担当区分：最終著者,　責任著者   記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：IGI Global  

<p>Disagreements in interpreting words in software requirements specifications (SRSs) can lead to project failure. Various approaches to identifying and preventing ambiguous words in SRSs have been proposed. Yet, it is unclear which ambiguous words are used in the actual SRSs and to what extent they need to be modified. This paper quantitatively analyzes existing SRSs to clarify (1) how many ambiguous words are included in SRSs and (2) how many of these words require correction. This paper targets the Request for Proposals (RFPs), which describe the initial requirements of 40 systems of local governments, libraries, universities, and hospitals in Japan. Ten ambiguous Japanese words were analyzed. The result shows that “juubun” (sufficient) appeared most frequently, and 42% required correction when this word was used. The result also indicates that the number of ambiguous words varied greatly among the RFPs and that larger RFPs did not necessarily contain more ambiguous words.</p>

DOI： 10.4018/ijsi.358012

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担当区分：最終著者,　責任著者   記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

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担当区分：最終著者,　責任著者   記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（国際会議プロシーディングス）  

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担当区分：最終著者,　責任著者   記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（国際会議プロシーディングス）  

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担当区分：最終著者,　責任著者   掲載種別：研究論文（国際会議プロシーディングス）   出版者・発行元：IEEE  

DOI： 10.1109/sera61261.2024.10685614

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担当区分：最終著者,　責任著者   掲載種別：研究論文（国際会議プロシーディングス）   出版者・発行元：IEEE  

DOI： 10.1109/sera61261.2024.10685556

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担当区分：最終著者,　責任著者   掲載種別：研究論文（国際会議プロシーディングス）   出版者・発行元：IEEE  

DOI： 10.1109/sera61261.2024.10685583

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担当区分：最終著者,　責任著者   記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

DOI： 10.11309/jssst.41.1_75

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担当区分：最終著者   記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（国際会議プロシーディングス）   出版者・発行元：IEEE  

DOI： 10.1109/iiai-aai-winter61682.2023.00050

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（国際会議プロシーディングス）   出版者・発行元：IEEE  

DOI： 10.1109/iiai-aai-winter61682.2023.00032

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担当区分：最終著者   記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（国際会議プロシーディングス）   出版者・発行元：IEEE  

DOI： 10.1109/iiai-aai-winter61682.2023.00031

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担当区分：最終著者,　責任著者   記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

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掲載種別：研究論文（国際会議プロシーディングス）   出版者・発行元：IEEE  

DOI： 10.1109/issrew60843.2023.00044

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担当区分：最終著者,　責任著者   記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（国際会議プロシーディングス）  

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担当区分：最終著者   記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（国際会議プロシーディングス）   出版者・発行元：IEEE  

DOI： 10.1109/iv60283.2023.00030

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担当区分：最終著者,　責任著者   記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（国際会議プロシーディングス）   出版者・発行元：Research Square Platform LLC  

Abstract

This paper proposes a cost-effectiveness metric for association rule mining suitable for software defect prediction where conditions of defective modules are characterized as association rules.Given a certain amount of test effort (or the number of test cases), the proposed metric is the expected number of defects to be discovered in modules that meet an association rule.Since the amount test effort is limited in general and full testing of all modules is ineffective, the proposed metric is useful to focus on the most cost effective set of modules to be tested with limited test effort. The proposed metric is defined based on the exponential Software Reliability Growth Model (SRGM) extended with the module size parameter, assuming that a larger module require more effort to discover defects. To evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed metric, association rules were extracted and prioritized based on the proposed metric using data sets of four open source software projects. The LOC-based cumulative-lift chart, which is often used to evaluate the cost effectiveness of defect prediction, shows that the proposed metric can focus on the rules that can discover more defects than the conventional association rule metrics, confidence and odds ratio.

DOI： 10.21203/rs.3.rs-1988568/v1

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その他リンク： https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-1988568/v1.html

担当区分：最終著者   記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)  

DOI： 10.1109/access.2023.3266731

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担当区分：最終著者,　責任著者   記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（国際会議プロシーディングス）  

DOI： 10.1109/SERA57763.2023.10197645

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その他リンク： https://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/conf/sera/sera2023.html#MatsumotoNSM23

担当区分：最終著者,　責任著者   掲載種別：研究論文（国際会議プロシーディングス）  

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担当区分：最終著者   記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（国際会議プロシーディングス）   出版者・発行元：IEEE  

DOI： 10.1109/iiai-aai-winter58034.2022.00041

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担当区分：最終著者   掲載種別：研究論文（国際会議プロシーディングス）   出版者・発行元：IEEE  

DOI： 10.1109/iiai-aai-winter58034.2022.00030

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担当区分：最終著者   掲載種別：研究論文（国際会議プロシーディングス）   出版者・発行元：IEEE  

DOI： 10.1109/iiai-aai-winter58034.2022.00021

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掲載種別：研究論文（国際会議プロシーディングス）   出版者・発行元：IEEE  

DOI： 10.1109/apsec57359.2022.00069

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掲載種別：研究論文（国際会議プロシーディングス）   出版者・発行元：IEEE  

DOI： 10.1109/iwsc55060.2022.00017

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担当区分：最終著者,　責任著者  

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担当区分：最終著者,　責任著者   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)  

DOI： 10.1109/access.2022.3188246

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掲載種別：研究論文（国際会議プロシーディングス）  

DOI： 10.1145/3524842.3529093

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その他リンク： https://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/conf/msr/msr2022.html#TsunodaMTTBNNM22

掲載種別：研究論文（国際会議プロシーディングス）  

Most e-learning systems deliver solely visual information, even though they boast a huge potential for supporting the learners using various other capabilities (e.g. camera, speakers) of the hosting platform (i.e. computer, smart phone etc.). In this study, we focus deploying one such potential, namely audio stimuli (informative and non-informative), for supporting rote learning of different types of learning material (i.e. easy verbal, hard verbal and numerical). Our results indicate that audio stimuli do not provide a significant benefit for studying easy verbal content, but there is a big room for improvement concerning other content types (hard verbal and numerical). Interestingly, despite the general implications of dual-coding theory, human-readout of hard verbal contents is observed not to provide any significant improvement over visual-only stimuli. However, to our surprise, non-informative audio stimuli (i.e. bell sound) are observed to provide an improvement, whereas numerical content is observed to benefit in a similar way from informative and non-informative audio. Based on these results, in the future we aim developing an automatic learning support system, which triggers the appropriate audio stimuli, taking in consideration the type of content.

DOI： 10.1109/IIAIAAI55812.2022.00057

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掲載種別：研究論文（国際会議プロシーディングス）  

This study focuses on a specific type of subset selection problem, which is constrained in terms of the rank bi-serial correlation (RBSC) coefficient of the outputs. For solving such problems, we propose an approach with several advantages such as (i) providing a clear insight into the feasibility of the problem with respect to the hyper-parameters, (ii) being non-iterative, (iii) having a foreseeable running time, and (iv) with the potential to yield non-deterministic (diverse) outputs. In particular, the proposed approach is based on starting from a composition of subsets with an extreme value of the RBSC coefficient (e.g. ρ=1) and swapping certain elements of the subsets in order to adjust ρ into the desired range. The proposed method is superior to the previously proposed RBSC-SubGen, which attempts to solve the problem before confirming its feasibility, taking random steps, and has unforeseeable running times and saturation issues.

DOI： 10.1109/IIAIAAI55812.2022.00076

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担当区分：最終著者,　責任著者   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

In evaluating the performance of software defect prediction models, accuracy measures such as precision and recall are commonly used. However, most of these measures are affected by neg/pos ratio of the data set being predicted, where neg is the number of negative cases (defect-free modules) and pos is the number of positive cases (defective modules). Thus, it is not fair to compare such values across different data sets with different neg/pos ratios and it may even lead to misleading or contradicting conclusions. The objective of this study is to address the class imbalance issue in assessing performance of defect prediction models. The proposed method relies on computation of expected values of accuracy measures based solely on the value of the neg and pos values of the data set. Based on the expected values, we derive the neg/pos-normalized accuracy measures, which are defined as their divergence from the expected value divided by the standard deviation of all possible prediction outcomes. The proposed measures enable us to provide a ranking of predictions across different data sets, which can distinguish between successful predictions and unsuccessful predictions. Our results derived from a case study of defect prediction based on 19 defect data sets indicate that ranking of predictions is significantly different than the ranking of conventional accuracy measures such as precision and recall as well as composite measures F1-value, AUC of ROC, MCC, G-mean and Balance. In addition, we conclude that MCC attains a better defect prediction accuracy than F1-value, AUC of ROC, G-mean and Balance.

DOI： 10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3232144

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担当区分：最終著者   掲載種別：研究論文（国際会議プロシーディングス）   出版者・発行元：IEEE  

DOI： 10.1109/IV56949.2022.00034

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その他リンク： https://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/conf/iv/iv2022.html#SasakuraTM22

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（国際会議プロシーディングス）  

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（国際会議プロシーディングス）  

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担当区分：責任著者   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

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担当区分：責任著者   記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（国際会議プロシーディングス）  

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担当区分：責任著者   記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（国際会議プロシーディングス）  

DOI： 10.1109/SNPD51163.2021.9704932

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その他リンク： https://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/conf/snpd/snpd2021.html#NakamuraMSU21

担当区分：責任著者   記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（国際会議プロシーディングス）  

DOI： 10.1109/SNPD51163.2021.9704983

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担当区分：責任著者   記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（国際会議プロシーディングス）  

DOI： 10.1109/SNPD51163.2021.9704927

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（国際会議プロシーディングス）  

DOI： 10.1109/icsme52107.2021.00074

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担当区分：責任著者   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

DOI： 10.1587/transinf.2020edl8098

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

DOI： 10.1587/transinf.2020mpp0004

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

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掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

In this study, we quantitatively compare the effects of outlier handling methods in training datasets for model building on eight software effort estimation models (e.g., linear multiple regression, regression trees, random forests, support vector regression, etc.), and we evaluate the effectiveness of the data smoothing method proposed by the authors. In our experiments, we compare three outlier removal methods (outlier removal using Cook's distance, TEAK, and Filter-INC) in addition to the data smoothing method. Experimental results showed that the data smoothing method combined with the outlier detection method in Cook's distance or Filter-INC were found to build a model with good estimation performance.

DOI： 10.11309/jssst.38.3_83

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掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

Recently, automated machine learning (AutoML), which automates pre-processing, model selection, and hyperparameter adjustment, is becoming more and more popular, and it is expected to provide both ease of model construction and high prediction accuracy. In this study, we apply AutoML to software development effort estimation and experimentally evaluate its effectiveness. In our experiments, we employed auto-sklearn, which is an AutoML library, as well as linear multiple regression, elastic net, and random forest for comparison. A comparison of the estimation accuracy of each model by the win-tie-loss method confirmed that auto-sklearn showed the same or better estimation performance than other models. We also summarize the results of analyzing the effect of search time of auto-sklearn on the estimation accuracy.

DOI： 10.11309/jssst.38.4_46

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担当区分：責任著者   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

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担当区分：責任著者   掲載種別：研究論文（研究会，シンポジウム資料等）  

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担当区分：責任著者   掲載種別：研究論文（研究会，シンポジウム資料等）  

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担当区分：責任著者   掲載種別：研究論文（研究会，シンポジウム資料等）  

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担当区分：責任著者   掲載種別：研究論文（研究会，シンポジウム資料等）  

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担当区分：責任著者   掲載種別：研究論文（研究会，シンポジウム資料等）  

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担当区分：責任著者   掲載種別：研究論文（研究会，シンポジウム資料等）  

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担当区分：責任著者   掲載種別：研究論文（研究会，シンポジウム資料等）  

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担当区分：責任著者   掲載種別：研究論文（研究会，シンポジウム資料等）  

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記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：研究論文（国際会議プロシーディングス）   出版者・発行元：Japan Society for Software Science and Technology  

DOI： 10.11309/jssst.37.4_3

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担当区分：責任著者   記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

DOI： 10.1587/transinf.2019edp7150

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（国際会議プロシーディングス）  

DOI： 10.1109/iiai-aai50415.2020.00036

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担当区分：責任著者   掲載種別：研究論文（研究会，シンポジウム資料等）  

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担当区分：責任著者   掲載種別：研究論文（研究会，シンポジウム資料等）  

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

DOI： 10.1587/transinf.2019edp7279

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

DOI： 10.52731/ijltle.v3.i1.521

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

DOI： 10.1080/10447318.2020.1768666

Web of Science

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担当区分：責任著者   掲載種別：研究論文（研究会，シンポジウム資料等）  

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担当区分：責任著者   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

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担当区分：責任著者   掲載種別：研究論文（研究会，シンポジウム資料等）  

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担当区分：責任著者   掲載種別：研究論文（研究会，シンポジウム資料等）  

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担当区分：責任著者   掲載種別：研究論文（研究会，シンポジウム資料等）  

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担当区分：責任著者   掲載種別：研究論文（研究会，シンポジウム資料等）  

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（国際会議プロシーディングス）  

DOI： 10.1109/fie43999.2019.9028486

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（国際会議プロシーディングス）  

DOI： 10.1145/3349537.3352787

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掲載種別：研究論文（国際会議プロシーディングス）  

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担当区分：責任著者   掲載種別：研究論文（研究会，シンポジウム資料等）  

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掲載種別：研究論文（研究会，シンポジウム資料等）  

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（国際会議プロシーディングス）  

DOI： 10.1007/978-3-030-26118-4_8

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担当区分：責任著者   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（国際会議プロシーディングス）  

DOI： 10.1109/iiai-aai.2019.00052

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担当区分：責任著者   記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（国際会議プロシーディングス）  

DOI： 10.1109/SNPD.2019.8935642

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担当区分：責任著者   記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（国際会議プロシーディングス）  

Web of Science

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担当区分：責任著者   記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（国際会議プロシーディングス）  

Web of Science

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掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

In this paper, we propose an association rule A ) Correl(X, Y ) that handles a correlation function, where A is the prerequisite and Correl(X, Y ) is the correlation between variables X and Y . With this extension, we can find conditions whose correlation of arbitrary two variables is high (or low) from a given data set. Furthermore, in order to distinguish statistically significant correlation, we define the rule A ) TestCorrel(X, Y ) which holds the result of the correlation significance test in the conclusion section, where TestCorrel(X, Y ) is a p-value of no-correlation test between X and Y . In order to confirm the feasibility of the proposed method, a case study using software development data was conducted. We found that it is possible to distinguish projects that are suitable for predicting development effort and those that are not.

