Authorship：Corresponding author   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene  

Substandard and falsified medical products for treating COVID-19 have spread worldwide. These medicines have entered Japan through personal importation of products purchased via the Internet. In this study, we investigated the circulation of 19 COVID-19-related medicines on the Internet in Japan and evaluated the pharmaceutical quality and authenticity of 2 medicines (dexamethasone tablets and ivermectin tablets) obtained online. We purchased 23 samples of 0.5-mg dexamethasone tablets and 13 samples of 3-mg ivermectin tablets from the Internet in December 2020 and July 2022. We investigated the quality and authenticity of the obtained samples through visual observation and tested their authenticity. We conducted pharmacopoeia compliance testing (quantitative assay, content uniformity tests, and dissolution tests) using the high-performance liquid chromatography–photodiode array detector method. No prescription was ever required at the time of purchase. Visual observation revealed that most samples lacked a package insert and some samples had packaging deficiencies. In terms of authenticity, eight ivermectin samples were genuine; the authenticity of the other samples remained uncertain. Four dexamethasone samples and three ivermectin samples failed quality testing based on pharmacopeia validation standards. Our findings illustrate that dexamethasone and ivermectin tablets of poor quality are available online. It is important to increase consumer awareness and provide information about these medicines to prevent the purchase of substandard medicines via the Internet.

DOI： 10.4269/ajtmh.23-0710

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Other Link： https://www.ajtmh.org/downloadpdf/journals/tpmd/aop/article-10.4269-ajtmh.23-0710/article-10.4269-ajtmh.23-0710.xml

Authorship：Corresponding author   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Springer Science and Business Media LLC  

Abstract

This study aimed on the one hand to clarify the quality, authenticity, safety, and other issues related to products of the anabolic-androgenic steroid methandienone advertised on the Internet and personally imported to Japan and on the other hand to evaluate the use of two portable Raman spectrometers in identifying the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API). The study found that all n = 15 samples purchased from 14 websites were problematic regarding their package, labeling, and/or content. Specifically, one sample (6.7%) was confirmed falsified, twelve samples (80%) were found either to be falsified or unlicensed as pharmaceutical product, and two samples (13.3%) were received without information on the manufacturers’ physical address or country of origin, with one sample (6.7%) having no labeling or other accompanying information at all. Both Raman spectrometers were able to identify the API in all samples as confirmed and quantified by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–Fourier transform mass spectrometry. Twelve samples contained on average less than 90% of the declared API content. By contacting national regulatory authorities in 44 countries, methandienone products were found to be approved in 1 country and not approved in 21 countries. To prevent health hazards and abuse, measures against the acquisition of anabolic-androgenic steroids from unknown sources are required. Portable Raman spectrometers may be suitable for the non-destructive and quick identification of methandienone in tablets.

Graphical Abstract

DOI： 10.1186/s41120-024-00093-0

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Other Link： https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s41120-024-00093-0/fulltext.html

Authorship：Lead author,　Last author,　Corresponding author  

DOI： 10.1248/bpb.b23-00749

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

In recent years, cosmetics deemed equivalent to pharmaceutical products containing prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) analogs have been distributed overseas in the form of eyelash serums that can be purchased via the internet. The purpose of this study was to investigate the presence or absence of PGF2α analogs in eyelash serums procured in Japan via the internet to elucidate the actual composition. A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) measurement system was developed for the determination of 14 PGF2α analogs in cosmetic serums. In total, 64 eyelash serum samples were purchased from 34 websites. After pretreatment, eyelash serum samples were screened for PGF2α analogs using the LC-MS/MS system. Products containing PGF2α analogs were subjected to quantification of these compounds. Of the 64 products, four were found to contain bimatoprost, among which, three did not indicate their contents on their package labels. In contrast, no samples were found to contain latanoprost, travoprost, or tafluprost, which are prescribed for glaucoma treatment. Additionally, eight products contained other PGF2α analogs, which have not been used as pharmaceuticals. The ease of access to cosmetic serums containing PGF2α analogs via online purchases presents a risk of serious side effects, particularly when consumers are not informed of their contents on the packages. This issue requires serious consideration to avoid the incorporation of pharmaceutical substances into cosmetic products.

