-fluorouracil treatment.

DOI： 10.1016/j.braindev.2018.10.005

A case of vitamin B6-responsive West syndrome caused by severe traumatic brain injury Reviewed International journal

Inoue T, Akiyama T, Hanaoka Y, Oka M, Kobayashi K

Epilepsy & Seizure 10 ( 1 ) 114 - 119 2019.2

Detection of fast (40–150 Hz) oscillations from the ictal scalp EEG data of myoclonic seizures in pediatric patients Reviewed

Katsuhiro Kobayashi, Yuji Ohuchi, Takashi Shibata, Yoshiyuki Hanaoka, Mari Akiyama, Makio Oka, Fumika Endoh, Tomoyuki Akiyama

Brain and Development 40 ( 5 ) 397 - 405 2018.5

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Elsevier B.V.

Objective: We explored fast (40–150 Hz) oscillations (FOs) from the ictal scalp electroencephalogram (EEG) data of myoclonic seizures in pediatric patients to obtain insight into the pathophysiological mechanisms involved in the generation of myoclonic seizures. Subjects and methods: The participants were 21 children (11 boys, 10 girls
age ranging from 5 months to 17 years 2 months) with myoclonic seizures associated with generalized (poly)spike-wave bursts in the ictal EEG data. The patients had heterogeneous etiologies and epilepsy diagnoses. In the ictal data, we detected FOs that clearly showed oscillatory morphology in filtered EEG traces and an outstanding spectral blob in time-frequency analysis. Results: We identified FOs in 61 (88.4%) of all 69 myoclonic seizures. Every patient had at least one myoclonic seizure-associated FO. The observed FOs were embedded in the spike component of (poly)spike-wave discharges, and they had a focal distribution with frontal predominance. They ranged in frequency from 41.0 to 123.0 Hz and involved both the gamma and ripple bands, and their spectral peak frequencies were higher in the group of patients with a genetic background free of apparent fundamental brain pathology than in the group of other patients (p = 0.019). Conclusion: FOs were found to represent at least part of the cortical pathophysiological process in the generation of myoclonic seizures that should involve the thalamocortical network system.

DOI： 10.1016/j.braindev.2018.01.004

Strong coupling between slow oscillations and wide fast ripples in children with epileptic spasms: Investigation of modulation index and occurrence rate Reviewed

Yasushi Iimura, Kevin Jones, Lynne Takada, Itsuki Shimizu, Misaki Koyama, Kyoko Hattori, Yushi Okazawa, Yutaka Nonoda, Eishi Asano, Tomoyuki Akiyama, Cristina Go, Ayako Ochi, O. Carter Snead, Elizabeth J. Donner, James T. Rutka, James M. Drake, Hiroshi Otsubo

Epilepsia 59 ( 3 ) 544 - 554 2018.3

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Blackwell Publishing Inc.

Objective: Epileptic spasms (ES) often become drug-resistant. To reveal the electrophysiological difference between children with ES (ES+) and without ES (ES−), we compared the occurrence rate (OR) of high-frequency oscillations (HFOs) and the modulation index (MI) of coupling between slow and fast oscillations. In ES+, we hypothesized that (1) pathological HFOs are more widely distributed and (2) slow oscillations show stronger coupling with pathological HFOs than in ES−. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 24 children with drug-resistant multilobar onset epilepsy, who underwent intracranial video electroencephalography prior to multilobar resections. We measured the OR of HFOs and determined the electrodes with a high rate of HFOs by cluster analysis. We calculated MI, which reflects the degree of coupling between HFO (ripple/fast ripple [FR]) amplitude and 5 different frequency bands of delta and theta activities (0.5-1 Hz, 1-2 Hz, 2-3 Hz, 3-4 Hz, 4-8 Hz). Results: In ES+ (n = 10), the OR( FR s), the number of electrodes with high-rate FRs, and the MI( FR s &amp
3-4 Hz) in all electrodes were significantly higher than in ES− (n = 14). In both the ES+ and ES− groups, MI(ripples/ FR s &amp
3-4 Hz) was the highest among the 5 frequency bands. Within the good seizure outcome group, the OR( FR s) and the MI( FR s &amp
3-4 Hz) in the resected area in ES+ were significantly higher than in ES− (OR[FR s], P =.04
MI[ FR s &amp
3-4 Hz], P =.04). Significance: In ES+, the larger number of high-rate FR electrodes indicates more widespread epileptogenicity than in ES−. High values of OR( FR s) and MI( FR s &amp
3-4 Hz) in ES+ compared to ES− are a signature of the severity of epileptogenicity. We proved that ES+ children who achieved seizure freedom following multilobar resections exhibited strong coupling between slow oscillations and FRs.