DOI： 10.11309/jssst.36.3_47

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掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

Auto-sklearn is a recent attention-gathering software library for automated machine learning that can au-tomatically select appropriate prediction models and hyper parameters for a given data set. In this paper we empirically evaluate the effectiveness of auto-sklearn in software bug prediction. In the experiment, we used software metrics of 20 OSS projects for inter-version bug prediction and compared auto-sklearn with random forrest, decision tree and linear descriminat analysis by using AUC of ROC curve as a performance measure. As a result, auto-sklearn showed similar prediction performance as random forrest. We conclude that, although auto-sklearn is useful for bug prediction, we cannot expect better prediction performance than conventional modeling techniques.

DOI： 10.11309/jssst.36.4_46

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記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：研究論文（国際会議プロシーディングス）   出版者・発行元：Japan Society for Software Science and Technology  

DOI： 10.11309/jssst.36.4_60

Scopus

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掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

DOI： 10.11309/jssst.36.4_2

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担当区分：責任著者   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：Institute of Electronics, Information and Communications Engineers (IEICE)  

DOI： 10.1587/transinf.2018EDP7020

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記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：Japan Society for Software Science and Technology  

In this paper, focusing on the problem that estimation accuracy of software development effort greatly varies among software projects, we propose a two-step effort estimation method, and conduct a feasibility study of the method. In the proposed method, given a project to be estimated, we evaluate the dependability of effort estimation for the project, that is, we evaluate whether the effort can be accurately estimated or not for the project. In case that the dependability is high, we conduct the estimation. Otherwise, estimation is avoided. As a result of an experiment to assess the feasibility of the proposed method, the residual square mean turned out to be a suitable measure of dependability
and, by avoiding the estimation when a project belongs to the high residual square mean group, the estimation error was reduced, which indicates the effectiveness of the two-step estimation. Also, by relaxing the conditions to avoid the estimation, we found that it is possible to increase the number of project to be estimated, while decreasing the estimation error.

DOI： 10.11309/jssst.35.1_194

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記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：日本ソフトウェア科学会  

&lt;p&gt;本論文では，ソフトウェアに含まれるバグを，行の粒度で予測することを試みる．提案方法では，ソースコードを探索するためのある大きさを持った窓を用意し，バグを含むソースコードの先頭から最後へ向けて窓をずらして走査を行うことで，バグを含む窓の集合と，含まない窓の集合を作成する．次に，各窓に含まれるソースコードのトークン列を入力として，各窓に対するバグを含む確率を出力とするスパムフィルタベースのバグ予測モデルを構築する．最後に，各窓に対する予測結果を統合し，各行に対するバグ混入確率を算出する．バグを 1 つだけ含むことが予め判明している 593 件のソースコード群を用いた実験の結果，窓の大きさを 3 行とした場合に，バグを含む確率が高いと予測された上位 10 行に全バグの 67.1% が含まれることが分かり，バグを行レベルで予測するという本試みの実現可能性を確認できた．&lt;/p&gt;

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掲載種別：研究論文（国際会議プロシーディングス）   出版者・発行元：IEEE  

DOI： 10.1109/APSEC.2018.00065

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掲載種別：研究論文（国際会議プロシーディングス）   出版者・発行元：CEUR-WS.org  

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：Taru Publications  

To detect the software theft, software birthmarks have been proposed. Software birthmark systems extract software birthmarks, which are native characteristics of software, from binary programs, and compare them by computing the similarity between birthmarks. This paper proposes a new procedure for scaling up the birthmark systems. While conventional birthmark systems are composed of the birthmark extraction phase and the birthmark comparison phase, the proposed method adds two new phases between extraction and comparison, namely, compression phase, which employs fuzzy hashing, and pre-comparison phase, which aims to increase distinction property of birthmarks. The proposed method enables us to reduce the required time in the comparison phase, so that it can be applied to detect software theft among many larger scale software products. From an experimental evaluation, the authors found that the proposed method significantly reduces the comparison time, and keeps the distinction performance, which is one of the important properties of the birthmark. Also, the preservation performance is acceptable when the threshold value is properly set.

DOI： 10.4018/IJSI.2017070107

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：IEEE COMPUTER SOC  

Software engineering beliefs-short, attention-getting, practically useful statements-can help to justify process improvements. The authors empirically validate four selected beliefs in relation to the increase or decrease of defects in system testing.

DOI： 10.1109/MITP.2017.31

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：IEICE-INST ELECTRONICS INFORMATION COMMUNICATIONS ENG  

To identify problems in a software development process, we have been developing an automated measurement tool called TaskPit, which monitors software development tasks such as programming, testing and documentation based on the execution history of software applications. This paper introduces the system requirements, design and implementation of TaskPit; then, presents two real-world case studies applying TaskPit to actual software development. In the first case study, we applied TaskPit to 12 software developers in a certain software development division. As a result, several concerns (to be improved) have been revealed such as (a) a project leader spent too much time on development tasks while he was supposed to be a manager rather than a developer, (b) several developers rarely used e-mails despite the company's instruction to use e-mail as much as possible to leave communication records during development, and (c) several developers wrote too long e-mails to their customers. In the second case study, we have recorded the planned, actual, and self reported time of development tasks. As a result, we found that (d) there were unplanned tasks in more than half of days, and (e) the declared time became closer day by day to the actual time measured by TaskPit. These findings suggest that TaskPit is useful not only for a project manager who is responsible for process monitoring and improvement but also for a developer who wants to improve by him/herself.

DOI： 10.1587/transinf.2016EDP7222

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV  

Recently, size of information system gets large, and the information system operation (IT operations) is often outsourced. When IT operations of the large system is outsourced, high cost is needed, and troubles in IT operations may affect the activity of the company. Therefore, the information system operation is important for the companies. Cost is one of the important factors when the system operation is outsourced. However, it is not easy for the customers (system users) to judge whether the operation cost is valid or not. To support the judgment, we focus on information which the customers can know (e.g., size of software), to estimate the working time. In the analysis, we clarified the factors which affect the working time. Then, data was stratified based on the factors, to show the benchmark of working time. Using the benchmark, customers estimate the working time roughly. Also, we clarified the factors which affect the unit cost, and showed the benchmark. Operation cost can be estimated, by estimated working time multiplied by the estimated unit cost. The analysis results showed that the process standardization relates to the working time of operators. Also, the network range and the contract type have a relationship to the unit cost of operators. Work efficiency and unit cost do not affect operation quality. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.scico.2016.10.006

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：SPRINGER  

Among numerous possible choices of effort estimation methods, analogy-based software effort estimation based on Case-based reasoning is one of the most adopted methods in both the industry and research communities. Solution adaptation is the final step of analogy-based estimation, employed to aggregate and adapt to solutions derived during the case-based reasoning process. Variants of solution adaptation techniques have been proposed in previous studies; however, the ranking of these techniques is not conclusive and shows conflicting results, since different studies rank these techniques in different ways. This paper aims to find a stable ranking of solution adaptation techniques for analogy-based estimation. Compared with the existing studies, we evaluate 8 commonly adopted solution techniques with more datasets (12), more feature selection techniques included (4), and more stable error measures (5) to a robust statistical test method based on the Brunner test. This comprehensive experimental procedure allows us to discover a stable ranking of the techniques applied, and to observe similar behaviors from techniques with similar adaptation mechanisms. In general, the linear adaptation techniques based on the functions of size and productivity (e.g., regression towards the mean technique) outperform the other techniques in a more robust experimental setting adopted in this study. Our empirical results show that project features with strong correlation to effort, such as software size or productivity, should be utilized in the solution adaptation step to achieve desirable performance. Designing a solution adaptation strategy in analogy-based software effort estimation requires careful consideration of those influential features to ensure its prediction is of relevant and accurate.

DOI： 10.1007/s10664-016-9434-8

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掲載種別：研究論文（国際会議プロシーディングス）  

© 2016 IEEE. The purpose of this research is to compare textual programming languages and visual programming languages from the aspect of motivation. As a textual programming language, Processing programming language was used, and as visual programming languages, Scratch, a derivation of Scratch, Teaching materials offered by code.org, and LEGO Mindstorms EV3 were used. Teaching materials using the textual programming language, and those using the visual programming languages were developed separately. A trial experiment of programming education with the textual programming language was conducted to a cohort of seven primary schoolchildren. Trial experiments with the visual programming languages were conducted twice. In each of them, a cohort of eight primary schoolchildren participated. The motivation of the children was assessed using the questionnaire based on the ARCS (Attention, Relevance, Confidence, and Satisfaction) motivation model. The results with the visual programming languages suggested that the motivation scores of the children increased as the class progressed when visual programming languages were used. On the other hand, the results with Processing suggested that the variance of Satisfaction factor increased as the class progressed when textual programming languages were used, which further suggested that the Satisfaction scores of the children spread as the class progressed when textual programming languages were used.

DOI： 10.1109/FIE.2016.7757571

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掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

© Copyright 2016 The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers. GitHub is a developers' social networking service that hosts a great number of open source software (OSS) projects. Although some of the hosted projects are growing and have many developers, most projects are organized by a few developers and face difficulties in terms of sustainability. OSS projects depend mainly on volunteer developers, and attracting and retaining these volunteers are major concerns of the project stakeholders. To investigate the population structures of OSS development communities in detail and conduct software analytics to obtain actionable information, we apply a demographic approach. Demography is the scientific study of population and seeks to identify the levels and trends in the size and components of a population. This paper presents a case study, investigating the characteristics of the population structures of OSS projects on GitHub, and shows population projections generated with the well-known cohort component method. We found that there are four types of population structures in OSS development communities in terms of experiences and contributions. In addition, we projected the future population accurately using a cohort component population projection method. This method predicts a population of the next period using a survival rate calculated from past population. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that applied demography to the field of OSS research. Our approach addressing OSS-related problems based on demography will bring new insights, since studying population is novel in OSS research. Understanding current and future structures of OSS projects can help practitioners to monitor a project, gain awareness of what is happening, manage risks, and evaluate past decisions.

DOI： 10.1587/transinf.2015EDP7363

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：日本ソフトウェア科学会  

DOI： 10.11309/jssst.33.1_27

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その他リンク： https://jlc.jst.go.jp/DN/JLC/20021882317?from=CiNii

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（国際会議プロシーディングス）   出版者・発行元：Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.  

In this research, a Textual Programming Language (TPL) is used in programming education for primary schoolchildren because of the following reasons: (1) it is more practical to use the programming languages similar to the ones used for developing real applications, (2) typing statements could be easier for primary schoolchildren than generally thought, (3) there exist programming environments such as Processing that are easy to use and produce very attractive graphical outcomes. Teaching material for programming education with Processing was developed. In this teaching material, cartoons were used to explain difficult concepts. The learners who use this teaching material were supposed to draw some computational figures with chosen colors. Trial experiments of programming education using this teaching material was conducted to a cohort of seven primary schoolchildren (six 4th grade and one 5th grade children) in two consecutive weekend classes (one hour each). Since the authors' aim of this programming education was to create a sense of fun and excitement in the children and inculcate a desire to engage with computing, the motivation of the children was assessed using the questionnaire based on the ARCS (Attention, Relevance, Confidence, and Satisfaction) motivation model. The results were encouraging and suggested that TPLs could be used in programming education for primary schoolchildren.

DOI： 10.1109/FIE.2015.7344187

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（国際会議プロシーディングス）   出版者・発行元：Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.  

In the past, the authors had been analyzing motivation of the learners in programming education using the ARCS assessment metric. This metric had been used in the application experiment in 13 programming courses, and about 1,700 sets of data was collected. From these data, the learners' model, characteristics of the change of motivation, and ways of improving teaching materials had been clarified. However, these study results were obtained after the terms, when the programming courses were over, and thus did not contribute much to the ongoing programming education. For this reason, in this research, the methods for predicting the change of learners' motivation were studied so that the learners who may need support could be identified. The idea came from the experiment the authors conducted, in which the motivation of learners was analyzed by plotting the motivation scores of each factor in the ARCS model as a 3D graph. As a result, a decreasing tendency of motivation was observed when the distribution of the plot widened. After studying the tendency in detail, it was thought to be due to the influence of the variance of sub-level category scores. In the proposed method, the motivation of each learner is assessed in each lesson using the ARCS assessment metric. If variance of the motivation scores of a learner in a lesson is above a certain threshold value AND if mean of the scores has not decreased from the previous lesson, then the learner is identified as a candidate of learner who needs support at that lesson. In the application experiment, a programming course with 9 lessons was offered and 9 learners attended all the 9 lessons. In the experiment, 7 cases had been identified as the candidates of learners who need support, and out of those 7 cases, a decrease of motivation to less than average was observed in 5 cases.