DOI： 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.114940

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of the present study was to investigate the serum levels of endocannabinoids (eCBs; anandamide: AEA and 2-arachidonoylglycerol: 2-AG) and daily intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs; arachidonic acid: ARA, docosahexaenoic acid: DHA, and eicosapentaenoic acid: EPA) among subjects with high and low depressive symptoms. METHODS: The participants comprised female community-dwellers aged 40 years or older in Japan. Among 208 females, fourteen participants with high depressive symptoms and ten participants with low depressive symptoms were selected for this study. The depressive symptoms were measured by the Japanese version of the Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). The daily intake of PUFAs were assessed utilising the brief-type self-administered diet history questionnaire. The blood samples were analysed for AEA, 2-AG, and the CB receptor 1 gene (CNR1) single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs806377. RESULTS: The ratio of AEA serum level to ARA intake (AEA/ARA) in high depressive participants was significantly higher compared with those in low depressive participants even after controlling for confounders, whereas there were no significant differences in the serum concentrations of eCBs, daily intake of PUFAs, as well as the CNR1 SNP (rs806377) between the high and low CES-D scored groups. CONCLUSION: The elevated level of AEA/ARA among high depressive participants suggests that the conversion rate of ARA to AEA may be accelerated in depressive individuals.

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Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author  

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Authorship：Last author,　Corresponding author  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Comprehensive data are needed to prevent substandard and falsified (SF) medicines as they pose a major risk to human health. To assess the quality of selected medicines, samples were collected from random private drug outlets of Dhaka North and South City Corporation, Bangladesh. Sample analysis included visual observation of the packaging, authenticity of the samples, legitimacy and registration verification of the manufacturer, physicochemical analysis, and price. Chemical analysis of the samples was performed using a portable Raman spectroscopy and high-performance liquid chromatography according to the pharmacopoeia. Several discrepancies were noted in the visual observation of samples. Among the 189 collected samples of esomeprazole (ESM), cefixime (CFIX), and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (CVA-AMPC), 21.2% were confirmed to be authentic, 91.3% manufacturers were confirmed legitimate, and 2.1% of all samples were unregistered. Chemical analysis of the samples revealed that 9.5% (95% CI 5.7-14.6) of samples were SFs. Falsified samples and quality variation in the same generic branded samples were both detected by Raman spectroscopic analysis. Overall, sample prices were satisfactory relative to the international reference price. This study documents the availability of poor-quality medicines, demonstrating the need for immediate attention by the national medicine regulatory authority.

DOI： 10.1038/s41598-021-04309-1

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Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Springer Science and Business Media LLC  

<title>Abstract</title><sec>
<title>Background</title>
Poor quality medicines have serious implications for public health. The aim of this study was to explore the quality of the antidiabetic pioglitazone, using samples collected in China and Myanmar, and samples purchased online.


</sec><sec>
<title>Methods</title>
In this cross-sectional study, we examined samples (<italic>n</italic> = 163) collected from hospitals in Shanghai, China in 2012 (<italic>n</italic> = 44), products purchased via the internet and imported into Japan in 2013 (<italic>n</italic> = 59), and samples purchased in shops in Yangon, Myanmar in 2015 (<italic>n</italic> = 60). Collected samples were subjected to visual inspection, authenticity investigation and quality testing (potency, content uniformity and dissolution test) by high-performance liquid chromatography. Samples were rated as compliant or non-compliant based on the relevant pharmacopoeial acceptance criteria.


</sec><sec>
<title>Results</title>
Visual inspection of all samples revealed compliant products. However, responses from manufacturers during authenticity investigation were poor. Among the <italic>n</italic> = 44 samples from China, one was non-compliant in the potency test. Among the <italic>n</italic> = 59 samples personally imported into Japan, 38% of generic samples were found to be non-compliant. In Myanmar, 13.3% of samples were non-compliant. Non-compliant samples predominantly failed in the dissolution test. All non-compliant samples were generic.


</sec><sec>
<title>Conclusions</title>
Despite the apparent satisfactory outcome on the samples from China, pioglitazone samples collected in Myanmar and purchased online for personal import into Japan included many substandard products, which failed quality assessment predominantly because of poor dissolution. Internet providers did not comply with Japanese regulations in various respects.


