Faculty Profiles - ICHIHARA Eiki

Papers - ICHIHARA Eiki

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Combined effect of cabozantinib and gefitinib in crizotinib-resistant lung tumors harboring ROS1 fusions. International journal

Yuka Kato, Kiichiro Ninomiya, Kadoaki Ohashi, Shuta Tomida, Go Makimoto, Hiromi Watanabe, Kenichiro Kudo, Shingo Matsumoto, Shigeki Umemura, Koichi Goto, Eiki Ichihara, Takashi Ninomiya, Toshio Kubo, Akiko Sato, Katsuyuki Hotta, Masahiro Tabata, Shinichi Toyooka, Yoshinobu Maeda, Katsuyuki Kiura

Cancer science 109 ( 10 ) 3149 - 3158 2018.10

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：WILEY

The ROS1 tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) crizotinib has shown dramatic effects in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) harboring ROS1 fusion genes. However, patients inevitably develop resistance to this agent. Therefore, a new treatment strategy is required for lung tumors with ROS1 fusion genes. In the present study, lung cancer cell lines, HCC78 harboring SLC34A2-ROS1 and ABC-20 harboring CD74-ROS1, were used as cell line-based resistance models. Crizotinib-resistant HCC78R cells were established from HCC78. We comprehensively screened the resistant cells using a phosphor-receptor tyrosine kinase array and RNA sequence analysis by next-generation sequencing. HCC78R cells showed upregulation of HB-EGF and activation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) phosphorylation and the EGFR signaling pathway. Recombinant HB-EGF or EGF rendered HCC78 cells or ABC-20 cells resistant to crizotinib. RNA sequence analysis by next-generation sequencing revealed the upregulation of AXL in HCC78R cells. HCC78R cells showed marked sensitivity to EGFR-TKI or anti-EGFR antibody treatment in vitro. Combinations of an AXL inhibitor, cabozantinib or gilteritinib, and an EGFR-TKI were more effective against HCC78R cells than monotherapy with an EGFR-TKI or AXL inhibitor. The combination of cabozantinib and gefitinib effectively inhibited the growth of HCC78R tumors in an in vivo xenograft model of NOG mice. The results of this study indicated that HB-EGF/EGFR and AXL play roles in crizotinib resistance in lung cancers harboring ROS1 fusions. The combination of cabozantinib and EGFR-TKI may represent a useful alternative treatment strategy for patients with advanced NSCLC harboring ROS1 fusion genes.

DOI： 10.1111/cas.13752

Clinical significance of repeat rebiopsy in detecting the EGFR T790M secondary mutation in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. International journal

Eiki Ichihara, Katsuyuki Hotta, Toshio Kubo, Tsukasa Higashionna, Kiichiro Ninomiya, Kadoaki Ohashi, Masahiro Tabata, Yoshinobu Maeda, Katsuyuki Kiura

Oncotarget 9 ( 50 ) 29525 - 29531 2018.6

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)

Background: Osimertinib is an essential drug to treat non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) harboring the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) T790M mutation, and rebiopsy is necessary to detect this mutation. However, the significance of repeat rebiopsy in NSCLC patients whose first rebiopsy was T790M-negative remains unclear. We used a retrospective cohort to clarify this issue. Methods: We reviewed the medical records of patients with NSCLC harboring EGFR mutations who underwent EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) treatment at Okayama University Hospital between January 2015 and January 2017. Results: Of 102 patients with EGFR-mutant NSCLC, 55 underwent rebiopsy after acquired resistance to prior EGFR TKIs. Pre-existing activating EGFR mutations were found in all 55 rebiopsied samples. Of the 55 samples, 25 were T790M-positive (45%). Among the remaining 30 patients (T790M-negative on the first rebiopsy), 21 underwent additional rebiopsies following interval therapy. Of the 21 patients, 11 were T790M-positive on the second rebiopsy and 1 on the third. We also evaluated the efficacy of osimertinib in patients who needed a repeat rebiopsy to detect the T790M mutation. Osimertinib showed good activity with an objective response rate of 50%. Conclusions: Repeat rebiopsy increases the ability to detect a secondary mutation (T790M) in EGFR.

DOI： 10.18632/oncotarget.25705

Randomized Phase II Study Comparing Mannitol with Furosemide for the Prevention of Renal Toxicity Induced by Cisplatin-based Chemotherapy with Short-term Low-volume Hydration in Advanced Non-small Cell Lung Cancer: The OLCSG1406 Study Protocol.