DOI： 10.1109/FIE.2014.7044221

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掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

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記述言語：日本語  

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記述言語：英語  

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記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：研究論文（その他学術会議資料等）  

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記述言語：日本語  

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（国際会議プロシーディングス）  

In this paper, a method for improving the teaching materials of programming education is introduced, and the evaluation of the effects of using the strategy is presented. By using this method, the teachers of programming education will be able to assess and improve their teaching materials irrespective of their knowledge and experience of their teaching materials already used. In this method, the teaching materials were improved based on the statistical analysis of the motivation of students. Specifically, the motivation of students was measured for each lower category of ARCS motivation model with the authors' original questionnaire. The lower category in a particular lesson that showed a statistically significant decrease from the previous lesson was identified, and the improvement strategies for the lower category were selected from the list of motivation strategies in the ARCS model. The teaching materials of programming education were then improved based on the strategy. In this research, five lower categories of particular lessons in a programming course were identified, and the teaching materials were improved. The improved teaching materials were used in the following programming course, and the effects of the improvements were seen in three lower categories out of the identified five lower categories. © 2013 IEEE.

DOI： 10.1109/FIE.2013.6684920

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記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：研究論文（その他学術会議資料等）  

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記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：研究論文（その他学術会議資料等）  

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（国際会議プロシーディングス）   出版者・発行元：Springer Verlag  

To prevent cost overrun of software projects, it is effective to predict the project which has high risk of cost overrun in the early phase of the project. In this paper, we clarify the risk factors which affect cost overrun. The risk factors are denoted by the questions such as Are the customer's project goals clear? The risk factors can be used as independent variables of the cost overrun prediction model. In the analysis, we used 290 projects' data collected in a software development company. The dataset was stratified by the project start time and the project size to eliminate their influence, and relationships between risk factors and cost overrun were analyzed with the correlation ratio. In addition, we focused risk factors which have strong and stable relationships to cost overrun, and analyzed them using the Sharpe ratio based index. As a result, we identified some risk factors which have relatively strong and stable relationships to cost overrun. After the analysis, we experimentally predicted cost overrun projects by collaborative filtering, using the risk factors as independent variables. The result suggested that cost overrun projects can be predicted by the risk factors. © 2013 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.

DOI： 10.1007/978-3-642-32172-6_14

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（国際会議プロシーディングス）  

Background: Accurate effort estimation is the basis of the software development project management. The linear regression model is one of the widely-used methods for the purpose. A dataset used to build a model often includes categorical variables denoting such as programming languages. Categorical variables are usually handled with two methods: the stratification and dummy variables. Those methods have a positive effect on accuracy but have shortcomings. The other handing method, the interaction and the hierarchical linear model (HLM), might be able to compensate for them. However, the two methods have not been examined in the research area. Aim: giving useful suggestions for handling categorical variables with the stratification, transforming dummy variables, the interaction, or HLM, when building an estimation model. Method: We built estimation models with the four handling methods on ISBSG, NASA, and Desharnais datasets, and compared accuracy of the methods with each other. Results: The most effective method was different for datasets, and the difference was statistically significant on both mean balanced relative error (MBRE) and mean magnitude of relative error (MMRE). The interaction and HLM were effective in a certain case. Conclusions: The stratification and transforming dummy variables should be tried at least, for obtaining an accurate model. In addition, we suggest that the application of the interaction and HLM should be considered when building the estimation model. Copyright 2012 ACM.

DOI： 10.1145/2372251.2372267

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記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

This paper aims to clarify factors related to software maintenance efficiency, to suppress maintenance cost of a user company. We defined maintenance amount per engineer (the number of maintained programs / the number of engineers) as maintenance efficiency, and analyzed the cross-company dataset of software maintenance collected by the Economic Research Association. A multiple regression analysis showed that the status of maintenance process standardization is the factor which can be controlled by the user and has relationship to maintenance efficiency. Maintenance process standardization is expected to make maintenance efficiency about 8 times better (at least about 2 times better, and at most about 35 times better).

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：WORLD SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PTE LTD  

This study describes a new method of development visualization along with empirical evidence of its usefulness.
Typically, development activities such as program design, programming, and unit testing are not disclosed to the procurement organization (project owner). However, during integration and testing, various issues require collaboration between the procurement organization and developers. When this occurs, it is important to make the development process visible. Recent reports indicate the usefulness for project management of various in-process project measurements which allow visualization of the formerly invisible software project progress [1-6].
Based on this background, the authors investigated a case study where in-process measurement during the integration and test phase helped to make development issues visible. In this study, data obtained from the integration and testing phase were compared to a development process model.
This model was based on the author&apos;s experience, and provided a vivid picture of the development activity. By applying in-process measurements in collaboration during the integration test phase, the development activity was clearly visualized, and the procurement organization understood problems.

DOI： 10.1142/S0218194011005323

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：IEEE COMPUTER SOC  

DOI： 10.1109/MS.2010.159

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その他リンク： http://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/journals/software/software28.html#journals/software/MondenOMM11

掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

DOI： 10.11309/jssst.28.1_300

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（国際会議プロシーディングス）  

Recently, software functional size becomes larger, and consequently, not only a software developer but also a software purchaser suffers considerable losses by software project failure. So avoiding project failure is also important for purchasers. Project supervision (monitoring and control) is expected for the purchaser to suppress risk of project failure. It is performed by sharing software metrics during the project for the purchaser to grasp the status of the project, and corrective actions are done based on analysis results of the metrics. Although there are some software measurement models, the models are not enough to describe how to confirm effects of project supervision. To acquire the effects certainly, the purchaser and the developer should quantitatively confirm whether the effects are acquired or not by project supervision. In addition, the models cannot represent corrective actions when symptoms of project failure are found. We propose the model for project supervision. The model explains planning, collecting data, transforming data, analyzing data, reaction toward found issues, and confirming effect of project supervision. With our model, project supervision can be described more rigorously. © 2011 IEEE.

DOI： 10.1109/IWSM-MENSURA.2011.31

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DOI： 10.1109/IWSM-MENSURA.2011.12

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DOI： 10.1109/IWSM-MENSURA.2011.9

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（国際会議プロシーディングス）  

To prevent cost overrun of software projects, it is necessary for project managers to identify projects which have high risk of cost overrun in the early phase. So far, discriminant methods such as linear discriminant analysis and logistic regression have been used to predict cost overrun projects. However, accuracy of discriminant methods often becomes low when a dataset used for predict is imbalanced, i.e. there exists a large difference between the number of cost overrun projects and non cost overrun projects. In this paper, we compared accuracy of linear discriminant analysis, logistic regression, classification tree, Mahalanobis-Taguchi method, and collaborative filtering, by changing the percentage of cost overrun projects in the dataset. The result showed that collaborative filtering was highest accuracy among five methods. When the number of cost overrun projects and non cost overrun was balanced in the dataset, linear discriminant analysis was second highest accuracy, and when it was not balanced, Mahalanobis-Taguchi method was second highest among five methods. © 2011 IEEE.

DOI： 10.1109/ICIS.2011.71

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記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

Source Lines of Code (SLOC) is a most basic and widely-used program size measure in software project management and/or quality assurance although it greatly depends on a programmer who implemented the program. To build a programmer-independent program size measure, this paper analyzed 9 independentlybuilt C programs of a same functional specification, and found that 3 base measures (the number of tokens, tokens of code clones, and function parameters) are useful to eliminate programmer-dependent aspects of SLOC. A new size measure called Adjusted Length of Code (ALOC) built upon these 3 base measures showed that variations of size in ALOC was at most 1.22 times difference among 9 programs while SLOC showed 3.16 times difference. Furthermore, ALOC showed at most 1.60 times difference among another 6 independently-built programs of an alternative specification while SLOC showed 4.66 times difference among these programs. These results suggest that the new measure ALOC can reduce the programmer-dependent aspects of program size and can be used as a better size measure in project management.

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記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

This paper proposes a program camouflage method to protect software from reverse engineering. The user of the proposed method only has to construct a piece of fake source code by modifying a piece of original source code. When an attacker statically analyzes the program that is protected by the method, the program looks like the fake code (with self-modification code fragments). However, when the program is executed, the original code is performed. The proposed method is effective especially in hiding secret instructions/data from static analysis, and preventing the extraction and reuse of secret parts in the program.

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（国際会議プロシーディングス）  

CiNii Article

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記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

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記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

To deal with missing data in historical project data sets is an important issue for constructing effort estimation models. Past researches have showed that the similarity-based imputation showed high estimation performance. However, it is unclear if it is still effective for small data sets. In this paper, using multiple data sets with different project cases each extracted from ISBSG data set, we present an experimental evaluation among four methods: mean imputation, similarity-based imputation, row-column deletion and pairwise deletion. The result showed that the row-column deletion showed better performance than similarity-based imputation for data sets not exceeding 220 cases.

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記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：研究論文（研究会，シンポジウム資料等）  

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（国際会議プロシーディングス）  

Predictive models can be used in the detection of fault prone modules using source code metrics as inputs for the classifier. However, there exist numerous structural measures that capture different aspects of size, coupling and complexity. Identifying a metric subset that enhances the performance for the predictive objective would not only improve the model but also provide insights into the structural properties that lead to problematic modules. Another difficulty in building predictive models comes from unbalanced datasets, which are common in empirical software engineering as a majority of the modules are not likely to be faulty. Oversampling attempts to overcome this deficiency by generating new training instances from the faulty modules. We present the results of applying searchbased metric selection and oversampling to three NASA datasets. For these datasets, oversampling results in the largest improvement. Metric subset selection was able to reduce up to 52% of the metrics without decreasing the predictive performance gained with oversampling. © 2010 IEEE.

DOI： 10.1109/CCECE.2010.5575249

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記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

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記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（国際会議プロシーディングス）  

DOI： 10.1109/ICSM.2010.5609530

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（国際会議プロシーディングス）  

To construct a better multivariate regression model for software effort estimation, this paper proposes a method to automatically select projects as fit data (a dataset for model construction) from a given project data set based on an estimation target's features. As a result of an experimental evaluation using the ISBSG data set, which is one of the most commonly used project data sets for effort estimation studies, the proposed method showed better estimation performance than the conventional method (of constructing a model using all project data). The median of MRE (Magnitude of Relative Error) was improved from 0.552 to 0.383, and also the median of MER (Magnitude of Error Relative) was improved from 0.457 to 0.381. While regression models were often constructed using all available project data, this paper showed the necessity of fit data selection, and showed that the proposed method is one of the effective and systematic means of doing the selection.

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掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

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記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：研究論文（研究会，シンポジウム資料等）   出版者・発行元：電子情報通信学会  

高品質なソフトウェアを作成するためには,早期段階で多くの不具合を含む可能性のある低品質モジュールを特定することが重要となる.そのために,線形判別分析,ロジスティック回帰分析,ニューラルネットワークなど様々なモデルが多数提案されている.しかし,従来手法では主にソースコードから計測されたメトリクスを用いていたため,予測のタイミングが実装工程完了後に限定されていた.本研究ではソフトウェアタグに含まれる設計文書メトリクスを用いて,低品質モジュールの予測を試みる.設計文書メトリクスを利用することで設計工程完了時に予測を行い,実装工程における品質改善活動に寄与することができる.重回帰分析・遺伝的プログラミングを適用した結果,ランダムな手法に比べて高い精度で低品質モジュールを特定することができた.

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

DOI： 10.1007/s10799-009-0050-9

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記述言語：日本語  

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記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：研究論文（研究会，シンポジウム資料等）  

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記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：研究論文（研究会，シンポジウム資料等）  

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記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：研究論文（研究会，シンポジウム資料等）  

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：経済調査会  

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記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：日本ソフトウェア科学会  

DOI： 10.11309/jssst.26.3_44

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記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：一般社団法人情報処理学会  

ソフトウェアの信頼性確保を目的として,faultの有無を推定するモデル(faultproneモジュール判別モデル)が数多く提案されている.しかし,どのようにテスト工数を割り当てるのかといったfault-proneモジュール判別モデルの判別結果の利用方法についての議論はほとんどされておらず,信頼性確保の効果は不明確であった.そこで,本論文では,faultの有無の判別,テスト工数の割当て,ソフトウェア信頼性の関係のモデル化を行い,TEAR(Test Effort Allocation and software Reliability)モデルを提案する.TEARモデルにより,与えられた総テスト工数の枠内で,ソフトウェア信頼性が最大となるような(モジュールごとの)テスト工数割当ての計画立案が可能となる.TEARモデルを用いてシミュレーションを行った結果,推定される判別精度が高い,もしくは,fault含有モジュールが少ない場合には,fault-proneモジュールに多くのテスト工数を割り当てた方がよく,推定される判別精度が低い,もしくは,fault含有モジュールを多く含む場合には,判別結果に基づいてテスト工数を割り当てるべきではないことが分かった.