</sec>

DOI： 10.1186/s40360-021-00478-x

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Other Link： http://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s40360-021-00478-x/fulltext.html

Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Springer Science and Business Media LLC  

<title>Abstract</title>The purpose of this study was to design a convenient, small-scale dissolution test for extracting potential substandard and falsified (SF) medicines that require full pharmacopoeial analysis. The probability of metronidazole samples complying with the US Pharmacopoeia (USP) dissolution test for immediate-release tablet formulations was predicted from small-scale dissolution test results using the following criteria: (1) 95% confidence interval lower limit (95% CI_low) of the average dissolution rate of any n = 3 of n = 24 units of each sample, and (2) average and minimum dissolution rates for any n = 3 of n = 24 units. Criteria values were optimized via bootstrap sampling with Thinkeye data-mining software. Compliant metronidazole samples in the USP first-stage and second-stage dissolution test showed complying probabilities of 99.7% and 81.0%, respectively, if the average dissolution rate of n = 3 units is equal to or greater than the monograph-specified amount of dissolved drug (Q; 85% of labeled content for metronidazole). The complying probabilities were 100.0% and 79.0%, respectively, if the average dissolution rate of n = 3 units is 91% or higher and the minimum dissolution rate is 87% or higher. Suitable compliance criteria for the small-scale dissolution test are: average dissolution rate of n = 3 units is Q + 6% or more and minimum dissolution rate is Q + 2% or more.

DOI： 10.1038/s41598-021-91443-5

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Other Link： http://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-91443-5

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

To make the Japanese version of the CESD-R-a revised version of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies depression scale (CES-D)-in the assessment of depressive symptoms in a general population. The English version of CESD-R was translated into Japanese, and back-translated into English by three native speakers of Japanese and English; then, we selected the version most completely consistent with the original items. The CESD-R was applied to 398 community-dwelling people (191 men: 48.0%, and 207 women: 52.0%) who were over 40 years old. The Japanese version of the CES-D was also carried out in the same population. Factor analysis was performed. Additionally, the correlations between the CESD-R and CES-D results were identified. The CESD-R scores showed a significantly positive correlation with CES-D scores (r = 0.74, p < 0.0005). Analysis of the CESD-R yielded a Cronbach's alpha result of 0.90. Factor analysis revealed one principal factor in the CESD-R, whereas the original CES-D had two factors because of reversed items. The Japanese version of the CESD-R appears to have the reliability to be applicable for assessing depressive symptoms in population-based samples. However, because the Japanese expressions for some items might be unusual, our study population was also limited; further studies on other populations and on incorporating improved Japanese terminology will be needed.

DOI： 10.3390/bs11080107

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Authorship：Corresponding author   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Springer Science and Business Media LLC  

<title>Abstract</title><sec>
<title>Background</title>
Low-quality medicines and falsified medicines represent long-standing problems in developing countries. In Southeast Asia, the circulation of low-quality diabetes drugs (metformin) has been confirmed. It is possible that low-quality metformin has entered Japan via personal import through the Internet. This study evaluated the pharmaceutical quality and authenticity of metformin tablets obtained via the Internet in Japan.


</sec><sec>
<title>Methods</title>
In total, 33 samples of 500-mg metformin tablets and 7 samples of extended-release/sustained-release tablets (500, 750, and 1,000 mg) were purchased via personal import in January 2017. Confirmation of a prescription was never requested purchase. The obtained samples were subjected to visual observations and authenticity investigations. Additionally, quantitative analysis, content uniformity and dissolution tests were performed using HPLC–PDA.


</sec><sec>
<title>Results</title>
Our authenticity investigations revealed that seven samples were genuine products, whereas the authenticity of the remaining 33 samples was unclear. Referring to United States Pharmacopeia 2014 for validation, four samples failed quality testing, five samples failed content uniformity testing, and two samples failed dissolution testing.


</sec><sec>
<title>Conclusions</title>
Our findings illustrate that metformin tablets of poor-quantity and unregistered/unlicensed doses are available online and that it is important to increase consumer awareness about the presence of these medicines on the Internet to prevent the purchase of substandard medicines.


</sec>

DOI： 10.1007/s43441-021-00262-3

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Other Link： https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s43441-021-00262-3/fulltext.html

Authorship：Corresponding author   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Pharmaceutical Society of Japan  

DOI： 10.1248/bpb.b20-01041

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Authorship：Corresponding author   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Elsevier BV  

DOI： 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120232

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Authorship：Corresponding author   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：SAGE Publications  

<sec><title>Background:</title> Falsified medical products have been reported worldwide. Falsified medicines with poor quality are a potential health hazard. Some Internet sites advertise fluconazole (Diflucan^®), an antifungal medicine used to treat deep mycoses, as “female Viagra^®.”

</sec><sec><title>Aim:</title> The aim of this study was to investigate the authenticity and quality of Diflucan^® tablets distributed on the Internet.

</sec><sec><title>Methods:</title> We ordered Diflucan^® tablets via the Internet and evaluated them by visual observation, authenticity investigation, quality evaluation (quantity of the active pharmaceutical ingredient, content uniformity, and dissolution), and near-infrared and Raman scattering spectroscopy.