Go Makimoto, Eiki Ichihara, Katsuyuki Hotta, Kiichiro Ninomiya, Isao Oze, Daisuke Minami, Takashi Ninomiya, Toshio Kubo, Kadoaki Ohashi, Masahiro Tabata, Yoshinobu Maeda, Katsuyuki Kiura

Acta medica Okayama 72 ( 3 ) 319 - 323 2018.6

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：OKAYAMA UNIV MED SCHOOL

Although cisplatin-based chemotherapy shows a survival advantage compared to carboplatin for treating advanced non-small cell lung cancer, high-volume hydration and a long infusion time are necessary to avoid nephrotoxicity, and cisplatin-based chemotherapy has been difficult to administer in outpatient settings. A low-volume hydration method using mannitol or furosemide as forced diuresis was recently introduced, but there are no clear conclusions regarding which agent should be used. We describe our ongoing randomized phase II trial (the OLCSG1406 Study) evaluating the efficacy of forced diuresis. This study will clarify whether mannitol or furosemide is more suitable in cisplatin-based chemotherapy with low-volume hydration.

DOI： 10.18926/AMO/56080

A Phase II Study of Trastuzumab Emtansine in HER2-Positive Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. International journal

Katsuyuki Hotta, Keisuke Aoe, Toshiyuki Kozuki, Kadoaki Ohashi, Kiichiro Ninomiya, Eiki Ichihara, Toshio Kubo, Takashi Ninomiya, Kenichi Chikamori, Daijiro Harada, Naoyuki Nogami, Taizo Hirata, Shiro Hinotsu, Shinichi Toyooka, Katsuyuki Kiura

Journal of thoracic oncology : official publication of the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer 13 ( 2 ) 273 - 279 2018.2

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC

Trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1), an anti-erb-b2 receptor tyrosine kinase 2 (HER2) antibody-drug conjugate, has been shown to significantly improve survival in HER2-positive breast cancer. We report a phase II trial of T-DM1 monotherapy in relapsed NSCLC with documented HER2 positivity (an immunohistochemistry [IHC] score of 3+, both an IHC score of 2+ and fluorescence in situ hybridization positivity, or exon 20 mutation). This study was terminated early because of limited efficacy. The demographic characteristics in the 15 assessable patients were as follows: median age, 67 years; male sex, 47%; performance status of 0 to 1, 80%; HER2 status IHC 3+, 33%; HER status IHC 2+/fluorescence in situ hybridization-positive, 20%; and exon 20 mutation, 47%. The median number of delivered cycles was 3 (range 1-11). One patient achieved a partial response with an objective response rate of 6.7% (90% confidence interval: 0.2-32.0). With a median follow-up time of 9.2 months, the median progression-free survival time and median survival time were 2.0 and 10.9 months, respectively. Grade 3 or 4 adverse events included thrombocytopenia (40%) and hepatotoxicity (20%) without any treatment-related deaths. T-DM1 had a limited efficacy for HER2-positive NSCLC in our cohort. Applying the concept of precision medicine to tumors appears challenging; thus, additional molecular approaches are warranted.

DOI： 10.1016/j.jtho.2017.10.032

MET or NRAS amplification is an acquired resistance mechanism to the third-generation EGFR inhibitor naquotinib. International journal

Kiichiro Ninomiya, Kadoaki Ohashi, Go Makimoto, Shuta Tomida, Hisao Higo, Hiroe Kayatani, Takashi Ninomiya, Toshio Kubo, Eiki Ichihara, Katsuyuki Hotta, Masahiro Tabata, Yoshinobu Maeda, Katsuyuki Kiura

Scientific reports 8 ( 1 ) 1955 - 1955 2018.1

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP

As a third-generation epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI), osimeritnib is the standard treatment for patients with non-small cell lung cancer harboring the EGFR T790M mutation; however, acquired resistance inevitably develops. Therefore, a next-generation treatment strategy is warranted in the osimertinib era. We investigated the mechanism of resistance to a novel EGFR-TKI, naquotinib, with the goal of developing a novel treatment strategy. We established multiple naquotinib-resistant cell lines or osimertinib-resistant cells, two of which were derived from EGFR-TKI-naïve cells; the others were derived from gefitinib- or afatinib-resistant cells harboring EGFR T790M. We comprehensively analyzed the RNA kinome sequence, but no universal gene alterations were detected in naquotinib-resistant cells. Neuroblastoma RAS viral oncogene homolog (NRAS) amplification was detected in naquotinib-resistant cells derived from gefitinib-resistant cells. The combination therapy of MEK inhibitors and naquotinib exhibited a highly beneficial effect in resistant cells with NRAS amplification, but the combination of MEK inhibitors and osimertinib had limited effects on naquotinib-resistant cells. Moreover, the combination of MEK inhibitors and naquotinib inhibited the growth of osimertinib-resistant cells, while the combination of MEK inhibitors and osimertinib had little effect on osimertinib-resistant cells. Clinical assessment of this novel combination (MEK inhibitors and naquotinib) is worth considering in osimertinib-resistant lung tumors.