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記述言語：日本語  

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記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：一般社団法人情報処理学会  

本論文では,汎用性の高い/低いコンポーネントに対する,協調フィルタリングを用いたコンポーネント推薦(亀井ら,2006年)の効果を明らかにするために,2つの仮説,(1) 汎用性の高いコンポーネントに対する推薦精度が従来手法(ランダム推薦法,平均値に基づく推薦法)より高い,(2) 汎用性の低いコンポーネントに対する推薦精度が従来手法より高い,を実験的に検証した.推薦精度を調べるために,29件のプロジェクト(使用されているコンポーネントの総数は2,558個)を用いて評価実験を行った.その結果,仮説(2) が支持され,協調フィルタリングを用いたコンポーネント推薦は汎用性の低いコンポーネントに対して特に効果がある(NDPMの中央値が0.55から0.33へ改善した)ことが分かった.

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：独立行政法人 情報処理推進機構 ソフトウェア高信頼化センター  

重回帰分析により工数見積りモデルを構築する場合、プロジェクトを層別したデータセットを作成し、層別ごとに見積りモデルを構築することが望ましい。本稿では、生産性と関連が強いプロジェクト特性を用いて財団法人経済調査会が収集した153プロジェクトから43プロジェクトの実績データを分析した結果と見積もり精度の向上結果について報告する。

DOI： 10.11186/secjournal.5.58

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その他リンク： https://jlc.jst.go.jp/DN/JALC/00329157843?from=CiNii

記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：研究論文（その他学術会議資料等）  

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記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（国際会議プロシーディングス）  

Recent research has clarified the usefulness of in-process measurement of a software development project. Past research showed the need for technology to perform in-process measurement of a software development project and utilize the results. Research continues on methods of measurement, analysis, visualization, and feedback of the results, suited to different software development structures. In this paper, the authors present an empirical study focused on requirements for feedback of measurement results. Japanese industry generally uses a hierarchical industrial structure to develop large information systems. In such an environment, effective feedback of measurement results requires different approaches from those that apply to homogenous and flat development organizations. This research illustrates conditions for effective feedback in a hierarchically structured development organization based on actual measurements.

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（国際会議プロシーディングス）  

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（国際会議プロシーディングス）  

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：経済調査会  

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記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：情報処理推進機構ソフトウェア・エンジニアリング・センター  

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：情報処理学会  

ソフトウェア開発における多変数の実績データを用いた工数見積りでは，その精度を高めるうえで，見積りに不要な変数を除去することが必須となる．しかし，近年注目されているプロジェクト間の類似性に基づく工数見積り方法（analogy-based法）においては，その特性を活かした変数選択法が提案されていない．本論文では，「説明変数（プロジェクト特性）の値が似ているプロジェクトどうしは工数も似た値をとる」というanalogy-based法の考え方を踏襲し，目的変数である工数との相関係数が低い説明変数を除去することで，説明変数の値が似ていれば目的変数の値も似ているという状態を保つように変数選択する方法Correlation Threshold based Selection（CTS）を提案する．ソフトウェア開発企業で収集された3種類の開発実績データセットを用いた評価実験の結果，CTSは，従来手法であるステップワイズ変数選択法と比べて計算量が小さく，特に，カテゴリ変数の数が少ない場合に，安定して精度を改善することができた．Analogy-based estimation methods have been studied for deriving an accurate effort estimate required to complete a project; however, few studies have focused on their variable selection methods. Here, variables to be selected are predictor variables (e.g. development size and development duration, etc.) related to an objective variable (effort). In this paper, we propose Correlation Threshold based Selection (CTS) method that exploits the basic concept of analogy-based estimation where efforts are similar if predictor variables are similar. The proposed method requires few amount of calculation while it can accurately exclude variables that do not correlate with the effort. This paper experimentally evaluated the effectiveness of the proposed method by using three data sets collected from software development companies. The result showed that the proposed method provided high estimation accuracy for projects having larger number of predictor variables.

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記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：一般社団法人情報処理学会  

ソフトウェア開発における多変数の実績データを用いた工数見積りでは,その精度を高めるうえで,見積りに不要な変数を除去することが必須となる.しかし,近年注目されているプロジェクト間の類似性に基づく工数見積り方法(analogy-based法)においては,その特性を活かした変数選択法が提案されていない.本論文では,「説明変数(プロジェクト特性)の値が似ているプロジェクトどうしは工数も似た値をとる」というanalogy-based法の考え方を踏襲し,目的変数である工数との相関係数が低い説明変数を除去することで,説明変数の値が似ていれば目的変数の値も似ているという状態を保つように変数選択する方法Correlation Threshold based Selection(CTS)を提案する.ソフトウェア開発企業で収集された3種類の開発実績データセットを用いた評価実験の結果,CTSは,従来手法であるステップワイズ変数選択法と比べて計算量が小さく,特に,カテゴリ変数の数が少ない場合に,安定して精度を改善することができた.

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：経済調査会  

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記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（国際会議プロシーディングス）  

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出版者・発行元：ACM  

DOI： 10.1145/1414004.1414084

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その他リンク： http://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/conf/esem/esem2008.html#conf/esem/TodaMM08

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（国際会議プロシーディングス）   出版者・発行元：ASSOC COMPUTING MACHINERY  

This paper proposes a fault-prone module prediction method that combines association rule mining with logistic regression analysis. In the proposed method, we focus on three key measures of interestingness of an association rule (support, confidence and lift) to select useful rules for the prediction. If a module satisfies the premise (i.e. the condition in the antecedent part) of one of the selected rules, the module is classified by the rule as either fault-prone or not. Otherwise, the module is classified by the logistic model. We experimentally evaluated the prediction performance of the proposed method with different thresholds of each rule interestingness measure (support, confidence and lift) using a module set in the Eclipse project, and compared it with three well-known fault-proneness models (logistic regression model, linear discriminant model and classification tree). The result showed that the improvement of the F1-value of the proposed method was 0.163 at maximum compared to conventional models.

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（国際会議プロシーディングス）   出版者・発行元：ASSOC COMPUTING MACHINERY  

This paper proposes a novel method to generate synthetic project cases and add them to a fit dataset for the purpose of improving the performance of analogy-based software effort estimation. The proposed method extends conventional over-sampling method, which is a preprocessing procedure for n-group classification problems, which makes it suitable for any imbalanced dataset to be used in analogy-based system. We experimentally evaluated the effect of the over-sampling method to improve the performance of the analogy-based software effort estimation by using the Desharnais dataset. Results show significant improvement to the estimation accuracy by using our approach.

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DOI： 10.1145/1414004.1414079

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DOI： 10.1109/ICSEA.2008.49

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：International Association for Computer Information Systems  

This paper describes an empirical study to reveal factors influencing defect correction effort in software development. In the study we collected various attributes (metrics) of defects found in a typical medium-scale, multi-vendor information system development project in Japan over a six-month period. We then statistically analyzed the relationship between the defects' attributes and the correction effort. The analysis confirmed the well-known principle "defects are the more expensive the later they are detected" by revealing that defects detected in the "system test" were 4.88 times more expensive than those detected in the "coding/unit test". Another principle "defects are more expensive the longer they survive in software" was also confirmed by revealing that defects, which survived two or more development phases, were 4.44 times more expensive than those detected immediately. We also identified other factors, such as defect reproducibility, severity, and the cause of detection delay, that had a significant influence on the correction effort.

DOI： 10.1080/08874417.2008.11645308

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記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：研究論文（研究会，シンポジウム資料等）  

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記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：一般社団法人電子情報通信学会  

名前難読化とは,プログラム中の名前(識別子)を別の名前に付け替えることで,プログラムを理解しづらいものにするソフトウェア保護手法である.従来の名前難読化手法は,各名前を静的に別の文字列で置換するものであり,プログラム中に現れる任意のユーザ定義の名前を隠ぺいできる.しかしながら,従来手法を用いてシステム定義の名前(標準ライブラリやAPIの呼出し等)を難読化することは,プログラムの移植性を著しく低下させるため,現実的に不可能である.そこで本論文では,オブジェクト指向言語を対象に,システム定義の名前をも隠ぺい可能な新たな名前難読化手法を提案する.具体的には,プログラム中の名前使用部分をあらかじめ暗号化しておき,実行時に名前を復号して当該処理を実行する,動的名前解決の仕組みを導入する.提案手法では,オブジェクト指向言語のリフレクション機構を用いて,クラスの参照,メソッド呼出し,フィールドの参照・代入に現れる任意の名前を動的解決する方法を実現している.また,提案手法をJavaプログラム用に実装し評価実験を行った.ある実用プログラムへの適用では,4.11倍の性能劣化でプログラム中のすべてのクラス名,メソッド名,フィールド名(計10,580回出現)を難読化できることが分かった.

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：一般社団法人電子情報通信学会  

This paper proposes to use eye movements to characterize the performance of individuals in reviewing software documents. We design and implement a system called DRESREM, which measures and records eye movements of document reviewers. Based on the eye movements captured by eye tracking device, the system computes the line number of the document that the reviewer is currently looking at. The system can also record and play back how the eyes moved during the review process. To evaluate the effectiveness of the system we conducted an experiment to analyze 30 processes of source code review (6 programs, 5 subjects) using the system. As a result, we have identified a particular pattern, called scan, in the subject's eye movements. Quantitative analysis showed that reviewers who did not spend enough time on the scan took more time to find defects on average.

DOI： 10.1093/ietfec/e90-a.10.2290

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：経済調査会  

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（国際会議プロシーディングス）  

DOI： 10.1109/ESEM.2007.34

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記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：一般社団法人情報処理学会  

Fault-proneモジュール(バグを含みやすいモジュール)判別モデルの性能向上を目的として,サンプリング法(オーバ/アンダサンプリング)適用の効果を実験的に評価する.サンプリング法は,2群の判別モデル構築に用いるフィットデータに対する前処理であり,2群のケース数の偏りを解消することにより,少数派の群の判別精度の向上が期待される.ただし,従来,ソフトウェア工学分野への適用事例は報告されていない.実験では,日本のある企業で開発されたレガシーソフトウェアから得られた2つのモジュール群(バグモジュール含有率5.67%,および13.16%)を題材として,4種類のサンプリング法(ROS,SMOTE,RUS,TLUS)適用の効果を,4種類の判別モデル(線形判別分析,ロジスティック回帰分析,ニューラルネット,分類木)について評価した.実験の結果,分類木以外の判別モデルに対してはサンプリング法の効果があること(F1値の向上),および,TLUSは他の3つのサンプリング法よりも効果が小さいことが分かった.また,分類木以外の判別モデルにTLUS以外のサンプリング法を適用した場合,F1値の向上は最小0.078,最大0.303,平均0.146であった.

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記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：研究論文（研究会，シンポジウム資料等）  

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記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：研究論文（研究会，シンポジウム資料等）   出版者・発行元：一般社団法人情報処理学会  

本稿ではfault-proneモジュール判別モデルに対する外れ値除去法の効果を実験的に明らかにする．外れ値除去法とは，標本の中から外れ値を検出・除去する方法であり，判別モデル構築の前処理に用いることができる．実験では３つの代表的な判別モデル（線形判別分析，ロジステイック回帰分析，分類木）に対して，２つの外れ値除去法(ＭＯＡ，ＬＯＦＭ）を適用した場合の計６通りについて比較を行った．実験の結果，外れ値除去法を適用しない場合と比べて，ＭＯＡを適用した場合は，Ｆ１値が最小0.04，最大0.17 平均０．１０向上し，全ての判別モデルにおいて判別精度が向上した．一方，LOFMを適用した場合は，最小-001，最大004 平均0.01変化し，判別モデルによってはＦ１値が向上したものの，その幅はＭＯＡと比べて小さかった．In this paper, we experimentally evaluate outlier detection methods, which detect data points that are far away from others in a data set, in terms of improving the pre diction performance of fault-prone module detection models. In the experiment, we compared two outlier detection methods (MOA, LOFM) each applied to three well-known fault-prone module detection models (LDA, LRA, CT). The result showed that MOA improved Fl-values of all fault-proneness models (0.04 at minimum, 0.17 at maximum and 0.10 at mean) while improvements by LOFM were relatively small (-0.01 at minimum, 0.04 at maximum and 0.01 at mean).

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その他リンク： http://id.nii.ac.jp/1001/00021154/

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（国際会議プロシーディングス）  

This paper describes an empirical study to reveal rules associated with defect correction effort. We defined defect correction effort as a quantitative (ratio scale) variable, and extended conventional (nominal scale based) association rule mining to directly handle such quantitative variables. An extended rule describes the statistical characteristic of a ratio or interval scale variable in the consequent part of the rule by its mean value and standard deviation so that conditions producing distinctive statistics can be discovered. As an analysis target, we collected various attributes of about 1,200 defects found in a typical medium-scale, multi-vendor (distance development) information system development project in Japan. Our findings based on extracted rules include: (1)Defects detected in coding/unit testing were easily corrected (less than 7% of mean effort) when they are related to data output or validation of input data. (2)Nevertheless, they sometimes required much more effort (lift of standard deviation was 5.845) in case of low reproducibility, (3)Defects introduced in coding/unit testing often required large correction effort (mean was 12.596 staff-hours and standard deviation was 25.716) when they were related to data handing. From these findings, we confirmed that we need to pay attention to types of defects having large mean effort as well as those having large standard deviation of effort since such defects sometimes cause excess effort. © 2007 IEEE.