DOI： 10.1111/epi.13995

A case of perinatal hypophosphatasia with a novel mutation in the ALPL gene: clinical course and review of the literature. Reviewed

Oyachi M, Harada D, Sakamoto N, Ueyama K, Kondo K, Kishimoto K, Izui M, Nagamatsu Y, Kashiwagi H, Yamamuro M, Tamura M, Kikuchi S, Akiyama T, Michigami T, Seino Y, Namba N

Clinical pediatric endocrinology : case reports and clinical investigations : official journal of the Japanese Society for Pediatric Endocrinology 27 ( 3 ) 179 - 186 2018

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)

Hypophosphatasia (HPP) is a metabolic bone disease characterized by failure of bone calcification and vitamin B6 dependent seizures. It is caused by loss-of-function mutations in the ALPL gene. A newborn girl required respiratory support by nasal-directional positive airway pressure at birth, and pyridoxine hydrochloride administration for vitamin B6-dependent seizures observed from day two. Umbilical cord blood showed low alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and high pyridoxal phosphate levels. Radiographs showed severe rickets-like appearance of the bones. Genetic analysis of the ALPL gene revealed compound heterozygous mutations, c.1559delT/p.Ser188Pro. We diagnosed her with perinatal severe HPP, and started the patient on asfotase alfa from day six. Following enzyme replacement therapy (ERT), skeletal mineralization and respiratory insufficiency improved with no remarkable side-effects. Crying vital capacity (CVC) was used to evaluate respiratory status, which continuously improved from 13.3 mL/kg (day 22) to 20.6 mL/kg (day 113). Since no seizures occurred, pyridoxine hydrochloride was tapered off at one year of age. Strategies to manage perinatal severe HPP cases following ERT have not been established till date. A review of the literature shows that CVC may be a good indicator for weaning from ventilatory support. In addition, ERT will most likely enable withdrawal of pyridoxine treatment.

DOI： 10.1297/cpe.27.179

Differential diagnosis of nonepileptic twilight state with convulsive manifestations after febrile seizures Reviewed

Hiroyuki Miyahara, Tomoyuki Akiyama, Kenji Waki, Yoshio Arakaki

Brain and Development 40 ( 9 ) 781 - 785 2018

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Elsevier B.V.

Background: Nonepileptic twilight state with convulsive manifestations (NETC) is a nonepileptic state following a febrile seizure (FS), which may be misdiagnosed as a prolonged seizure and result in overtreatment. We aimed to describe clinical manifestations of NETC and to determine characteristics that are helpful to distinguish NETC from other pathological conditions. Methods: We conducted a retrospective chart review from January 2010 to December 2016 and selected the patients who presented with symptoms resembling status epilepticus with fever and a confirmed diagnosis using an electroencephalogram (EEG). We compared the NETC clinical features and venous blood gas analysis results with those of other conditions that mimic NETC. We also compared the characteristics of NETC with past reports. Results: Our NETC patients presented with short durations of the preceding generalized convulsions followed by tonic posturing, closed eyes, no cyanosis, responsiveness to painful stimulation, and no accumulation of CO2 in the venous blood gas. Most of these characteristics were consistent with past reports. Prolonged FS or acute encephalopathy with biphasic seizures and late reduced diffusion (AESD) showed several of these features, but all the characteristics were not consistent with our study. Conclusions: Prolonged FS and AESD need to be differentiated from NETC, and close clinical observation makes it possible to partially distinguish NETC from the other conditions. EEG is recommended for patients with symptoms that are inconsistent with these features.