</sec><sec><title>Results:</title> We obtained 11 samples of Diflucan^® tablets from all 11 Japanese Internet sites identified in our search. Of 11 sites, 7 advertised fluconazole as having effects on female sexual function. Ten of the Diflucan^® samples were confirmed as genuine and one sample was falsified. The genuine Diflucan^® samples met the specifications of all quality evaluations. The packaging, size, and color of the falsified Diflucan^® sample obtained in this study differed from the authentic Diflucan^® tablet. The falsified Diflucan^® sample obtained in this study did not contain fluconazole and instead contained what appeared to be sildenafil citrate. The spectra of the falsified Diflucan^® tablet obtained in this study differed from the authentic Diflucan^® tablet in near-infrared and Raman scattering spectroscopy.

</sec><sec><title>Conclusion:</title> We confirmed that one falsified Diflucan^® tablet was distributed online. Thus, continued measures against falsified medicines are required.

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DOI： 10.1177/23992026211002089

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Other Link： http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full-xml/10.1177/23992026211002089

Authorship：Corresponding author   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：MDPI AG  

Substandard and falsified medicines are often reported worldwide. An accurate and rapid detection method for falsified medicines is needed to prevent human health hazards. Raman scattering spectroscopy has emerged as a non-destructive analysis method for the detection of falsified medicines. In this laboratory study, Raman spectroscopy was performed to evaluate the applicability of the ultra-compact Raman scattering spectrometer (C13560). Principal component analysis (PCA) was also performed on the Raman spectra. This study analyzed tadalafil (Cialis), vardenafil (Levitra), and sildenafil (Viagra) tablets. We tested the standard product and products purchased from the internet (genuine or falsified). For Cialis and Levitra, all falsified tablets were identified by the Raman spectra and PCA score plot. For Viagra, the Raman spectra of some falsified tablets were almost comparable to the standard tablet. The PCA score plots of falsified tablets were dispersed, and some plots of falsified tablets were close to the standard tablet. In conclusion, C13560 was useful for the discrimination of falsified Cialis and Levitra tablets, whereas some falsified Viagra tablets had Raman spectra similar to that of the standard tablet. The development of detection methods that can be introduced in various settings may help prevent the spread of falsified products.

DOI： 10.3390/pharmacy9010003

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Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：MDPI AG  

Background: Omega (ω) 3 fatty acid (FA) is a polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) that can modulate some mental statuses. However, most studies have not considered the functional differences between eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). We investigated associations among happiness, a sense of fulfillment and serum ω3 PUFA levels. Methods: Participants were 133 female staff from a hospital and nursing homes. Happiness was measured using the Japanese version of the subjective happiness scale (SHS); a sense of fulfillment was assessed using a visual analogue scale. Serum FA concentrations were measured. A partial correlation test and a regression model were applied. Results: The SHS scores showed significantly positive correlations with a sense of fulfillment, DHA% and EPA% (p &lt; 0.05, &lt; 0.05 and &lt; 0.005, respectively), after controlling for age, BMI, menopause, snacking habits and leisure-time physical activities. A sense of fulfillment was significantly negatively correlated with α-linoleic acid%, and positively correlated with DHA% and EPA% (p &lt; 0.05, &lt; 0.05 and &lt; 0.005, respectively), after controlling for the confounders. A regression model showed that a sense of fulfillment, EPA, and not stopping menstruation explained happiness (standardised beta, B = 0.18, p &lt; 0.05; B = 0.24, p &lt; 0.01; and B = 0.32, and p &lt; 0.05, respectively), whereas age, BMI and snacking habits could not. Simultaneously, a regression model could not explain the association between DHA and happiness. Conclusion: Happiness was related with serum EPA%, a sense of fulfillment, and premenopause.