DOI： 10.1109/MSR.2007.5

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記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：研究論文（その他学術会議資料等）  

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記述言語：英語   出版者・発行元：Information and Media Technologies 編集運営会議  

This paper proposes a method to mine rules from a software project data set that contains a number of quantitative attributes such as staff months and SLOC. The proposed method extends conventional association analysis methods to treat quantitative variables in two ways: (1) the distribution of a given quantitative variable is described in the consequent part of a rule by its mean value and standard deviation so that conditions producing the distinctive distributions can be discovered. To discover optimized conditions, (2) quantitative values appearing in the antecedent part of a rule are divided into contiguous fine-grained partitions in preprocessing, then rules are merged after mining so that adjacent partitions are combined. The paper also describes a case study using the proposed method on a software project data set collected by Nihon Unisys Ltd. In this case, the method mined rules that can be used for better planning and estimation of the integration and system testing phases, along with criteria or standards that help with planning of outsourcing resources.

DOI： 10.11185/imt.2.999

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記述言語：英語   出版者・発行元：Information Processing Society of Japan  

This paper proposes a method to mine rules from a software project data set that contains a number of quantitative attributes such as staff months and SLOC. The proposed method extends conventional association analysis methods to treat quantitative variables in two ways: (1) the distribution of a given quantitative variable is described in the consequent part of a rule by its mean value and standard deviation so that conditions producing the distinctive distributions can be discovered. To discover optimized conditions, (2) quantitative values appearing in the antecedent part of a rule are divided into contiguous fine-grained partitions in preprocessing, then rules are merged after mining so that adjacent partitions are combined. The paper also describes a case study using the proposed method on a software project data set collected by Nihon Unisys Ltd. In this case, the method mined rules that can be used for better planning and estimation of the integration and system testing phases, along with criteria or standards that help with planning of outsourcing resources.

DOI： 10.2197/ipsjdc.3.518

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記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：一般社団法人電子情報通信学会  

本論文では,協調フィルタリングに基づいた工数見積り手法(CF-based見積り手法)が,データの欠損に対してどの程度ロバストであるかを実験により評価する.CF-based見積り手法は,ソフトウェア開発プロジェクトの特性値(規模,工期など)を説明変数とし,目的変数である工数を見積もる手法であり,説明変数に未記録の値(欠損値)が含まれる場合にも適用できることが特長である.ただし,欠損値の生じるメカニズムの違い,及び,欠損率の変化が,見積り精度に与える影響(ロバスト性)は従来明らかでなかった.本論文では,欠損値が生じる三つのメカニズムを想定し,それぞれについて欠損率を変化させたデータセットを多数作成し,各データセットを用いて工数見積りを行うことで,ロバスト性を実験的に評価した.実験の結果,CF-based見積り手法が,従来手法であるステップワイズ重回帰分析と欠損値処理を併用する手法よりもロバスト性が高い,すなわち,欠損のメカニズムにかかわらず,欠損率が増欠しても見積り精度が大きく低下しないことが示された.

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掲載種別：研究論文（研究会，シンポジウム資料等）  

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掲載種別：研究論文（研究会，シンポジウム資料等）  

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記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：研究論文（その他学術会議資料等）  

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記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：一般社団法人電子情報通信学会  

本論文では,ソフトウェア盗用の発見・立証を効率的に支援するための動的バースマークを提案する.動的バースマークf(p,I)はソフトウェアpを入力Iで実行した場合のpの振舞いから得られる,pのもつユニークな特徴の集合である.ソフトウェアp,qが存在し,f(p,I)=f(q,I)であれば,qはpの盗用である疑いが強い.本論文では,2種類の動的バースマークを提案する.提案手法では,ソフトウェア実行時のAPI呼出し情報を,個々のソフトウェアの特徴として利用し,API呼出しの順序から実行系列バースマークを,個々のAPIの呼出し頻度から実行頻度バースマークをそれぞれ抽出する.この2種類のバースマークを2種類の実験によって評価した.実験1では,同じ用途の複数のアプリケーションに提案バースマークを適用した.その結果,オリジナルとその改変アプリケーションからは非常に類似したバースマークが得られること,全く独立に実装されたアプリケーションからは,全く異なるバースマークが得られることが分かった.実験2では,提案バースマークは,異なるコンパイラや最適化などに対して強い耐性をもつことが示された.

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掲載種別：研究論文（研究会，シンポジウム資料等）  

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（国際会議プロシーディングス）  

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

DOI： 10.1002/ecjc.20141

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（国際会議プロシーディングス）  

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（国際会議プロシーディングス）  

To clarify the relation between controllable attributes of a software development and its productivity, this paper experimentally analyzed a software project repository (SEC repository), consisting of 253 enterprise software development projects in Japanese companies, established by Software Engineering Center (SEC), Information-technology Promotion Agency, Japan. In the experiment, as controllable attributes, we focused on the outsourcing ratio of a software project, defined as an effort outsourced to subcontract companies divided by a whole development effort, and on the effort allocation balance among development phases. Our major findings include both larger outsourcing ratio and smaller upstream process effort leads to worse productivity. Copyright 2006 ACM.

DOI： 10.1145/1137983.1137988

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記述言語：英語   出版者・発行元：Information and Media Technologies 編集運営会議  

This paper presents a method to evaluate the risk of information leakage in software processes for security-sensitive applications. A software process is modeled as a series of sub-processes, each of which produces new work products from input products. Since a process is conducted usually by multiple developers, knowledge of work products is shared among the developers. Through the collaboration, a developer may share with others the knowledge of products that are not related to the process. We capture the transfer of such irrelevant product knowledge as information leakage in a software process. In this paper, we first formulate the problem of information leakage by introducing a formal software process model. Then, we propose a method to derive the probability that each developer d knows each work product p at a given process of software development. The probability reflects the possibility that someone leaked the knowledge of p to d. We also conduct three case studies to show the applicability of leakage to practical settings. In the case studies, we evaluate how the risk of information leakage is influenced by the collaboration among developers, the optimal developer assignment and the structure of the software process. As a result, we show that the proposed method provides a simple yet powerful means to perform quantitative analysis on information leakage in a security-sensitive software process.

DOI： 10.11185/imt.1.121

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：一般社団法人電子情報通信学会  

To detect the theft of Java class files efficiently, we propose a concept of Java birthmarks, which are unique and native characteristics of every class file. For a pair of class files p and q, if q has the same birthmark as p's, q is suspected as a copy of p. Ideally, the birthmarks should satisfy the following properties : (a) preservation - the birthmarks should be preserved even if the original class file is tampered with, and (b) distinction - independent class files must be distinguished by completely different birthmarks. Taking (a) and (b) into account, we propose four types of birthmarks for Java class files. To show the effectiveness of the proposed birthmarks, we conduct three experiments. In the first experiment, we demonstrate that the proposed birthmarks are sufficiently robust against automatic program transformation (93.3876% of the birthmarks were preserved). The second experiment shows that the proposed birthmarks successfully distinguish non-copied files in a practical Java application (97.8005% of given class files were distinguished). In the third experiment, we exploit different Java compilers to confirm that the proposed Java birthmarks are core characteristics independent of compiler-specific issues.

DOI： 10.1093/ietisy/e88-d.9.2148

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

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掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

The code clone (a duplicated code section in the source files of software) is one of the factors that complicate software maintenance. However, few empirical studies have analyzed the status quo of code clones. In this paper we conduct an extensive analysis of code clones using 125 packages of open source software written in C language, and suggest guidelines for the allowable production of code clones. Our results showed 11.3% as the average CRate (clone inclusion rate). For software packages that did not include automatically generated code, the CRate was 9.7%, the in-module CRate 8.2%, and the inter-module CRate 1.3%. These rates can be used as criteria for the allowable amount of code clone production. This paper also presents our findings on factors of code clone production, the influence of code clone production on maintainability, and removal methods.

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その他リンク： https://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/journals/jcis/jcis45.html#UchidaMOKMK05

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（国際会議プロシーディングス）  

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（国際会議プロシーディングス）   出版者・発行元：Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication, Engineers, IEICE  

Many computer systems are designed to make it easy for end-users to install and update software. An undesirable side effect, from the perspective of many software producers, is that hostile end-users may analyze or tamper with the software being installed or updated. This paper proposes a way to avoid the side effect without affecting the ease of installation and updating. We construct a computer system M with the following properties: 1) the end-user may install a program P in any conveniently accessible area of M
2) the program P contains encoded instructions whose semantics are obscure and difficult to understand
and 3) an internal interpreter W, embedded in a non-accessible area of M, interprets the obfuscated instructions without revealing their semantics. Our W is a finite state machine (FSM) which gives context-dependent semantics and operand syntax to the encoded instructions in P
thus, attempts to statically analyze the relation between instructions and their semantics will not succeed. We present a systematic method for constructing a P whose instruction stream is always interpreted correctly regardless of its input, even though changes in input will (in general) affect the execution sequence of instructions in P. Our framework is easily applied to conventional computer systems by adding a FSM unit to a virtual machine or a reconfigurable processor. Copyright © 2005 The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers.

DOI： 10.1093/ietfec/E88-A.1.112

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掲載種別：研究論文（研究会，シンポジウム資料等）  

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掲載種別：研究論文（研究会，シンポジウム資料等）  

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（国際会議プロシーディングス）  

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記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：一般社団法人電子情報通信学会  

本論文では,プログラムに含まれる多数の命令をカムフラージュ(偽装)することにより,悪意をもったユーザ(攻撃者)によるプログラムの解析を困難にする方法を提案する.提案方法では,プログラム中の任意の命令(ターゲット)を異なる命令で偽装し,プログラムの自己書換え機構を用いて,実行時のある期間においてのみ元来の命令に復元する.攻撃者がカムフラージュされた命令を含む範囲の解析を試みたとしても,ターゲットの書換えを行うルーチン(書換えルーチン)の存在に気づかない限り,プログラムの元来の動作を正しく理解することは不可能である.解析を成功させるためには,書換えルーチンを含む範囲についても解析する必要があり,結果として,攻撃者はより広範囲にわたるプログラムの解析を強いられることとなる.提案方法は自動化が容易であり,要求される保護の強さ,及び,許容される実行効率の低下の度合に応じて,ターゲットの個数を任意に決定できる.

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（国際会議プロシーディングス）  

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN  

Effort estimation methods are one of the important tools for project managers in controlling human resources of ongoing or future software projects. The estimations require historical project data including process and product metrics that characterize past projects. Practically, in using the estimation methods, it is a problem that the historical project data frequently contain substantial missing values. In this paper, we propose an effort estimation method based on Collaborative Filtering for solving the problem. Collaborative Filtering has been developed in information retrieval researchers, as one of the estimation techniques using defective data, i.e. data having substantial missing values. The proposed method first evaluates similarity between a target (ongoing) project and each past project, using vector based similarity computation equation. Then it predicts the effort of the target project with the weighted sum of the efforts of past similar projects. We conducted an experimental case study to evaluate the estimation performance of the proposed method. The proposed method showed better performance than the conventional regression method when the data had substantial missing values.

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（国際会議プロシーディングス）  

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（国際会議プロシーディングス）  

DOI： 10.1109/METRIC.2003.1232480

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（国際会議プロシーディングス）   出版者・発行元：IEEE COMPUTER SOC  

Since many of today's application software provide users with too many functions, the users sometimes cannot find the useful functions. This paper proposes a recommendation system based on a collaborative filtering approach to let users discover useful functions at low cost for the purpose of improving the user's productivity in using application software. The proposed system automatically collects histories of software function execution (usage histories) from many users through the Internet. Based on the collaborative filtering approach, collected histories are used to recommend the user a set of candidate functions that may be useful to the individual user. This paper illustrates conventional filtering algorithms and proposes a new algorithm suitable for recommendation of software functions. The result of an experiment with a prototype recommendation system showed that the average napin of our algorithm was smaller,than that of the conventional algorithms; and, it also showed that the standard deviation of ndpm of our algorithm was smaller than that of the conventional algorithms. Furthermore, while every conventional algorithm had a case whose recommendation was worse than the random algorithm, our algorithm did not.

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（国際会議プロシーディングス）   出版者・発行元：IEEE COMPUTER SOC  

In the field of legacy software maintenance, there unexpectedly arises a large number of implicit coding rules, which we regard as a cancer in software evolution. Since such rules are usually undocumented and each of them is recognized only by, a few members in a maintenance team, a person who is not aware of a rule often violates it while doing various maintenance activities such as adding a new functionality, or repairing faults. The problem here is not only, such a violation introduces a new fault but also the same kind of fault will be generated again and again in the future by different maintainers.
This paper proposes a method for detecting code fragments that violate implicit coding rules. In the method, an expert maintainer, firstly, investigates the cause of each failure, described in the past failure reports, and identifies all the implicit coding rules that lie behind the faults. Then, the code patterns violating the rules (which we call "faulty code patterns") are described in a pattern description language. Finally, the potential faulty code fragments are automatically detected by a pattern matching technique.
The result of a case study with large legacy software showed that 32.7% of the failures, which have been reported during a maintenance process, were due to the violation of implicit coding rules. Moreover, 152 faults existed in 772 code fragments detected by, the prototype matching system, while 111 of them were not reported.

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出版者・発行元：IEEE Computer Society  

DOI： 10.1109/ISESE.2002.1166933

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（国際会議プロシーディングス）   出版者・発行元：IEEE COMPUTER SOC  

Existing researches suggest that the code clone (duplicated code) is one of the factors that degrades the design and the structure of software and lowers the software quality such as readability and changeability. However, the influence of code clones on software quality has not been quantitatively clarified yet.
In this paper, we have tried to quantitatively clarify the relation between code clones and the software reliability and maintainability of twenty years old software. As a result, we found that modules having code clones (clone-included modules) are more reliable than modules having no code clone (non-clone modules) on average. Nevertheless, the modules having very large code clones (more than 200 SLOC) are less reliable than non-clone modules. We also found that clone-included modules are less maintainable (having greater revision number on average) than non-clone modules; and, modules having larger code clone are less maintainable than modules having smaller code clone.