DOI： 10.1038/s41598-018-20326-z

Potential influence of interleukin-6 on the therapeutic effect of gefitinib in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer harbouring EGFR mutations. International journal

Tomoki Tamura, Yuka Kato, Kadoaki Ohashi, Kiichiro Ninomiya, Go Makimoto, Hiroko Gotoda, Toshio Kubo, Eiki Ichihara, Takehiro Tanaka, Koichi Ichimura, Yoshinobu Maeda, Katsuyuki Hotta, Katsuyuki Kiura

Biochemical and biophysical research communications 495 ( 1 ) 360 - 367 2018.1

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE

Although epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs) are a key therapy used for patients with EGFR-mutant non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), some of whom do not respond well to its therapy. Cytokine including IL-6 secreted by tumour cells is postulated as a potential mechanism for the primary resistance or low sensitivity to EGFR-TKIs. Fifty-two patients with advanced EGFR-mutant NSCLC who had received gefitinib were assessed retrospectively. The protein expression of IL-6 in the tumour cells was assessed by immunostaining and judged as positive if ≥ 50 of 100 tumour cells stained positively. Of the 52 patients, 24 (46%) and 28 (54%) were defined as IL-6-postitive (group P) and IL-6-negative (group N), respectively. Group P had worse progression-free survival (PFS) than that of group N, which was retained in the multivariate analysis (hazard ratio: 2.39; 95 %CI: 1.00-5.68; p < 0.05). By contrast, the PFS after platinum-based chemotherapy did not differ between groups P and N (p = 0.47). In cell line-based model, the impact of IL-6 on the effect of EGFR-TKIs was assessed. The combination of EGFR-TKI and anti-IL-6 antibody moderately improved the sensitivity of EGFR-TKI in lung cancer cell with EGFR mutation. Interestingly, suppression of EGFR with EGFR-TKI accelerated the activation of STAT3 induced by IL-6. Taken together, tumour IL-6 levels might indicate a subpopulation of EGFR-mutant NSCLC that benefits less from gefitinib monotherapy.

DOI： 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.10.175

Treatment Rationale and Design for J-SONIC: A Randomized Study of Carboplatin Plus Nab-paclitaxel With or Without Nintedanib for Advanced Non-Small-cell Lung Cancer With Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. International journal

Kohei Otsubo, Junji Kishimoto, Hirotsugu Kenmotsu, Yuji Minegishi, Eiki Ichihara, Akira Shiraki, Terufumi Kato, Shinji Atagi, Hidehito Horinouchi, Masahiko Ando, Yasuhiro Kondoh, Masahiko Kusumoto, Kazuya Ichikado, Nobuyuki Yamamoto, Yoichi Nakanishi, Isamu Okamoto

Clinical lung cancer 19 ( 1 ) e5-e9 - E9 2018.1

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：CIG MEDIA GROUP, LP

We describe the treatment rationale and procedure for a randomized study (J-SONIC; University Hospital Medical Information Network Clinical Trials Registry identification no., UMIN000026799) of carboplatin plus nanoparticle albumin-bound paclitaxel (nab-paclitaxel) with or without nintedanib for patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). The study was designed to examine the efficacy and safety of nintedanib administered with carboplatin plus nab-paclitaxel versus carboplatin plus nab-paclitaxel alone in chemotherapy-naive patients with advanced NSCLC associated with IPF. Eligible patients (enrollment target, n = 170) will be randomized at a 1:1 ratio to receive 4 cycles of carboplatin (area under the curve, 6 on day 1) plus nab-paclitaxel (100 mg/m2 on days 1, 8, and 15) administered every 3 weeks either without (arm A) or with (arm B) nintedanib (150 mg twice daily), to be followed in arm B by single-agent administration of nintedanib (150 mg twice daily). The present trial is the first randomized controlled study for the treatment of NSCLC associated with IPF. The goal of the study is to demonstrate that nintedanib combined with carboplatin plus nab-paclitaxel prolongs the interval to acute exacerbation of IPF compared with carboplatin plus nab-paclitaxel alone.

DOI： 10.1016/j.cllc.2017.06.003

Effects of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate on EGFR- or Fusion Gene-driven Lung Cancer Cells.