DOI： 10.3390/nu12113462

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Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP)  

Accepted abstracts under the theme: REGULATORY SCIENCES (n=10)

DOI： 10.46542/pe.2020.203.133137

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Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP)  

Accepted abstracts under the theme: REGULATORY SCIENCES (n=10)

DOI： 10.46542/pe.2020.203.133137

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DOI： 10.3390/pharmacy8010045

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Authorship：Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

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Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Elsevier BV  

DOI： 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2019.109825

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Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene  

DOI： 10.4269/ajtmh.19-0247

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Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Elsevier BV  

DOI： 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.112872

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Authorship：Corresponding author   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：MDPI AG  

Medicine falsification is a global issue. Viagra, an erectile dysfunction therapeutic (EDT) medicine consisting primarily of sildenafil citrate, is the most commonly falsified medicine worldwide. Recently falsified EDTs have been reported multiple times in developing countries. The globalization of falsified EDTs has become a concern. In the present study, we selected sildenafil citrate tablets as an indicator and examined samples from a developing country, Cambodia, to investigate the availability of falsified sildenafil tablets in Cambodia and verify the current globalization status of falsified medicines from the standpoint of a developing country. Six samples of the originator Viagra, and 68 samples of generic sildenafil products were purchased from private drug outlets and wholesalers in Phnom Penh, Svay Rieng, and Battambang. The samples’ manufacturers were contacted to authenticate the samples. The quantities and dissolution rates of active ingredients were measured by a high-performance liquid chromatography system with photodiode array. Five generic samples were strongly suspected to be falsified medicines because of their extremely low quality; however, there was little distribution and no falsified medicine alleged to be produced by the originator of Viagra, which charges high prices. That finding indicates that falsification reflects local economic circumstances.

DOI： 10.3390/pharmacy7030111

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Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Wiley  

DOI： 10.1111/tmi.13161

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Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：MDPI AG  

Studies concerning patient demands are mainly conducted at hospitals and pharmacies, whereas few surveys have been conducted on drug stores. The demand for drug stores is estimated to be increasing with growing needs for self-medication. Thus, conducting a customer survey at drug stores is thought to be valuable. The aim of the current study was to clarify the structure of customers’ demands for drug stores. The survey was conducted on 190 customers of 19 drug stores in Japan. The questionnaire consisted of 24 items using a 9-point Likert scale. The IBM SPSS Statistics version 23 (IBM Japan, Tokyo, Japan) and Amos version 5 (IBM Japan, Tokyo, Japan) were utilized to perform factor analysis. Gender did not influence the response to each question. Factor analysis showed that the structure of customers’ demands consisted of three factors: (1) an explanation about medicine, (2) staff’s manners, and (3) location of drug stores. Because fit indices suggested a good fit, this three-factor solution was adopted as the final factor structure. This study demonstrated the structure of customers’ demands for drug stores, with the potential for use in promotion of self-medication.

DOI： 10.3390/pharmacy6030098

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Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：MDPI AG  

Many poor-quality medicines are supplied to patients mainly in developing countries. No systematic survey on counterfeit medicines has been conducted in Myanmar since 1999. The purpose of this study was to investigate the current situation of substandard or counterfeit medicines in Myanmar. Samples of oral medicines, cefuroxime axetil (CXM), donepezil hydrochloride (DN) and omeprazole (OM), and injections, ceftriaxone sodium (CTRX), and gentamicin sulfate (GM), were collected from pharmacies, hospitals, and wholesalers in Yangon, Myanmar in 2014. Authenticity and quality were verified. There were 221 (94%) foreign medicines among 235 collected samples. Five samples of GM and 1 DN sample were not registered with the Food and Drug Administration, Myanmar. In quality analysis, 36 samples out of 177 (20.3%) did not pass quantity tests, 27 samples out of 176 (15.3%) did not pass content uniformity tests, and 23 out of 128 samples (18.0%) did not pass dissolution tests. Three of the unregistered GM samples failed in both identification and microbial assay tests. Counterfeit GM is being sold in Yangon. Also, the quality of OM is a matter of concern. Poor-quality medicines were frequently found among the products of a few manufacturers. Regular surveys to monitor counterfeit and substandard medicines in Myanmar are recommended.

DOI： 10.3390/pharmacy6030096

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Blackwell Publishing Ltd  

DOI： 10.1111/tmi.13028

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本病院薬剤師会  

2017年1月に、C型肝炎治療薬「ハーボニー配合錠」の偽造薬が発見され、これまで偽造医薬品に対して認識が低かった国内においても、医薬品の流通確保の重要性が認識され始めた。偽造医薬品による健康被害の抑止や、医薬品の品質確保のための対策が日本においても喫緊の課題となっている。1)偽造医薬品問題、2)偽造医薬品とは、3)国内外の偽造医薬品の現状、4)偽造医薬品対策、5)薬剤師としての役割、について概説した。

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene  

DOI： 10.4269/ajtmh.17-0553

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DOI： 10.1186/s40360-017-0138-5

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DOI： 10.11197/jaih.32.233

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene  

DOI： 10.4269/ajtmh.16-0971

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Authorship：Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： 10.1186/s12906-015-0955-2

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日経BP社  

偽造医薬品に関連する事件数は、世界的に増加傾向にある（図1）。偽造医薬品による損失は、全世界の医薬品産業（2010年は8913億ドル2））の1〜10％に達するとの推計すらある3）。 偽造医薬品は、犯罪性物品であるため、そのまん延量や金額を正確に把握すること…

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Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Scientific Research Publishing, Inc.  