DOI： 10.1016/j.braindev.2018.05.014

Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, pyridoxal, and 4-pyridoxic acid in the paired serum and cerebrospinal fluid of children Reviewed

Tomoyuki Akiyama, Yumiko Hayashi, Yoshiyuki Hanaoka, Takashi Shibata, Mari Akiyama, Hiroki Tsuchiya, Tokito Yamaguchi, Katsuhiro Kobayashi

CLINICA CHIMICA ACTA 472 118 - 122 2017.9

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV

Background We quantified pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP), pyridoxal (PL), and 4-pyridoxic acid (PA) in paired serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from children and investigated the effect of age on the concentrations and CSF-to-serum ratios of these vitamers.
Methods: Serum and CSF samples prospectively collected from 49 pediatric patients were analyzed. PLP, PL, and PA were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection, using pre column derivatization by semicarbazide. Effects of age on these vitamers, the PLP-to-PL ratio, CSF-to-serum PLP ratio, and CSF-to-serum PL ratio were evaluated using correlation analysis.
Results: The PLP, PL, and PA concentrations in the serum and CSF were higher at younger ages, except for CSF PA concentrations that were mostly below the limit of detection (< 1.2 nmo1/1). The PLP-to-PL ratios in the serum and CSF correlated positively with age. The CSF-to-serum PLP ratio and CSF-to-serum PL ratio were independent of age.
Conclusions: Age-related changes in PLP, PL, and PA in serum and in CSF from pediatric patients and CSF-toserum ratios of PLP and PL demonstrated in this study will provide valuable information for evaluating PLP supply to the central nervous system from the peripheral blood.

DOI： 10.1016/j.cca.2017.07.032

Epileptogenic high-frequency oscillations skip the motor area in children with multilobar drug-resistant epilepsy Reviewed

Yasushi Iimura, Kevin Jones, Kyoko Hattori, Yushi Okazawa, Atsuko Noda, Kana Hoashi, Yutaka Nonoda, Eishi Asano, Tomoyuki Akiyama, Cristina Go, Ayako Ochi, O. Carter Snead, Elizabeth J. Donner, James T. Rutka, James M. Drake, Hiroshi Otsubo

CLINICAL NEUROPHYSIOLOGY 128 ( 7 ) 1197 - 1205 2017.7

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：ELSEVIER IRELAND LTD

Objective: Subtotal hemispherectomy involves the resection of multiple lobes in children with drug-resistant epilepsy, skipping the motor area (MA). We determined epileptogenicity using the occurrence rate (OR) of high-frequency oscillations (HFOs) and the modulation index (MI), demonstrating strength of coupling between HFO and slow wave. We hypothesized that epileptogenicity increased over the multiple lobes but skipped the MA.
Methods: We analyzed 23 children (14 subtotal hemispherectomy; 9 multilobar resections). Scalp video-EEG and magnetoencephalography were performed before surgery. We analyzed the OR(HFO) and MI(5 (phases= 0.5-8) (Hz)) on electrodes of total area, resection areas, and MA. We compared the data between good [International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) class I-II] and poor (III-VI) seizure outcome groups.
Results: ILAE class Ia outcome was achieved in 18 children. Among the MI(5 phases) in the resection areas, MI(3-4 (Hz)) was the highest. The OR(HFO) and MI(3-4 (Hz)) in both total area and resection areas were significantly higher in the good seizure outcome group than in the poor outcome group. The OR(HFO) and MI(3-4 (Hz)) in resection areas were significantly higher than in the MA.
Conclusions: Our patients with multilobar drug-resistant epilepsy showed evidence of multifocal epileptogenicity that specifically skipped the MA. (C) 2017 International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology. Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.clinph.2017.03.031

Complex observation of scalp fast (40-150 Hz) oscillations in West syndrome and related disorders with structural brain pathology. Reviewed International journal

Kobayashi K, Endoh F, Agari T, Akiyama T, Akiyama M, Hayashi Y, Shibata T, Hanaoka Y, Oka M, Yoshinaga H, Date I

Epilepsia open 2 ( 2 ) 260 - 266 2017.6

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)

We investigated the relationship between the scalp distribution of fast (40-150 Hz) oscillations (FOs) and epileptogenic lesions in West syndrome (WS) and related disorders. Subjects were 9 pediatric patients with surgically confirmed structural epileptogenic pathology (age at initial electroencephalogram [EEG] recording: mean 7.1 months, range 1-22 months). The diagnosis was WS in 7 patients, Ohtahara syndrome in 1, and a transitional state from Ohtahara syndrome to WS in the other. In the scalp EEG data of these patients, we conservatively detected FOs, and then examined the distribution of FOs. In five patients, the scalp distribution of FOs was consistent and concordant with the lateralization of cerebral pathology. In another patient, FOs were consistently dominant over the healthy cerebral hemisphere, and the EEG was relatively low in amplitude over the pathological atrophic hemisphere. In the remaining 3 patients, the dominance of FOs was inconsistent and, in 2 of these patients, the epileptogenic hemisphere was reduced in volume, which may result from atrophy or hypoplasia. The correspondence between the scalp distribution of FOs and the epileptogenic lesion should be studied, taking the type of lesion into account. The factors affecting scalp FOs remain to be elucidated.