Yoshihiro Honda, Nagio Takigawa, Eiki Ichihara, Takashi Ninomiya, Toshio Kubo, Nobuaki Ochi, Masayuki Yasugi, Toshi Murakami, Hiromichi Yamane, Mitsune Tanimoto, Katsuyuki Kiura

Acta medica Okayama 71 ( 6 ) 505 - 512 2017.12

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：OKAYAMA UNIV MED SCHOOL

(-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) has been shown to bind to several receptors including epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors and anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) inhibitors are effective for non-small cell lung cancers harboring activating EGFR mutations and ALK or c-ros oncogene 1 (ROS1) fusion genes, respectively. We investigated the effects of EGCG on EGFR-or fusion gene-driven lung cancer cells such as PC-9, RPC-9, H1975, H2228 and HCC78. The five cell lines had similar sensitivity to EGCG. Phosphorylated (p) EGFR, pAkt and pErk in PC-9, RPC-9 and H1975 cells were suppressed by EGCG (50 or 100 mu M). EGCG also inhibited pALK in H2228, pROS1 in HCC78, and pErk and pAkt in both cell lines. All the xenograft tumors established using the 5 cell lines in EGCG-treated groups were significantly smaller than the tumors in the vehicle-treated groups. The numbers of tumor blood vessels of xenograft tissues in EGCG-treated mice were significantly lower than those in vehicle-treated mice. In conclusion, EGCG may be effective for EGFR-driven lung tumors irrespective of the presence of T790M, and for ALK or ROS1 fusion gene-driven lung tumors.

DOI： 10.18926/AMO/55587

Protective Effects of Bisoprolol against Acute Exacerbation in Moderate-to-Severe Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.

Akihiko Taniguchi, Nobuaki Miyahara, Naohiro Oda, Daisuke Morichika, Eiki Ichihara, Isao Oze, Yasushi Tanimoto, Hirohisa Ichikawa, Utako Fujii, Mitsune Tanimoto, Arihiko Kanehiro, Katsuyuki Kiura

Acta medica Okayama 71 ( 5 ) 453 - 457 2017.10

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：OKAYAMA UNIV MED SCHOOL

Although recent retrospective studies suggested that the use of β-blockers appears to help improve the mortality rate and decrease the rate of exacerbation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients with heart failure, the effects of β-blockers on COPD patients without heart failure have not been established. Based on previous reports, we have launched a multicenter, prospective, single-arm phase II study to evaluate the preventive effect of the cardioselective β-blocker bisoprolol in COPD exacerbation, in Japanese individuals with moderate-to-severe COPD who do not have heart failure but do have hypertension requiring the use of medication. The primary endpoint is the rate of mild-to-severe COPD exacerbation. The results of this study will clarify whether bisoprolol can prevent exacerbation in COPD patients without heart failure.

DOI： 10.18926/AMO/55446

A phase II trial of carboplatin plus S-1 for elderly patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer with wild-type epidermal growth factor receptor: The Okayama Lung Cancer Study Group Trial 1202. International journal

Shoichi Kuyama, Nobuaki Ochi, Akihiro Bessho, Katsuyuki Hotta, Genyo Ikeda, Daizo Kishino, Toshio Kubo, Daijiro Harada, Nobukazu Fujimoto, Masamoto Nakanishi, Takahiro Umeno, Toshiaki Okada, Kenichi Chikamori, Tomoko Yamagishi, Kadoaki Ohashi, Eiki Ichihara, Nagio Takigawa, Mitsune Tanimoto, Katsuyuki Kiura

Lung cancer (Amsterdam, Netherlands) 112 188 - 194 2017.10

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：ELSEVIER IRELAND LTD

INTRODUCTION: S-1 is an oral fluoropyrimidine-based combination of tegafur, gimeracil, and oteracil potassium. Although the combination of S-1 with carboplatin is a first-line chemotherapy regimen for advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), the efficacy and safety of the regimen in the elderly remain unknown. METHODS: The patient inclusion criteria were previously untreated advanced NSCLC, wild-type epidermal growth factor receptor, aged 70 years or more, and a performance status (PS) of 0-2. The patients received oral S-1 (40mg/m2, twice daily) for 2 weeks and carboplatin (area under the curve: 5) on day 1 every 4 weeks as induction treatment. After four induction cycles, S-1 alone (40mg/m2, twice daily) was administered for 2 weeks every 4 weeks as a maintenance therapy until disease progression. The primary endpoint was the overall response rate (ORR), which was expected to exceed 20%, and the secondary endpoints included the disease control rate (DCR), progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), and the toxicity profile. The associations between clinical outcomes and expression of genes such as thymidylate synthase and thymidine phosphorylase in the tumors were evaluated. RESULTS: Thirty-three patients were enrolled between March 2013 and June 2015. The median age was 78 (range 70-89) years, and 51.5% had a PS of 0. The ORR was 30.3% (95% confidence interval (CI): 14.6-46.0) and the DCR 57.6% (95% CI: 40.7-74.4). Grade 3/4 toxicities included thrombocytopenia (42.4%), neutropenia (33.3%), and anemia (27.3%). There was one treatment-related death due to aspiration pneumonia following febrile neutropenia. The median PFS and OS were 134days (95% CI: 79-173) and 479days (95% CI: 250-571), respectively. Low thymidine phosphorylase expression was associated with the DCR (P<0.01). CONCLUSION: This study met the predesigned primary endpoint, and the regimen seems to be a favorable treatment option.