DOI： 10.4236/pp.2014.55062

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Authorship：Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： 10.1186/2050-6511-15-13

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： 10.1177/2168479013500966

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Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Scientific Research Publishing, Inc.  

DOI： 10.4236/pp.2013.45061

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： 10.1186/2050-6511-14-33

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： 10.1186/2050-6511-14-33

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Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Scientific Research Publishing, Inc.  

DOI： 10.4236/pp.2013.47074

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Other Link： http://www.scirp.org/journal/doi.aspx?DOI=10.4236/pp.2013.47074

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本社会薬学会  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： 10.1002/pds.3285

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本社会薬学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本社会薬学会  

J-GLOBAL

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： 10.1136/bmjopen-2012-000854

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DOI： 10.1186/1472-6963-11-306

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：公益財団法人 医療科学研究所  

Sibutramine products, which were not approved in Japan, but were the most popular anti-obesity agents on-line, were purchased through on-line brokers in 2008. Fiftythree parcels consisted of 9 products were obtained from 32 on-line brokers.&lt;br&gt;These products are prescription medicines in countries where they are approved, but no brokers informed us of this, or requested prescriptions. Package inserts were written in various foreign languages, including Polish and Turkish, or were absent. An explanatory note in Japanese on dosage and administration accompanied several parcels,but the maximum dose was described as nearly three times that in the proper package insert.&lt;br&gt;The Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare&amp;rsquo;s guidance to patients wishing to import medicines personally is that they should not import more than one month&amp;rsquo;s supply. The majority of parcels included more than one month&amp;rsquo;s supply and the maximum was 10 times this amount. A few parcels failed content uniformity tests. One product had not been approved by any government. After the suspension of market authorization of sibtramine products in Europe and the USA in 2010, several sites continued to offer supplies.&lt;br&gt;Consumers are individually responsible for personal imports, and poor management by stakeholders puts them at risk. They should be made aware that emerging outlets such as the internet bypass the conventional protection framework, and should take great care.&lt;br&gt;Internet sales easily cross borders, and international cooperation would be indispensable to improve the situation. Personally imported pharmaceutical parcels to Japan were dispatched from several neighboring countries, including Cambodia, China, Hong Kong, India, and Thailand, and also from the Philippines, USA, and UK. Cooperation with these countries would be indispensable for the control of personal imports to protect Japanese public health.

DOI： 10.4091/iken.21.55

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DOI： 10.1248/yakushi.130.1029

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：一般社団法人 日本医療薬学会  

DOI： 10.20825/amjsphcs.20.0_421_5

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DOI： 10.1124/dmd.107.019513

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本医療薬学会  

市販のデータベース作製ソフトを用いて漢方薬の医薬品情報シート(漢方薬服薬指導シート)を作成し、視覚的見解、内容とその理解度、有用性を評価するため、和漢診療科病棟の入院患者28名を対象にアンケート調査を行った。データベースは患者登録ファイル、生薬登録ファイル、漢方薬登録ファイル、服薬指導シート作成ファイル、服薬指導シート保存ファイルから構成され、生薬239品目、約束処方560処方を収載した。その結果、視覚的に見やすいという回答以外にレイアウトの改善を求める回答も得られ、内容についてはそれぞれの生薬の効能効果や副作用に関する情報がほしいという回答があった。服用している漢方薬について理解できた、興味を持てたなどの回答が得られ、今回作成したシートは患者の漢方薬に対する関心を深めるために有用であると考えられた。

DOI： 10.5649/jjphcs.33.15

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DOI： 10.1016/j.fct.2006.07.003

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DOI： 10.1002/pds.1197

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DOI： 10.1002/jps.20563

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DOI： 10.1016/j.taap.2005.04.001

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DOI： 10.20825/amjsphcs.18.0_250_5

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薬局の備蓄品目数は年々増えていますし、新薬だけでなく後発医薬品も続々と登場しているので、目にしたことのない薬剤を取り扱う機会は増えています。高額医薬品であれば、なおさら外箱を開封して薬剤を確認しておくことは難しいでしょう。 ですから、新た…

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