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（国際会議プロシーディングス）   出版者・発行元：Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.  

In the field of legacy software maintenance, there unexpectedly arise a large number of implicit coding rules - which are seldom written down in specification documents or design documents - as software becomes more complicated than it used be. Since not all the members in a maintenance team realize each of implicit coding rules, a maintainer who is not aware of a rule often violates the rule while doing various maintenance activities such as adding new functionality and repairing faults. The problem here is not only such a violation causes injection of a new fault into software but also this violation will be repeated again and again in the future by different maintainers. Indeed, we found that 32.7% of faults of certain legacy software were due to such violations. This paper proposes a method for detecting code fragments that violate implicit coding rules. In the method, an expert maintainer firstly investigates the causes, situations, and code fragments of each fault described in bug reports
and, identifies implicit coding rules as much as possible. Then, code patterns violating the rules (which we call bug code patterns) are described in a pattern description language. Finally, potential faulty code fragments are extracted by a pattern matching technique.

DOI： 10.1145/512035.512040

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（国際会議プロシーディングス）   出版者・発行元：Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)  

The prediction of fault-prone modules in a large software system is an important part in software evolution. Since prediction models in past studies have been constructed and used for individual systems, it has not been practically investigated whether a prediction model based on one system can also predict fault-prone modules accurately in other systems. Our expectation is that if we could build a model applicable to different systems, it would be extremely useful for software companies because they do not need to invest manpower and time for gathering data to construct a new model for every system. In this study, we evaluated the applicability of prediction models between two software systems through two experiments. In the first experiment, a prediction model using 19 module metrics as predictor variables was constructed in each system and was applied to the opposite system mutually. The result showed predictors were too fit to the base data and could not accurately predict fault-prone modules in the different system. On the basis of this result, we focused on a set of predictors showing great effectiveness in every model
and, in consequent, we identified two metrics (Lines of Code and Maximum Nesting Level) as commonly effective predictors in all the models. In the second experiment, by constructing prediction models using only these two metrics, prediction performance were dramatically improved. This result suggests that the commonly effective model applicable to more than two systems can be constructed by focusing on commonly effective predictors.

DOI： 10.1145/512035.512057

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：一般社団法人電子情報通信学会  

今日のアプリケーションソフトウェアの多くは, 様々な使用目的を想定しているために非常に多機能であるが, その反面, ユーザにとって有用な機能を探し出すことは容易でない.本論文では, ソフトウェアの使用目的が似通ったユーザ間で機能実行履歴を相互参照可能とすることで, ユーザにとって有用な機能の発見を支援するシステムを提案する.提案するシステムは, 機能実行履歴をより広範に長期間にわたって収集し, 収集された大量の履歴を効率良く処理し, ユーザにとって未知, かつ, 有用な機能の候補をわかりやすく提示することができる.Microsoft Word2000, 及び, PowerPoint2000を対象とした評価実験の結果, 延べ9人の被験者は平均63.7個の機能を有用な構能の候補としてシステムより提示され, そのうちの平均16.1個の未知機能を発見することができた.また, 発見した未知機能のうち, 被験者が実際に有用であると答えた機能の割合はWordでは平均39.2%, PowerPointでは46.3%であった.

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出版者・発行元：IEEE Computer Society  

DOI： 10.1109/CMPSAC.2000.884716

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：ACM  

This paper proposes an efficient technique for eye gaze interface suitable for the general GUI environments such as Microsoft Windows. Our technique uses an eye and a hand together: the eye for moving cursors onto the GUI button (move operation), and the hand for pushing the GUI button (push operation). We also propose the following two techniques to assist the move operation: (1) Automatic adjustment and (2) Manual adjustment. In the automatic adjustment, the cursor automatically moves to the closest GUI button when we push a mouse button. In the manual adjustment, we can move the cursor roughly by an eye, then move it a little more by the mouse onto the GUI button. In the experiment to evaluate our method, GUI button selection by manual adjustment showed better performance than the selection by a mouse even in the Situation that has many small GUI buttons placed very closely each other on the GUI.

DOI： 10.1145/345513.345339

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掲載種別：研究発表ペーパー・要旨（全国大会，その他学術会議）  

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担当区分：最終著者,　責任著者   掲載種別：研究発表ペーパー・要旨（全国大会，その他学術会議）  

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担当区分：責任著者   掲載種別：研究発表ペーパー・要旨（全国大会，その他学術会議）  

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担当区分：最終著者,　責任著者   記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：研究発表ペーパー・要旨（全国大会，その他学術会議）  

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担当区分：最終著者,　責任著者   記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：研究発表ペーパー・要旨（全国大会，その他学術会議）  

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担当区分：最終著者,　責任著者   記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：研究発表ペーパー・要旨（全国大会，その他学術会議）  

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担当区分：最終著者,　責任著者   記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：研究発表ペーパー・要旨（全国大会，その他学術会議）  

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担当区分：最終著者,　責任著者   記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：研究発表ペーパー・要旨（全国大会，その他学術会議）  

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担当区分：最終著者,　責任著者   記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：研究発表ペーパー・要旨（全国大会，その他学術会議）  

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担当区分：最終著者,　責任著者   記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：研究発表ペーパー・要旨（全国大会，その他学術会議）  

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担当区分：最終著者   掲載種別：研究発表ペーパー・要旨（全国大会，その他学術会議）  

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掲載種別：研究発表ペーパー・要旨（全国大会，その他学術会議）  

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担当区分：最終著者   記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：研究発表ペーパー・要旨（全国大会，その他学術会議）  

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担当区分：責任著者   記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：研究発表ペーパー・要旨（全国大会，その他学術会議）  

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掲載種別：機関テクニカルレポート，技術報告書，プレプリント等  

Academic publications have been evaluated with the impact on research<br />
communities based on the number of citations. On the other hand, the impact of<br />
academic publications on industry has been rarely studied. This paper<br />
investigates how academic publications contribute to software development by<br />
analyzing publication citations in source code comments in open source software<br />
repositories. We propose an automated approach of detecting academic<br />
publications based on Named Entity Recognition, and achieve 0.90 in $F_1$ as<br />
detection accuracy. We conduct a large-scale study of publication citations<br />
with 319,438,977 comments collected from active 25,925 repositories written in<br />
seven programming languages. Our findings indicate that academic publications<br />
can be knowledge sources of software development, and there can be potential<br />
issues of obsoleting knowledge.

arXiv

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記述言語：英語   出版者・発行元：IEEE Computer Society  

Sampling methods are known to impact defect prediction performance. These sampling methods have configurable parameters that can significantly affect the prediction performance. It is however, impractical to assess the effect of all the possible different settings in the parameter space for all the several existing sampling methods. A constant and easy to tweak parameter present in all sampling methods is the distribution of the defective and non-defective modules in the dataset known as Pfp (% of fault-prone modules). In this paper, we investigate and assess the performance of defect prediction models where the Pfp parameter of sampling methods are tweaked. An empirical experiment and assessment of seven sampling methods on five prediction models over 20 releases of 10 static metric projects indicate that (1) Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristics Curve (AUC) performance is not improved after tweaking the Pfp parameter, (2) pf (false alarms) performance degrades as the Pfp is increased. (3) a stable predictor is difficult to achieve across different Pfp rates. Hence, we conclude that the Pfp parameter setting can have a large impact on the performance (except AUC) of defect prediction models. We thus recommend researchers experiment with the Pfp parameter of the sampling method since the distribution of training datasets vary.

DOI： 10.1109/APSEC.2017.76

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記述言語：日本語  

本稿では，Inverse Document Frequency （IDF）の理論的拡張である N-gram IDF を用いて，バグレポートの自動分類を試みる．

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記述言語：英語   出版者・発行元：IEEE  

In this paper, focusing on the problem that estimation accuracy of software development effort greatly varies among software projects, we propose a predictability classification method for software projects before conducting effort estimation. In the proposed method, given a project to be estimated, we first evaluate whether the effort can be accurately estimated or not by identifying the project as "predictable" or "unpredictable". In case of predictable projects, we conduct the effort estimation. Otherwise, estimation is avoided. As a result of an experiment to assess the effectiveness of the proposed method using six industry datasets, (i) the mean square residual and residual variance are shown to be suitable measures for recognition of predictability; and (ii) the average absolute error is significantly reduced in five datasets, by avoiding the estimation when a project belongs to the unpredictable class, which proves the effectiveness of the proposed method. By using the proposed method, practitioners become aware of cases when they can rely on the estimation and when they cannot.

DOI： 10.1109/BCD2018.2018.00015

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記述言語：英語   出版者・発行元：IEEE  

This paper proposes extended association rule mining that can deal with correlation functions. The extended association rule is expressed in the form of: A double right arrow Correl(X; Y) where Correl(X; Y) is a correlation function with two variables X and Y. By this extension, data analysts can discover the condition A that lead to low (or high) correlation between two given variables from a large dataset. In order to show the efficacy of the proposed method, a case study is performed on an industry dataset of software developments, assuming the scenario of discovering a condition, where software development effort is predictable (or unpredictable) from the size of the project, i.e. there exists a significantly high (or low) correlation between size and effort. Since such a condition cannot be obtained by conventional association rule mining, we confirm the efficiency of the proposed extended association rule mining.

DOI： 10.1109/BCD2018.2018.00020

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記述言語：英語   出版者・発行元：Springer Verlag  

Project management activities such as scheduling and project progress management are important to avoid project failure. As a basis of project management, effort estimation plays a fundamental role. To estimate software development effort by mathematical models, variables which are fixed before the estimation are used as independent variables. Some studies used team size and project duration as independent variables. Although they are sometimes fixed because of the limitation of human resources or business schedule, they may change by the end of the project. For instance, when delivery is delayed, actual duration and estimated duration is different. So, although using team size and project duration may enhance estimation accuracy, the error may also lower the accuracy. To help practitioners to select independent variables, we analyzed whether team size and duration should be used or not, when we consider the error included in the team size and the duration. In the experiment, we assumed that duration and team size include errors when effort is estimated. To analyze influence of the errors, we add n% errors to duration and team size. As a result, using duration as an independent variable was not very effective in many cases. In contrast, using maximum team size as an independent variable was effective when the error rate is equal or less than 50%.

DOI： 10.1007/978-3-319-62048-0_7

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© 2017 IEEE. In this research, a tool for evaluating algorithmic thinking ability of the primary schoolchildren was developed. This tool is based on the three categories of operations used to construct algorithms, namely, sequential operations, conditional branching operations, and iterative operations. Each question in the tool checks to see if the examinee understands the concept of one of the three categories. The tool was developed to evaluate the educational effect of programming education for middle to upper grade (third to sixth grade) primary schoolchildren. Since both Visual Programming Language (VPL) and Textual Programming Language (TPL) could be used, it was required that the tool could be used by both the group of children who use VPLs and the group of children who use TPLs. To make it possible, no programming language appeared in the questions in the tool. The teaching materials for the programming education were also developed in such a way that the three basic concepts of algorithm, namely, sequential processing, conditional branching, and repetitive processing, were clearly taught. The target VPL in this research was Scratch. The evaluation tool was conducted in a weekend class of programming education for primary schoolchildren, and the algorithmic thinking ability of the schoolchildren was analyzed.

DOI： 10.1109/FIE.2017.8190609

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記述言語：英語   出版者・発行元：IEEE Computer Society  

Context: Recent studies have shown that performance of defect prediction models can be affected when data sampling approaches are applied to imbalanced training data for building defect prediction models. However, the magnitude (degree and power) of the effect of these sampling methods on the classification and prioritization performances of defect prediction models is still unknown. Goal: To investigate the statistical and practical significance of using resampled data for constructing defect prediction models. Method: We examine the practical effects of six data sampling methods on performances of five defect prediction models. The prediction performances of the models trained on default datasets (no sampling method) are compared with that of the models trained on resampled datasets (application of sampling methods). To decide whether the performance changes are significant or not, robust statistical tests are performed and effect sizes computed. Twenty releases of ten open source projects extracted from the PROMISE repository are considered and evaluated using the AUC, pd, pf and G-mean performance measures. Results: There are statistical significant differences and practical effects on the classification performance (pd, pf and G-mean) between models trained on resampled datasets and those trained on the default datasets. However, sampling methods have no statistical and practical effects on defect prioritization performance (AUC) with small or no effect values obtained from the models trained on the resampled datasets. Conclusions: Existing sampling methods can properly set the threshold between buggy and clean samples, while they cannot improve the prediction of defect-proneness itself. Sampling methods are highly recommended for defect classification purposes when all faulty modules are to be considered for testing.