DOI： 10.1016/j.lungcan.2017.08.010

Congestive Heart Failure During Osimertinib Treatment for Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR)-mutant Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC).

Hiromi Watanabe, Eiki Ichihara, Hirohisa Kano, Kiichiro Ninomiya, Mitsune Tanimoto, Katsuyuki Kiura

Internal medicine (Tokyo, Japan) 56 ( 16 ) 2195 - 2197 2017.8

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：JAPAN SOC INTERNAL MEDICINE

We herein report a case of congestive heart failure which developed during osimertinib treatment. A 78-year-old woman presented with mild exertional dyspnea three weeks after starting osimertinib for the treatment of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) T790M-positive non-small cell lung cancer. She was diagnosed with congestive heart failure caused by the osimertinib. In contrast to trastuzumab, a human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) monoclonal antibody that often causes cardiac dysfunction, the causal relationship between osimertinib and cardiotoxicity has so far received little attention and thus remains unclear. However, it inhibits HER2 in addition to mutant EGFR, thereby potentially causing cardiotoxicity.

DOI： 10.2169/internalmedicine.8344-16

Clinical characteristics of Japanese candidates for lung transplant for interstitial lung disease and risk factors for early death while on the waiting list. International journal

Hisao Higo, Takeshi Kurosaki, Eiki Ichihara, Toshio Kubo, Kentaroh Miyoshi, Shinji Otani, Seiichiro Sugimoto, Masaomi Yamane, Nobuaki Miyahara, Katsuyuki Kiura, Shinichiro Miyoshi, Takahiro Oto

Respiratory investigation 55 ( 4 ) 264 - 269 2017.7

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：ELSEVIER

BACKGROUND: Lung transplants have produced very favorable outcomes for patients with interstitial lung disease (ILD) in Japan. However, because of the severe donor lung shortage, patients must wait approximately 2.5 years before they can undergo transplantation and many candidates die before allocation. We reveal the clinical characteristics of Japanese patients with ILD who are candidates for lung transplants and the risk factors for early death while on the waiting list. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the clinical data of patients registered in the Japan Organ Transplant Network from Okayama University Hospital who are candidates for cadaveric lung transplants for ILD between 1999 and 2015. RESULTS: Fifty-three patients with ILD were included (24 patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and 29 others). They had severe pulmonary dysfunction and low exercise tolerability. The median waiting time for transplantation was 462 days, and 22 patients died before allocation. Patients who died before 462 days without undergoing transplantation had more severe dyspnea, shorter 6-minute walk distance (6MWD), and lower performance status than those who waited ≥462 days. CONCLUSIONS: Japanese candidates for cadaveric lung transplants for ILD have severe pulmonary dysfunction. Severe dyspnea, short 6MWD, and low performance status are risk factors for early death while on the waiting list.

DOI： 10.1016/j.resinv.2017.03.002

SFK/FAK Signaling Attenuates Osimertinib Efficacy in Both Drug-Sensitive and Drug-Resistant Models of EGFR-Mutant Lung Cancer. International journal

Eiki Ichihara, David Westover, Catherine B Meador, Yingjun Yan, Joshua A Bauer, Pengcheng Lu, Fei Ye, Amanda Kulick, Elisa de Stanchina, Robert McEwen, Marc Ladanyi, Darren Cross, William Pao, Christine M Lovly

Cancer research 77 ( 11 ) 2990 - 3000 2017.6

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：AMER ASSOC CANCER RESEARCH

Mutant-selective EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI), such as osimertinib, are active agents for the treatment of EGFR-mutant lung cancer. Specifically, these agents can overcome the effects of the T790M mutation, which mediates resistance to first- and second-generation EGFR TKI, and recent clinical trials have documented their efficacy in patients with EGFR-mutant lung cancer. Despite promising results, therapeutic efficacy is limited by the development of acquired resistance. Here we report that Src family kinases (SFK) and focal adhesion kinase (FAK) sustain AKT and MAPK pathway signaling under continuous EGFR inhibition in osimertinib-sensitive cells. Inhibiting either the MAPK pathway or the AKT pathway enhanced the effects of osimertinib. Combined SFK/FAK inhibition exhibited the most potent effects on growth inhibition, induction of apoptosis, and delay of acquired resistance. SFK family member YES1 was amplified in osimertinib-resistant EGFR-mutant tumor cells, the effects of which were overcome by combined treatment with osimertinib and SFK inhibitors. In conclusion, our data suggest that the concomitant inhibition of both SFK/FAK and EGFR may be a promising therapeutic strategy for EGFR-mutant lung cancer. Cancer Res; 77(11); 2990-3000. ©2017 AACR.