DOI： 10.1002/epi4.12043

Measurement of pyridoxal 5 '-phosphate, pyridoxal, and 4-pyridoxic acid in the cerebrospinal fluid of children Reviewed

Tomoyuki Akiyama, Mari Akiyama, Yumiko Hayashi, Takashi Shibata, Yoshiyuki Hanaoka, Soichiro Toda, Katsumi Imai, Shin-ichiro Hamano, Tohru Okanishi, Harumi Yoshinaga, Katsuhiro Kobayashi

CLINICA CHIMICA ACTA 466 1 - 5 2017.3

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV

Background: We quantified pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP), pyridoxal (PL), and 4-pyridoxic acid (PA) in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of children and to investigate the effect of age, sex, epilepsy, and anti-epileptic drug (AED) therapy on these vitamers.
Methods: CSF samples prospectively collected from 116 pediatric patients were analyzed. PLP, PI, and PA were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection, using pre-column derivatization by semicarbazide. Effects of age, sex, epilepsy, and AEDs on these vitamers and the PLP/PL ratio were evaluated using multiple linear regression models.
Results: The PLP, PL, and PA concentrations were correlated negatively with age and the PLP/PL ratio was correlated positively with age. Multiple regression analysis revealed that the presence of epilepsy was associated with lower PLP concentrations and PLP/PL ratios but sex and AED therapy had no influence on these values. The observed ranges of these vitamers in epileptic and non-epileptic patients were demonstrated.
Conclusions: We showed the age dependence of PLP and PL in CSF from pediatric patients. Epileptic patients had lower PLP concentrations and PLP/PL ratios than non-epileptic patients, but it is unknown whether this is the cause, or a result, of epilepsy. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.cca.2016.12.027

Severe leukoencephalopathy with cortical involvement and peripheral neuropathy due to FOLR1 deficiency Reviewed

Yu Kobayashi, Jun Tohyama, Tomoyuki Akiyama, Shinichi Magara, Hideshi Kawashima, Noriyuki Akasaka, Mitsuko Nakashima, Hirotomo Saitsu, Naomichi Matsumoto

BRAIN & DEVELOPMENT 39 ( 3 ) 266 - 270 2017.3

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV

Cerebral folate deficiency due to folate receptor 1 gene (FOLR1) mutations is an autosomal recessive disorder resulting from a brain-specific folate transport defect. It is characterized by late infantile onset, severe psychomotor regression, epilepsy, and leukodystrophy. We describe a consanguineous girl exhibiting severe developmental regression, intractable epilepsy, polyneuropathy, and profound hypomyelination with cortical involvement. Magnetic resonance imaging showed cortical disturbances in addition to profound hypomyelination and cerebellar atrophy. Nerve conduction studies revealed both axonal degeneration and demyelinating features. A diagnosis of cerebral folate deficiency was confirmed by a homozygous c.466T>G (p.W156G) mutation in FOLR1, coupled with extremely low cerebrospinal fluid levels of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate. Her symptoms, neuroradiological findings, and polyneuropathy were alleviated by oral folinic acid treatment in conjunction with intravenous and intramuscular administration therapy. Our patient shows that folinic acid therapy can ameliorate the clinical symptoms, white matter disturbances, cortical insults, and peripheral neuropathy of cerebral folate deficiency caused by FOLR1 mutation. It is important to recognize these clinical symptoms and make a precise diagnosis early on, because cerebral folate deficiency is treatable. (C) 2016 The Japanese Society of Child Neurology. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.braindev.2016.09.011

Simultaneous measurement of monoamine metabolites and 5-methyltetrahydrofolate in the cerebrospinal fluid of children Reviewed

Tomoyuki Akiyama, Yumiko Hayashi, Yoshiyuki Hanaoka, Takashi Shibata, Mari Akiyama, Kazuyuki Nakamura, Yu Tsuyusaki, Masaya Kubota, Harumi Yoshinaga, Katsuhiro Kobayashi