DOI： 10.1109/ESEM.2017.50

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記述言語：英語  

J-GLOBAL

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：電子情報通信学会  

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：電子情報通信学会  

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：電子情報通信学会  

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：プロジェクトマネジメント学会  

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：電子情報通信学会  

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記述言語：日本語  

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記述言語：日本語  

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記述言語：英語   出版者・発行元：WORLD SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PTE LTD  

Bug reports are one of the most crucial information sources for software engineering offering answers to many questions. Yet, getting these answers is not always easy; the information in bug reports is often implicit and some processes are required to extract the meaning of these reports. Most research in this area employ a supervised learning approach to classify bug reports so that required types of reports could be identified. However, this approach often requires an immense amount of time and effort, the resources that already too scarce in many projects.We aim to develop an automated framework that can categorize bug reports, according to their grammatical structure without the need for labeled data.Our framework categorizes bug reports according to their text similarity using topic modeling and a clustering algorithm. Each group of bug reports are labeled with our new clustering labeling algorithm specifically made for clusters in the topic space. Our framework is highly customizable with a modular approach and options to incorporate available background knowledge to improve its performance, while our cluster labeling approach make use of natural language process (NLP) chunking to create the representative labels.Our experiment results demonstrate that the performance of our unsupervised framework is comparable to a supervised learning one. We also show that our labeling process is capable of labeling each cluster with phrases that are representative for that cluster's characteristics.Our framework can be used to automatically categorize the incoming bug reports without any prior knowledge, as an automated labeling suggestion system or as a tool for obtaining knowledge about the structure of the bug report repository.

DOI： 10.1142/S0218194016500352

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記述言語：英語   出版者・発行元：IEICE-INST ELECTRONICS INFORMATION COMMUNICATIONS ENG  

GitHub is a developers' social networking service that hosts a great number of open source software (OSS) projects. Although some of the hosted projects are growing and have many developers, most projects are organized by a few developers and face difficulties in terms of sustainability. OSS projects depend mainly on volunteer developers, and attracting and retaining these volunteers are major concerns of the project stakeholders. To investigate the population structures of OSS development communities in detail and conduct software analytics to obtain actionable information, we apply a demographic approach. Demography is the scientific study of population and seeks to identify the levels and trends in the size and components of a population. This paper presents a case study, investigating the characteristics of the population structures of OSS projects on GitHub, and shows population projections generated with the well-known cohort component method. We found that there are four types of population structures in OSS development communities in terms of experiences and contributions. In addition, we projected the future population accurately using a cohort component population projection method. This method predicts a population of the next period using a survival rate calculated from past population. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that applied demography to the field of OSS research. Our approach addressing OSS-related problems based on demography will bring new insights, since studying population is novel in OSS research. Understanding current and future structures of OSS projects can help practitioners to monitor a project, gain awareness of what is happening, manage risks, and evaluate past decisions.

DOI： 10.1587/transinf.2015EDP7363

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記述言語：英語   出版者・発行元：IEICE-INST ELECTRONICS INFORMATION COMMUNICATIONS ENG  

Analogy-based software effort estimation has gained a considerable amount of attention in current research and practice. Its excellent estimation accuracy relies on its solution adaptation stage, where an effort estimate is produced from similar past projects. This study proposes a solution adaptation technique named LSA-X that introduces an approach to exploit the potential of productivity factors, i.e., project variables with a high correlation with software productivity, in the solution adaptation stage. The LSA-X technique tailors the exploitation of the productivity factors with a procedure based on the Linear Size Adaptation (LSA) technique. The results, based on 19 datasets show that in circumstances where a dataset exhibits a high correlation coefficient between productivity and a related factor (r = 0.30), the proposed LSA-X technique statistically outperformed (95% confidence) the other 8 commonly used techniques compared in this study. In other circumstances, our results suggest using any linear adaptation technique based on software size to compensate for the limitations of the LSA-X technique.

DOI： 10.1587/transinf.2015EDP7237

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DOI： 10.11309/jssst.33.2_139

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DOI： 10.11309/jssst.33.2_139

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This paper extends our previous study (letter paper), which quantifies the difficulty of program comprehension based on brain activation measured by NIRS (Near Infra-Red Spectroscopy) during source code reading. We performed controlled experiments with 20 subjects. 3 of 20 subjects could not complete the measurement. We found that: (1) 16 of 17 shows strong brain activation during reading of obfuscated program (binomial test, p < 0:01) and (2) subjective evaluation of difficulty is correlated with brain activation (Spearman's correlation coefficient=0.46, p < 0:01).

DOI： 10.11309/jssst.33.2_78

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DOI： 10.11309/jssst.33.2_78

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記述言語：英語   出版者・発行元：IEEE COMPUTER SOC  

To prioritize software quality assurance efforts, fault prediction models have been proposed to distinguish faulty modules from clean modules. The performances of such models are often biased due to the skewness or class imbalance of the datasets considered. To improve the prediction performance of these models, sampling techniques have been employed to rebalance the distribution of fault-prone and non-fault-prone modules. The effect of these techniques have been evaluated in terms of accuracy/geometric mean/F1-measure in previous studies; however, these measures do not consider the effort needed to fix faults. To empirically investigate the effect of sampling techniques on the performance of software fault prediction models in a more realistic setting, this study employs Norm(Popt), an effort-aware measure that considers the testing effort. We performed two sets of experiments aimed at (1) assessing the effects of sampling techniques on effort-aware models and finding the appropriate class distribution for training datasets (2) investigating the role of balanced training and testing datasets on performance of predictive models. Of the four sampling techniques applied, the over-sampling techniques outperformed the under-sampling techniques with Random Over-sampling performing best with respect to the Norm(Popt) evaluation measure. Also, performance of all the prediction models improved when sampling techniques were applied between the rates of (20-30)% on the training datasets implying that a strictly balanced dataset (50% faulty modules and 50% clean modules) does not result in the best performance for effort-aware models. Our results also indicate that performances of effort-aware models are significantly dependent on the proportions of the two types of the classes in the testing dataset. Models trained on moderately balanced datasets are more likely to withstand fluctuations in performance as the class distribution in the testing data varies.

DOI： 10.1109/COMPSAC.2016.144

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記述言語：英語   出版者・発行元：IEEE COMPUTER SOC  

Association rule mining discovers patterns of co-occurrences of attributes as association rules in a data set. The derived association rules are expected to be recurrent, that is, the patterns recur in future in other data sets. This paper defines the recurrence of a rule, and aims to find a criteria to distinguish between high recurrent rules and low recurrent ones using a data set for software defect prediction. An experiment with the Eclipse Mylyn defect data set showed that rules of lower than 30 transactions showed low recurrence. We also found that the lower bound of transactions to select high recurrence rules is dependent on the required precision of defect prediction.

DOI： 10.1109/ICIS.2016.7550867

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記述言語：英語   出版者・発行元：IEEE COMPUTER SOC  

Software birthmarks have been proposed as a method for enabling the detection of programs that may have been stolen by measuring the similarity between the two programs. A birthmark is created from each program by extracting its native characteristics. The birthmarks of the programs can then be compared. However, because the extracted birthmarks contain a large amount of information, a large amount of time is needed when using them to compare large programs. This paper describes our work to reduce this comparison time. Achieving faster comparisons will enable the evaluation of large programs and simplify the use of birthmarks. Specifically, our method creates hashes from conventional birthmark information using fuzzy hashing, and then measures the similarity of the programs using the obtained hash values. Using the proposed method, we achieved a major speed increase over the conventional birthmark method with distinction rates of over 90%. On the other hand, because preservation performance decreased substantially, the similarity threshold value needed to be lowered when using the proposed method.

DOI： 10.1109/ICIS.2016.7550868

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記述言語：英語   出版者・発行元：IEEE COMPUTER SOC  

Recently, information system operation becomes more important because of increasing size of information system and outsourcing the system operation. However, it is not easy for customers to judge the validity of the system operation cost. To provide information which helps the judgment, we analyzed factors which affect system operation cost. Working time of system operation service provider has the strong relationship to the cost. So, if customers know the working time, they estimate the cost properly. However, it is difficult for customers to know the working time generally. So, we assumed that customers estimate unit cost and working time, to speculate total operation cost roughly. To help the estimation, we analyzed factors affected working time and unit cost. The analysis results show that working time is settled based on the software size and the number of users, and the unit cost of the engineers increases when network range of the system is wide.

DOI： 10.1109/ICIS.2016.7550863

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記述言語：英語   出版者・発行元：IEEE COMPUTER SOC  

In a software development project, project management is indispensable, and effort estimation is one of the important factors on the management. To improve estimation accuracy, outliers are often removed from dataset used for estimation. However, the influence of the outliers to the estimation accuracy is not clear. In this study, we added outliers to dataset experimentally, to analyze the influence. In the analysis, we changed the percentage of outliers, the extent of outliers, variable including outliers, and location of outliers on the dataset. After that, effort was estimated using the dataset. In the experiment, the influence of outliers was not very large, when they were included in the software size metric, the percentage of outliers was 10%, and the extent of outliers was 100%.

DOI： 10.1109/ICIS.2016.7550865

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記述言語：英語   出版者・発行元：IEEE  

To prioritize quality assurance efforts, various fault prediction models have been proposed. However, the best performing fault prediction model is unknown due to three major drawbacks: (1) comparison of few fault prediction models considering small number of data sets, (2) use of evaluation measures that ignore testing efforts and (3) use of n-fold cross validation instead of the more practical cross-release validation. To address these concerns, we conducted cross-release evaluation of 11 fault density prediction models using data sets collected from 2 releases of 25 open source software projects with an effort-aware performance measure known as Norm(P-opt). Our result shows that, whilst M5 and K* had the best performances; they were greatly influenced by the percentage of faulty modules present and size of data set. Using Norm(P-opt) produced an overall average performance of more than 50% across all the selected models clearly indicating the importance of considering testing efforts in building fault-prone prediction models.

DOI： 10.1109/QRS.2016.33

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記述言語：英語   出版者・発行元：IEEE  

The purpose of this research is to compare textual programming languages and visual programming languages from the aspect of motivation. As a textual programming language, Processing programming language was used, and as visual programming languages, Scratch, a derivation of Scratch, Teaching materials offered by code.org, and LEGO Mindstorms EV3 were used. Teaching materials using the textual programming language, and those using the visual programming languages were developed separately. A trial experiment of programming education with the textual programming language was conducted to a cohort of seven primary schoolchildren. Trial experiments with the visual programming languages were conducted twice. In each of them, a cohort of eight primary schoolchildren participated. The motivation of the children was assessed using the questionnaire based on the ARCS (Attention, Relevance, Confidence, and Satisfaction) motivation model. The results with the visual programming languages suggested that the motivation scores of the children increased as the class progressed when visual programming languages were used. On the other hand, the results with Processing suggested that the variance of Satisfaction factor increased as the class progressed when textual programming languages were used, which further suggested that the Satisfaction scores of the children spread as the class progressed when textual programming languages were used.

DOI： 10.1109/FIE.2016.7757571

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記述言語：英語   出版者・発行元：IEEE  

Effort-inconsistency is a situation where historical software project data used for software effort estimation (SEE) are contaminated by many project cases with similar characteristics but are completed with significantly different amount of effort. Using these data for SEE generally produces inaccurate results; however, an effective technique for its handling is yet made to be available. This study approaches the problem differently from common solutions, where available techniques typically attempt to remove every project case they have detected as outliers. Instead, we hypothesize that data inconsistency is caused by only a few deviant project cases and any attempt to remove those other cases will result in reduced accuracy, largely due to loss of useful information and data diversity. Filter-INC (short for Filtering technique for handling effort-INConsistency in SEE datasets) implements the hypothesis to decide whether a project case being detected by any existing technique should be subject to removal. The evaluation is carried out by comparing the performance of 2 filtering techniques between before and after having Filter-INC applied. The results produced from 8 real-world datasets together with 3 machine-learning models, and evaluated by 4 performance measures show a significant accuracy improvement at the confident interval of 95%. Based on the results, we recommend our proposed hypothesis as an important instrument to design a data preprocessing technique for handling effort-inconsistency in SEE datasets, definitely an important step forward in preprocessing data for a more accurate SEE model.

DOI： 10.1109/APSEC.2016.48

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記述言語：英語   出版者・発行元：一般社団法人 電子情報通信学会  

DOI： 10.1587/transinf.2016EDe0002

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記述言語：英語   出版者・発行元：Association for Computing Machinery  

In this paper, we propose a pinpoint-hide defense method, which aims to improve the stealth of obfuscated code. In the pinpointing process, we scan the obfuscated code in a few small code fragment level and identify all surprising fragments, that is, very unusual fragments which may draw the attention of an attacker to the obfuscated code. In the hiding process, we transform the pinpointed surprising fragments into unsurprising ones while preserving semantics. The obfuscated code transformed by our method consists only by unsurprising code fragments, therefore is more difficult for attackers to be distinguished from unobfuscated code than the original. In the case study, we apply our pinpoint-hide method to some programs transformed by well-known obfuscation techniques. The result shows our method can pinpoint surprising fragments such as dummy code that does not fit in the context of the program, and instructions used in a complicated arithmetic expression. We also confirm that instruction camouflage can make the pinpointed surprising fragments unsurprising ones, and that it runs correctly.

DOI： 10.1145/2843859.2843862

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記述言語：日本語  

J-GLOBAL

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記述言語：日本語  

J-GLOBAL

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記述言語：英語   出版者・発行元：IEEE  

Large software projects such as Mozilla Firefox and Eclipse own more than ten thousand bug reports that have been reported but left unresolved. To utilize such a great amount of unresolved bug reports and accelerate bug detection and removal, we propose to a way recommend programmers a bug report that is likely to contain failure descriptions related to a source file being inspected. We employ the vector space model (VSM) to make a relevancy ranking of bug reports to a given source file. The result of an experiment using data of three open source software projects showed that the accuracies of recommendations ranged from 21.74% to 60.05% in terms of the percentage of recommendations that contained relevant bug reports in a top 10 recommended list.