DOI： 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-16-2300

Triplet therapy with afatinib, cetuximab, and bevacizumab induces deep remission in lung cancer cells harboring EGFR T790M in vivo. International journal

Kenichiro Kudo, Kadoaki Ohashi, Go Makimoto, Hisao Higo, Yuka Kato, Hiroe Kayatani, Yasuko Kurata, Yoichiro Takami, Daisuke Minami, Takashi Ninomiya, Toshio Kubo, Eiki Ichihara, Akiko Sato, Katsuyuki Hotta, Tadashi Yoshino, Mitsune Tanimoto, Katsuyuki Kiura

Molecular oncology 11 ( 6 ) 670 - 681 2017.6

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：WILEY

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have changed the treatment strategy for EGFR-mutant lung cancers; however, resistance usually occurs due to a secondary mutation, T790M, in EGFR. Combination therapy using afatinib and cetuximab has had good results in lung tumors harboring EGFRT790M mutations in clinical trials. The effect of bevacizumab, an antivascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) antibody, combined with EGFR-TKIs has also been investigated. We hypothesized that the dose of afatinib and cetuximab could be reduced by combination with bevacizumab and that the triplet therapy may result in better tumor inhibition with tolerable toxicity. Using a xenograft mouse model with H1975-harboring EGFRL858R+T790M and RPC-9-harboring EGFR19DEL+T790M , we tested the efficacy of the triplet therapy with a modified dose of afatinib, cetuximab, and bevacizumab, and compared this therapy to single and double therapies. Triplet therapy with afatinib, cetuximab, and bevacizumab induced pathological complete remission in xenograft tumors with H1975 and RPC-9 cells versus tumors treated with single or double therapies. We saw no body weight loss in the mice. The triple therapy induced a significant reduction in CD31-positive vascular endothelial cells and increased cleaved caspase-3-positive cells in the tumors. This suggests that one mechanism underlying the deep remission could be suppression of neovascularization and induction of apoptosis by intensive inhibition of driver oncoproteins and VEGF. These results highlight the potential of afatinib, cetuximab, and bevacizumab to induce deep remission in tumors harboring EGFRT790M mutations. Therefore, clinical trials of this combination therapy are warranted.

DOI： 10.1002/1878-0261.12063

Discomfort during bronchoscopy performed after endobronchial intubation with fentanyl and midazolam: a prospective study. International journal

Daisuke Minami, Nagio Takigawa, Hirohisa Kano, Takashi Ninomiya, Toshio Kubo, Eiki Ichihara, Kadoaki Ohashi, Akiko Sato, Katsuyuki Hotta, Masahiro Tabata, Mitsune Tanimoto, Katsuyuki Kiura

Japanese journal of clinical oncology 47 ( 5 ) 434 - 437 2017.5

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：OXFORD UNIV PRESS

Objective: Although endobronchial intubation during a bronchoscopic examination is useful for invasive procedures, it is not routine practice in Japan. The present study evaluated discomfort due to endobronchial intubation using fentanyl and midazolam sedation during bronchoscopy. Methods: Thirty-nine patients were enrolled prospectively from November 2014 to September 2015 at Okayama University Hospital. Fentanyl (20 µg) was administered to the patients just before endobronchial intubation, and fentanyl (10 µg) and midazolam (1 mg) were added as needed during the procedure. A questionnaire survey was administered 2 h after the examination. In the questionnaire, patient satisfaction was scored using a visual analog scale as follows: excellent (1 point), good (2 points), normal (3 points), uncomfortable (4 points) and very uncomfortable (5 points). An additional question ('Do you remember the bronchoscopic examination?') was also asked. Predefined parameters (blood pressure, heart rate, oxygen saturation and complications) were recorded. Results: The enrolled patients included 22 males and 17 females; their median age was 70 (range: 28-88) years. The patients received a mean dose of 47.9 µg of fentanyl (range: 30-90 µg) and 2.79 mg of midazolam (range: 1-7 mg). In total, 28 patients (71.7%) agreed to undergo a second bronchoscopic examination; the mean levels of discomfort and for the re-examination were 2.07 points each. About 41% of the patients remembered the bronchoscopic examination. No severe complications were reported. Conclusion: Endobronchial intubation using fentanyl and midazolam sedation during an invasive bronchoscopic procedure might be recommended. Clinical Trial Registration: UMIN000015578 in the UMIN Clinical Trials Registry.