CLINICA CHIMICA ACTA 465 5 - 10 2017.2

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV

Background: We describe a new method for simultaneous measurement of monoamine metabolites (3-0-methyldopa [3-0MD],3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethyleneglycol [MHPG], 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid [5-HIAA], and homovanillic acid [HVA]) and 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (5-MTHF) and its use on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from pediatric patients.
Methods: Monoamine metabolites and 5-MTHF were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. CSF samples were prospectively collected from children according to a standardized collection protocol in which the first 1-ml fraction was used for analysis.
Results: Monoamine metabolites and 5-MTHF were separated within 10 min. They showed linearity from the limit of detection to 1024 nmol/l. The limit of quantification of each metabolite was sufficiently low for the CSF sample assay. In 42 CSF samples after excluding cases with possibly altered neurotransmitter profiles, the concentrations of 3-OMD, MHPG, 5-HIAA, HVA, and 5-MTHF showed significant age dependence and their ranges were comparable with the reference values in the literature. The metabolite profiles of aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase deficiency, Segawa disease, and folate receptor alpha defect by this method were compatible with those in the literature.
Conclusions: This method is a simple means of measuring CSF monoamine metabolites and 5-MTHF, and is especially useful for laboratories not equipped with electrochemical detectors. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.cca.2016.12.005

A Japanese case of beta-ureidopropionase deficiency with dysmorphic features Reviewed

Tomoyuki Akiyama, Takashi Shibata, Harumi Yoshinaga, Tomiko Kuhara, Yoko Nakajima, Takema Kato, Yasuhiro Maeda, Morimasa Ohse, Makio Oka, Misao Kageyama, Katsuhiro Kobayashi

BRAIN & DEVELOPMENT 39 ( 1 ) 58 - 61 2017.1

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV

beta-Ureidopropionase deficiency is a rare autosomal recessive disease affecting the last step of pyrimidine degradation, and it is caused by a mutation in the UPB1 gene. Approximately 30 cases have been reported to date, with a phenotypical variability ranging from asymptomatic to severe neurological illness. Non-neurological symptoms have been rarely reported. We describe a case of this disease with developmental delay and dysmorphic features. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-based urine metabolomics demonstrated significant (>=+4.5 standard deviation after logarithmic transformation) elevations of P-ureidopropionic acid and beta-ureidoisobutyric acid, strongly suggesting a diagnosis of P-ureidopropionase deficiency. Subsequent quantitative analysis of pyrimidines by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry supported this finding. Genetic testing of the UPB1 gene confirmed compound heterozygosity of a novel mutation (c.976C>T) and a previously-reported mutation (c.977G>A) that is common in East Asians. P-Ureidopropionase deficiency is probably underdiagnosed, considering a wide phenotypical variability, non-specific neurological presentations, and an estimated prevalence of 1/5000-6000. Urine metabolomics should be considered for patients with unexplained neurological symptoms. (C) 2016 The Japanese Society of Child Neurology. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.braindev.2016.08.001

Importance of the multisystem follow-up in patients with tuberous sclerosis complex. Reviewed

Yoshinaga H, Oka M, Akiyama T, Endoh F, Akiyama M, Hayashi Y, Shibata T, Hanaoka Y, Kobayashi K

No to hattatsu = Brain and development 5-9 ( 1 ) 5 - 9 2017.1

Language：Japanese Publisher：The Japanese Society of Child Neurology

<p> Objective: Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a multisystem disorder characterized by the formation of hamartoma in multiple organ systems of the body. However, without a well-established cooperative system involving related departments, some organ lesions might be overlooked until symptoms appear or even until the disorder progresses. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the current status of follow-ups in the TSC patients in the Department of Child Neurology at Okayama University Medical Hospital. Methods: We performed a retrospective chart review of 38 patients with TSC who visited our hospital at least twice between January 2005 and December 2014. Patients were between 3 years and 48 years of age at their latest visit. We divided the patients into a child group and an adult group, and investigated the patients' follow-up data while focusing on the various multiorgan systems. Results: The follow-ups were well conducted in the child group in terms of every organ. In the adult group, neuroimaging tests were unsatisfactorily performed. The kidney has not been examined in seven patients more than five years even though these patients all had kidney lesions. The lung was not been examined in 7 out of 14 female patients over 18 years of age who are most at risk for lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM). In 12 out of 18 child patients, echocardiograms were performed every few years, while electrocardiograms to assess underlying conduction defects were rarely performed in either age group. Conclusions: In Europe, guidelines for the management of TSC have been well established. However, in our hospital, the multiorgan system follow-up is not satisfactorily performed especially in adult patients. We decided the establishment of a TSC board in our hospital for the management of this multiorgan disorder.</p>