DOI： 10.1109/SWAN.2015.7070481

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記述言語：英語   出版者・発行元：IEEE  

In this research, a Textual Programming Language (TPL) is used in programming education for primary schoolchildren because of the following reasons: (1) it is more practical to use the programming languages similar to the ones used for developing real applications, (2) typing statements could be easier for primary schoolchildren than generally thought, (3) there exist programming environments such as Processing that are easy to use and produce very attractive graphical outcomes. Teaching material for programming education with Processing was developed. In this teaching material, cartoons were used to explain difficult concepts. The learners who use this teaching material were supposed to draw some computational figures with chosen colors. Trial experiments of programming education using this teaching material was conducted to a cohort of seven primary schoolchildren (six 4th grade and one 5th grade children) in two consecutive weekend classes (one hour each). Since the authors' aim of this programming education was to create a sense of fun and excitement in the children and inculcate a desire to engage with computing, the motivation of the children was assessed using the questionnaire based on the ARCS (Attention, Relevance, Confidence, and Satisfaction) motivation model. The results were encouraging and suggested that TPLs could be used in programming education for primary schoolchildren.

DOI： 10.1109/FIE.2015.7344187

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DOI： 10.1145/2745802.2745820

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記述言語：英語   出版者・発行元：IEEE  

This paper proposes a method for evaluating the artificiality of protected code by means of an N-gram model. The proposed artificiality metric helps us measure the stealth of the protected code, that is, the degree to which protected code can be distinguished from unprotected code. In a case study, we use the proposed method to evaluate the artificiality of programs that are transformed by well-known obfuscation techniques. The results show that static obfuscating transformations (e.g., control flow flattening) have little effect on artificiality. However, dynamic obfuscating transformations (e.g., code encryption), or a technique that inserts junk code fragments into the program, tend to increase the artificiality, which may have a significant impact on the stealth of the code.

DOI： 10.1109/SPRO.2015.14

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記述言語：英語   出版者・発行元：IEEE  

Software maintenance is an important activity on the software lifecycle. Software maintenance does not mean only removing faults found after software release. Software needs extensions or modifications of its functions due to changes in a business environment, and software maintenance also indicates them. In this research, we try to establish a benchmark of work efficiency for software maintenance. To establish the benchmark, factors affecting work efficiency should be clarified, using a dataset collected from various organizations (cross-company dataset). We used dataset includes 134 data points collected by Economic Research Association in 2012, and analyzed factors affected work efficiency of software maintenance. We defined the work efficiency as number of modified modules divided by working time. The main contribution of our research is illustrating factors affecting work efficiency, based on the analysis using cross-company dataset and working time. Also, we showed work efficiency, classified the factor. It can be used to benchmark an organization. We empirically illustrated that using Java and restriction of development tool affect to work efficiency.

DOI： 10.1109/ACIT-CSI.2015.13

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：情報処理推進機構技術本部ソフトウェア・エンジニアリング・センター  

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記述言語：英語   出版者・発行元：Association for Computing Machinery, Inc  

Analogy-based estimation (ABE) is one of the most time consuming and compute intensive method in software de- velopment effort estimation. Optimizing ABE has been a dilemma because simplifying the procedure can reduce the estimation performance, while increasing the procedure com- plexity with more sophisticated theory may sacrifice an ad- vantage of the unlimited scalability for a large data input. Motivated by an emergence of cloud computing technology in software applications, in this study we present 3 different implementation schemes based on Hadoop MapReduce to optimize the ABE process across multiple computing in- stances in the cloud-computing environment. We experimentally compared the 3 MapReduce implementation schemes in contrast with our previously proposed GPGPU approach (named ABE-CUDA) over 8 high-performance Amazon EC2 instances. Results present that the Hadoop solution can pro- vide more computational resources that can extend the scalability of the ABE process. We recommend adoption of 2 different Hadoop implementations (Hadoop streaming and RHadoop) for accelerating the computation specifically for compute-intensive software engineering related tasks.

DOI： 10.1145/2666581.2666582

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：一般社団法人情報処理学会  

近年，情報システムの規模の増大や，システム運用の外部委託の進展に伴い，システム運用に関する注目が高まっている．システム運用費用が妥当であるかどうかは，システム運用の委託側企業にとって判断が難しい．本稿では，委託側企業がシステム運用費用の妥当性判断の参考となるような情報の提供を目指し，システム運用費用に影響を与える要因の分析を行った．受託側の作業時間と運用費用は非常に関連が強いため，受託側作業時間を把握することができれば，標準的な運用費用を推定することができる．ただし，受託側作業時間を委託側企業が把握することは一般に容易ではない．そこで本稿では，作業時間と技術者の単価から簡易的に価格を推定することを前提とし，作業時間と単価に影響する要因を個別に分析した．その結果，作業時間はプログラム本数と最大利用者数から決まることや，ネットワーク範囲が狭い場合，単価が低くなる傾向があることがわかった．

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：経済調査会  

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：一般社団法人電子情報通信学会  

近年,受託開発ソフトウェアは新規の開発が頭打ちの状況に対して,開発済みのソフトウェア資産が増えることに伴い保守の比率が高まり,保守の重要性が高まっている.このため,保守単独で契約を結ぶ場合もある.保守とは,単にソフトウェア出荷後に発見された欠陥を除去することだけを指すのではない.ソフトウェアは利用されているうちに,ビジネス環境の変化により,機能の拡張,修正が必要となる.保守とはそれらの修正も含んだ概念である.本研究では,ソフトウェア保守における作業効率のベンチマークを確立することを試みる.ベンチマークを確立するためには,複数の組織から収集されたプロジェクトのデータ,すなわち企業横断的データを用いて,作業効率に影響する特性を明らかにする必要がある.本研究では,企業横断的データとして,一般財団法人経済調査会によって平成24年度に収集された134件の事例を用い,作業効率に影響する要因を分析した.作業効率は修正実施プログラム本数÷作業時間数と定義した.分析では,ベンチマーキングのために,箱ひげ図により各特性の作業効率の分布を示すとともに,開発言語がJavaであるかどうか,ツールの制約が強いかどうかが作業効率に影響することを示した.

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：一般社団法人情報処理学会  

近年，受託開発ソフトウェアは新規の開発が頭打ちの状況に対して，開発済みのソフトウェア資産が増えることに伴い保守の比率が高まり，保守の重要性が高まっている．このため，保守単独で契約を結ぶ場合もある．保守とは，単にソフトウェア出荷後に発見された欠陥を除去することだけを指すのではない．ソフトウェアは利用されているうちに，ビジネス環境の変化により，機能の拡張，修正が必要となる．保守とはそれらの修正も含んだ概念である．本研究では，ソフトウェア保守における作業効率のベンチマークを確立することを試みる．ベンチマークを確立するためには，複数の組織から収集されたプロジェクトのデータ，すなわち企業横断的データを用いて，作業効率に影響する特性を明らかにする必要がある．本研究では，企業横断的データとして，一般財団法人経済調査会によって平成 24 年度に収集された 134 件の事例を用い，作業効率に影響する要因を分析した．作業効率は修正実施プログラム本数 ÷ 作業時間数と定義した．分析では，ベンチマーキングのために，箱ひげ図により各特性の作業効率の分布を示すとともに，開発言語が Java であるかどうか，ツールの制約が強いかどうかが作業効率に影響することを示した．

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：一般社団法人情報処理学会  

本稿はソフトウェア開発者の能力向上・プロセス改善手法である PSP における作業履歴の記録と作業目的に基づいた履歴の分析を支援するために，作業者の作業履歴から作業目的を予測する手法を提案する．提案手法は作業目的が頻繁に変化しないという仮説の元，予測対象となる作業 (Task) の前後に行われた作業の特性から作業目的 (Aim) を推定する．連続する Task のうち，打鍵数やクリック数が多い Task をその Aim における主要 Task とし，特性として使用する．RandomForest による予測モデルを構築し実験した結果，提案手法は時系列情報を用いない場合に比べ，高い精度で作業を予測できた．特に，前後の作業を多く見るほど予測精度の向上が見られた．

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記述言語：日本語  

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記述言語：英語   出版者・発行元：IEEE  

In the past, the authors had been analyzing motivation of the learners in programming education using the ARCS assessment metric. This metric had been used in the application experiment in 13 programming courses, and about 1,700 sets of data was collected. From these data, the learners' model, characteristics of the change of motivation, and ways of improving teaching materials had been clarified. However, these study results were obtained after the terms, when the programming courses were over, and thus did not contribute much to the ongoing programming education. For this reason, in this research, the methods for predicting the change of learners' motivation were studied so that the learners who may need support could be identified. The idea came from the experiment the authors conducted, in which the motivation of learners was analyzed by plotting the motivation scores of each factor in the ARCS model as a 3D graph. As a result, a decreasing tendency of motivation was observed when the distribution of the plot widened. After studying the tendency in detail, it was thought to be due to the influence of the variance of sub-level category scores. In the proposed method, the motivation of each learner is assessed in each lesson using the ARCS assessment metric. If variance of the motivation scores of a learner in a lesson is above a certain threshold value AND if mean of the scores has not decreased from the previous lesson, then the learner is identified as a candidate of learner who needs support at that lesson. In the application experiment, a programming course with 9 lessons was offered and 9 learners attended all the 9 lessons. In the experiment, 7 cases had been identified as the candidates of learners who need support, and out of those 7 cases, a decrease of motivation to less than average was observed in 5 cases.

DOI： 10.1109/FIE.2014.7044221

Web of Science

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：情報処理推進機構技術本部ソフトウェア・エンジニアリング・センター  

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記述言語：日本語  

プロジェクトの失敗を避けるためにはプロジェクト管理が重要であり，工数見積りはその基礎となるものである．数学的モデルに基づく工数見積りでは，開発するソフトウェアの規模と生産性要因を説明変数として工数を見積もる．ただし，定性的または定量的に測定されていなければ，生産性要因を説明変数とすることはできない．そこでそれらの要因を説明変数とする代わりに，プロジェクトマネージャが定性的，定量的に計測されていない情報に基づき，生産性のレベルを粗い粒度（「高」，「低」など）で推測し，これを説明変数とすることを提案する．ただし，生産性レベルの推測には誤りが含まれる可能性がある．たとえば，ある見積り対象プロジェクトの生産性レベルが，実績値では「低」となるにもかかわらず，見積り時に「高」と誤推測する可能性がある．そこで，誤推測を前提とした，生産性レベルのモデルへの与え方を提案する．評価実験において，推測の誤りの程度を変化させ，提案方法の工数見積り精度への影響を確かめた結果，提案方法は生産性レベルの誤推測に対してロバストであり，多くの場合，従来の見積り方法よりも高い精度となることが分かった．Project management is important to avoid software development failure. Effort estimation is the basis of the management. A mathematical model estimates development effort based on software size and productivity. Productivity factors are can be used as explanatory variables only when they are measured qualitatively or quantitatively. We propose that a project manager judge productivity level roughly (high or low), and use it as an explanatory variable, instead of using unmeasurable productivity factors as explanatory variables. However, the productivity level includes some errors. For instance, an estimation target project may be judged as high productivity level erroneously, although actual productivity level will be low. So, we propose alternative method considering misjudgment. In an experiment, we changed error of productivity level and compared proposed methods with a conventional model. As a result, our method is robust for the error of productivity level, and the method is more accurate than the conventional model in most cases.

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To date, various techniques for predicting fault-prone modules have been proposed; however, test strategies, which assign a certain amount of test effort to each module, have been rarely studied. This paper proposes a simulation model of software testing that can evaluate various test strategies. The simulation model estimates the number of discoverable faults with respect to the given test resources, the test strategy, complexity metrics of a set of modules to be tested, and the fault prediction results. Based on a case study of simulation applying fault prediction to two open source software (Eclipse and Mylyn), we show the relationship between the available test effort and the effective test strategy.

DOI： 10.11309/jssst.31.2_118

Scopus

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記述言語：英語   出版者・発行元：IEEE  

As open source software (OSS) has become an integral part of today's software businesses, many software companies rely on OSS to develop their customer solutions and products. On the other hand, they face various concerns in using OSS, such as technical support, quality, security and licensing issues. This paper focuses on OSS-related FAQ in industry, and tries to answer them or to provide research directions based on lessons learned from recent mining OSS repository researches.

DOI： 10.1109/IWESEP.2014.12

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記述言語：英語   出版者・発行元：IEEE  

Background: Information in bug reports is implicit and therefore difficult to comprehend. To extract its meaning, some processes are required. Categorizing bug reports is a technique that can help in this regard. It can be used to help in the bug reports management or to understand the underlying structure of the desired project. However, most researches in this area are focusing on a supervised learning approach that still requires a lot of human afford to prepare a training data. Aims: Our aim is to develop an automated framework than can categorize bug reports, according to their hidden characteristics and structures, without the needed for training data. Method: We solve this problem using clustering, unsupervised learning approach. It can automatically group bug reports together based on their textual similarity. We also propose a novel method to label each group with meaningful and representative names. Results: Experiment results show that our framework can achieve performance comparable to the supervised learning approaches. We also show that our labeling process can label each cluster with representative names according to its characteristic. Conclusion: Our framework could be used as an automated categorization system that can be applied without prior knowledge or as an automated labeling suggestion system.

DOI： 10.1109/IWESEP.2014.8

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DOI： 10.11309/jssst.31.2_118