DOI： 10.1093/jjco/hyx022

Phase II Study of the EGFR-TKI Rechallenge With Afatinib in Patients With Advanced NSCLC Harboring Sensitive EGFR Mutation Without T790M: Okayama Lung Cancer Study Group Trial OLCSG 1403. International journal

Naohiro Oda, Eiki Ichihara, Katsuyuki Hotta, Kiichiro Ninomiya, Takashi Ninomiya, Toshio Kubo, Daisuke Minami, Toshi Murakami, Toshihide Yokoyama, Daijiro Harada, Shoichi Kuyama, Hirohisa Ichikawa, Koji Inoue, Daizo Kishino, Masaaki Inoue, Nagio Takigawa, Takuo Shibayama, Shingo Harita, Mitsune Tanimoto, Katsuyuki Kiura

Clinical lung cancer 18 ( 2 ) 241 - 244 2017.3

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：CIG MEDIA GROUP, LP

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) as first-line therapy for patients with EGFR-mutated non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) have shown a significantly better objective response rate and progression-free survival than platinum doublet therapy. However, acquired resistance often occurs within 12 months. One of the potential strategies for treating acquired resistance in NSCLC is the readministration of EGFR-TKIs, a strategy that has mainly been evaluated using gefitinib or erlotinib. The aim of the present study is to investigate the efficacy and safety of EGFR-TKI readministration with afatinib in patients with advanced NSCLC harboring activating EGFR mutations without T790M. The primary endpoint is progression-free survival. The secondary endpoints include the objective response rate, disease control rate, overall survival, toxicity, and quality of life. A total of 12 patients will be enrolled in this trial.

DOI： 10.1016/j.cllc.2016.07.003

Three-Arm Randomized Trial of Sodium Alginate for Preventing Radiation-Induced Esophagitis in Locally Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Receiving Concurrent Chemoradiotherapy: The OLCSG1401 Study Protocol. International journal

Kiichiro Ninomiya, Eiki Ichihara, Katsuyuki Hotta, Naoyuki Sone, Toshi Murakami, Daijiro Harada, Isao Oze, Toshio Kubo, Hisaaki Tanaka, Shoichi Kuyama, Daizo Kishino, Akihiro Bessho, Shingo Harita, Kuniaki Katsui, Mitsune Tanimoto, Katsuyuki Kiura

Clinical lung cancer 18 ( 2 ) 245 - 249 2017.3

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：CIG MEDIA GROUP, LP

Concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CRT) is the standard of care for locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer (LA-NSCLC). However, this intensive therapy often causes severe esophagitis, which could deteriorate a patient's quality of life (QOL), leading to poor treatment compliance. Sodium alginate, approved in Japan for gastritis, is sufficiently highly viscous to remain in the esophageal mucosa, providing a protective effect in the esophagus. To investigate whether this compound has a preventive effect against severe esophagitis in patients receiving concurrent CRT, we plan a 3-arm randomized trial of sodium alginate with 2 different schedules versus water. The primary endpoint is set as the proportion of patients with grade ≥ 3 esophagitis using the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events, version 4.0. With stratification by institute, performance status, and percentage of the esophageal volume receiving >35 Gy, the patients will be randomly assigned to 1 of the following groups: sodium alginate initiated concomitantly with CRT (group A), sodium alginate initiated soon after the development of extremely mild esophagitis during CRT (group B), or water administered throughout CRT (group C). Assuming that the proportion of grade ≥ 3 esophagitis would be 8% in groups A and B and 27% in group C, the required sample size would be 200 patients, with 70% power and 5% α. The secondary endpoints include QOL, the frequency of additional prescriptions of analgesics, treatment response, and survival. The results of the present study will clarify whether sodium alginate can prevent esophagitis in patients with LA-NSCLC undergoing CRT.