DOI： 10.11251/ojjscn.49.5

Significance of High-frequency Electrical Brain Activity Reviewed

Katsuhiro Kobayashi, Tomoyuki Akiyama, Takashi Agari, Tatsuya Sasaki, Takashi Shibata, Yoshiyuki Hanaoka, Mari Akiyama, Fumika Endoh, Makio Oka, Isao Date

ACTA MEDICA OKAYAMA 71 ( 3 ) 191 - 200 2017

Language：English Publisher：OKAYAMA UNIV MED SCHOOL

Electroencephalogram (EEG) data include broadband electrical brain activity ranging from infra-slow bands (<0.1 Hz) to traditional frequency bands (e.g., the approx. 10 Hz alpha rhythm) to high-frequency bands of up to 500 Hz. High-frequency oscillations (HFOs) including ripple and fast ripple oscillations (80-200 Hz and >200/250 Hz, respectively) are particularly of note due to their very close relationship to epileptogenicity, with the possibility that they could function as a surrogate biomarker of epileptogenicity. In contrast, physiological high-frequency activity plays an important role in higher brain functions, and the differentiation between pathological/epileptic and physiological HFOs is a critical issue, especially in epilepsy surgery. HFOs were initially recorded with intracranial electrodes in patients with intractable epilepsy as part of a long-term invasive seizure monitoring study. However, fast oscillations (FOs) in the ripple and gamma bands (40-80 Hz) are now noninvasively detected by scalp EEG and magnetoencephalography, and thus the scope of studies on HFOs/FOs is rapidly expanding.

DOI： 10.18926/AMO/55201

A study on spike focus dependence of high-frequency activity in idiopathic focal epilepsy in childhood. Reviewed

Shibata T, Yoshinaga H, Akiyama T, Kobayashi K

Epilepsia open 1 ( 3-4 ) 121 - 129 2016.12

Fast (40-150 Hz) oscillations are associated with positive slow waves in the ictal EEGs of epileptic spasms in West syndrome Reviewed

Katsuhiro Kobayashi, Tomoyuki Akiyama, Makio Oka, Fumika Endoh, Harumi Yoshinaga

BRAIN & DEVELOPMENT 38 ( 10 ) 909 - 914 2016.11

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV

Objective: To elucidate the generative mechanisms of epileptic spasms (ESs) in West syndrome, we investigated the temporal relationship between scalp fast (40-150 Hz) oscillations (FOs) and slow waves in the ictal electroencephalograms (EEGs) of ESs.
Methods: In 11 infants with WS, ictal FOs were detected in a bipolar montage based on spectral and waveform criteria. Their temporal distribution was analyzed in terms of the positive peaks (trough point, TT) of identical EEG data in a referential montage. Among six EEG data sections defined according to TT, the number of FOs, peak power values, and peak frequencies were compared.
Results: We identified a total of 1014 FOs (946 gamma and 68 ripple oscillations), which clustered closely at TT. The number of gamma oscillations in the 1 s epoch including TT was significantly higher than those in the prior and subsequent phases. Peak power values and frequencies tended to be higher in these positive phase sections.
Conclusions: The temporal association of FO clustering and positive slow waves in the ictal EEGs of ES indicated that active neuronal firing related to FOs underlies the generation of ESs and their ictal slow waves. (C) 2016 The Japanese Society of Child Neurology. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights

DOI： 10.1016/j.braindev.2016.05.005

Magnetoencephalography spike sources interrelate the extensive epileptogenic zone of tuberous sclerosis complex Reviewed

Tohru Okanishi, Tomoyuki Akiyama, Ellen Mayo, Yasunori Honda, Chihiro Ueda-Kawada, Midori Nakajima, Yoichiro Homma, Ayako Ochi, Cristina Go, Elysa Widjaja, Sylvester H. Chuang, James T. Rutka, James Drake, O. Carter Snead, Hiroshi Otsubo

EPILEPSY RESEARCH 127 302 - 310 2016.11

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV

Objective: We hypothesized that the extensive epileptic network in patients with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) manifests as clustered and scattered distributions of magnetoencephalography spike sources (MEGSS).
Methods: We retrospectively analyzed pre-surgical MEG in 15 patients with TSC. We performed single moving dipole analysis to localize and classify clustered and scattered MEGSS. We compared the number of electrodes within the resected area (RA) and the proportions of clustered and scattered MEGSS within RA with the seizure outcome.
Results: The number of electrodes within RA ranged from 29 to 83 (mean = 51). The MEGSS were distributed over multiple lobes (3-8; mean = 5.9) and bilaterally in 14 patients. Clusters of MEGSS ranged from 1 to 4 (mean = 1.4). The number of MEGSS ranged in total from 28 to 139 (mean = 70); in the clusters, 10-128 (mean = 49); and in the scatters, 0-45 (mean = 21). Four patients achieved an Engel class I surgical outcome, four, a class II outcome; five, a class III outcome; and two, a class IV outcome. The proportion of MEGSS ranged in total from 0 to 92% (mean = 57%) within RA; 0-100% (mean = 67%) in the resection hemisphere; 0-100% (mean = 63%) in the clusters; and 0-81% (mean = 28%) in the scatters. Univariate ordinal logistic regression analyses showed that the proportion of scattered MEGSS within RA (p = 0.049) significantly correlated with seizure outcomes. Multivariate analyses using three covariates (number of electrodes, proportions of clustered and scattered MEGSS within RA) showed that only the proportion of scattered MEGSS within RA significantly correlated with seizure outcomes (p = 0.016).
Significance: MEG data showed a wide distribution of multilobar MEGSS in patients with TSC. The seizure outcome was not related to the clustered MEGSS within RA, since the grids were essentially planned to cover and resect the clustered MEGSS surrounding tubers. The maximal possible resection of scattered MEGSS correlated with improved seizure outcome in TSC. Some parts of the epileptogenic zone disrupted by multiple tubers did not have a sufficiently large area to produce clustered MEGSS. Although the wide distribution of scattered MEGSS is not interpreted as epileptogenic, they might be interrelated with clustered MEGSS to project a complex epilepsy network and be part of the extensive epileptogenic zones found in TSC. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2016.09.007

SSADH deficiency possibly associated with enzyme activity-reducing SNPs Reviewed

Tomoyuki Akiyama, Hitoshi Osaka, Hiroko Shimbo, Tomiko Kuhara, Takashi Shibata, Katsuhiro Kobayashi, Kenji Kurosawa, Harumi Yoshinaga

BRAIN & DEVELOPMENT 38 ( 9 ) 871 - 874 2016.10

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV

Background: Succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase (SSADH) deficiency is a rare autosomal recessive disorder that affects the degradation of gamma-aminobutyric acid and leads to the accumulation of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) in body fluids. Diagnosis of SSADH deficiency is challenging, since the neurological symptoms are non-specific.
Case: The patient is a nine-year-old Japanese boy who presented with developmental delay, autism, epilepsy, and episodic gait disturbance. Brain magnetic resonance imaging showed hyperintense lesions in the bilateral thalami, globus pallidi, substantia nigra, and dentate nuclei. Urine metabolome analysis revealed elevated GHB, which led to a biochemical diagnosis of SSADH deficiency. Genetic analysis of the ALDH5A1 gene revealed a novel missense mutation c.1586G>A inherited from his father. It also demonstrated three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (c.106G>C, c.538C>T, and c.545C>T), all of which were inherited from his mother and are known to reduce SSADH enzyme activity. There were no duplications or deletions in other exons in the patient or his parents. No variants in the upstream, intronic, or downstream regions of the ALDH5A1 gene were found in the patient. Enzymatic assay revealed a marked reduction of SSADH enzyme activity (approximate to 2% of the lower limit of the normal range).
Conclusion: Although other mechanisms cannot be fully excluded, the clinical manifestation of SSADH deficiency in this patient may be attributed to the combined effect of the mutation and the three enzyme activity-reducing SNPs. Urine metabolome analysis effectively detected his elevated GHB and is thus considered to be a good screening method for this underdiagnosed and potentially manageable metabolic disorder. (C) 2016 The Japanese Society of Child Neurology. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.braindev.2016.03.008

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