DOI： 10.1016/j.cllc.2016.08.001

Safety And Discomfort During Bronchoscopy Performed Under Sedation With Fentanyl And Midazolam: A Prospective Study Reviewed

D. Minami, N. Takigawa, T. Ninomiya, T. Kubo, E. Ichihara, K. Ohashi, A. Sato, K. Hotta, T. Shibayama, N. Miyahara, M. Tabata, A. Kanehiro, K. Kiura

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY AND CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE 195 ( 9 ) 871 - 874 2017

Protocol Design for the Bench to Bed Trial in Alectinib-Refractory Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer Patients Harboring the EML4-ALK Fusion Gene (ALRIGHT/OLCSG1405). International journal

Hideko Isozaki, Katsuyuki Hotta, Eiki Ichihara, Nagio Takigawa, Kadoaki Ohashi, Toshio Kubo, Takashi Ninomiya, Kiichiro Ninomiya, Naohiro Oda, Hiroshige Yoshioka, Hirohisa Ichikawa, Masaaki Inoue, Ichiro Takata, Takuo Shibayama, Shoichi Kuyama, Keisuke Sugimoto, Daijiro Harada, Shingo Harita, Toshiaki Sendo, Mitsune Tanimoto, Katsuyuki Kiura

Clinical lung cancer 17 ( 6 ) 602 - 605 2016.11

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：CIG MEDIA GROUP, LP

Based on our preclinical study results, which showed that the activation of the hepatocyte growth factor/MET pathway is a potential mechanism of acquired resistance to alectinib, we launched the ALRIGHT (OLCSG1405 [alectinib-refractory non-small-cell lung cancer patients harboring the EML4-ALK fusion gene]), a phase II trial of the anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)/MET inhibitor crizotinib in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer refractory to alectinib and harboring the echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 4 (EML4)-ALK fusion gene. Patients with ALK-rearranged tumors who have developed disease progression during alectinib treatment will receive crizotinib monotherapy until disease progression or the occurrence of unacceptable toxicity. The primary endpoint is set as the objective response rate, assuming that a response in 50% of eligible patients will indicate potential usefulness and that 15% would be the lower limit of interest (1-sided α of 0.05, β of 0.20). The estimated accrual number of patients is 9. The secondary endpoints include progression-free survival, overall survival, adverse events, and patient-reported outcomes. We will also take tissue samples before crizotinib monotherapy to conduct an exploratory analysis of ALK and hepatocyte growth factor/MET expression levels and gene alterations (eg, mutations, amplifications, and translocations). We will obtain information regarding whether crizotinib, which targets not only ALK, but also MET, can truly produce efficacy with acceptable safety profiles in ALK+ non-small-cell lung cancer even in the alectinib-refractory setting.

DOI： 10.1016/j.cllc.2016.05.005

Potential influence of being overweight on the development of hepatic dysfunction in Japanese patients with EGFR-mutated non-small cell lung cancer undergoing gefitinib monotherapy: the Okayama Lung Cancer Study Group experience. International journal

Naohiro Oda, Katsuyuki Hotta, Hiroshige Yoshioka, Kenichiro Kudo, Eiki Ichihara, Yuka Kato, Kiichiro Ninomiya, Daisuke Minami, Takashi Ninomiya, Toshio Kubo, Kadoaki Ohashi, Akiko Sato, Nagio Takigawa, Masahiro Tabata, Mitsune Tanimoto, Katsuyuki Kiura

Cancer chemotherapy and pharmacology 78 ( 5 ) 941 - 947 2016.11

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：SPRINGER

BACKGROUND: Being overweight has been reported to induce hepatic dysfunction during cytotoxic chemotherapy. Severe hepatic dysfunction can also be observed during gefitinib monotherapy, leading to interrupted or discontinued treatment. However, whether being overweight is a risk factor during gefitinib therapy is unknown. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 183 Japanese patients with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-tyrosine kinase inhibitor-naïve non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) harboring EGFR mutations, who received gefitinib monotherapy between July 2007 and February 2014. We defined being overweight as having a body mass index (BMI) ≥ 25 kg/m2 and assessed its potential relationship with ≥grade 2 hepatic dysfunction. RESULTS: The patient demographics were as follows: 114 women; median age 72 years (range 42-95 years); BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2, n = 32; performance status 0-1, n = 136; stage IIIB/IV, n = 141; and major EGFR mutations, n = 171. Hepatic dysfunction ≥grade 2 during the gefitinib therapy was observed in 44 (24.0 %) patients, 22 (50.0 %) of whom interrupted or discontinued treatment. The median duration from gefitinib administration to the development of hepatic dysfunction was 56 days (range 6-1,352 days). Overweight patients were more likely to develop hepatic dysfunction ≥grade 2 compared to non-overweight patients according to a multivariate analysis adjusted for several confounding factors (hazard ratio 2.24; 95 % confidence interval 1.01-4.95; p = 0.046). CONCLUSION: These results suggest that being overweight may induce hepatic dysfunction during gefitinib monotherapy in Japanese patients with EGFR-mutated NSCLC.

DOI： 10.1007/s00280-016-3146-z

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