Faculty Profiles - MUNEMASA Shintaro

Papers - MUNEMASA Shintaro

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Plant hormone regulation of abiotic stress responses Reviewed International coauthorship International journal

Rainer Waadt, Charles A. Seller, Po-Kai Hsu, Yohei Takahashi, Shintaro Munemasa, Julian I. Schroeder

Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology 2022.5

Phytocytokine signalling reopens stomata in plant immunity and water loss Reviewed International coauthorship International journal

Zunyong Liu, Shuguo Hou, Olivier Rodrigues, Ping Wang, Dexian Luo, Shintaro Munemasa, Jiaxin Lei, Jun Liu, Fausto Andres Ortiz-Morea, Xin Wang, Kinya Nomura, Chuanchun Yin, Hongbo Wang, Wei Zhang, Keyan Zhu-Salzman, Sheng Yang He, Ping He, Libo Shan

Nature 2022.5

A Major Intestinal Catabolite of Quercetin Glycosides, 3-Hydroxyphenylacetic Acid, Protects the Hepatocytes from the Acetaldehyde-Induced Cytotoxicity through the Enhancement of the Total Aldehyde Dehydrogenase Activity Reviewed International journal

Yujia Liu, Takumi Myojin, Kexin Li, Ayuki Kurita, Masayuki Seto, Ayano Motoyama, Xiaoyang Liu, Ayano SATOH, Shintaro Munemasa, Yoshiyuki Murata, Toshiyuki Nakamura, Yoshimasa Nakamura

International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23 ( 3 ) 2022.2

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)

Aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDHs) are the major enzyme superfamily for the aldehyde metabolism. Since the ALDH polymorphism leads to the accumulation of acetaldehyde, we considered that the enhancement of the liver ALDH activity by certain food ingredients could help prevent alcohol-induced chronic diseases. Here, we evaluated the modulating effects of 3-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (OPAC), the major metabolite of quercetin glycosides, on the ALDH activity and acetaldehyde-induced cytotoxicity in the cultured cell models. OPAC significantly enhanced the total ALDH activity not only in mouse hepatoma Hepa1c1c7 cells, but also in human hepatoma HepG2 cells. OPAC significantly increased not only the nuclear level of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), but also the AhR-dependent reporter gene expression, though not the nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-dependent one. The pretreatment of OPAC at the concentration required for the ALDH upregulation completely inhibited the acetaldehyde-induced cytotoxicity. Silencing AhR impaired the resistant effect of OPAC against acetaldehyde. These results strongly suggested that OPAC protects the cells from the acetaldehyde-induced cytotoxicity, mainly through the AhR-dependent and Nrf2-independent enhancement of the total ALDH activity. Our findings suggest that OPAC has a protective potential in hepatocyte models and could offer a new preventive possibility of quercetin glycosides for targeting alcohol-induced chronic diseases.

DOI： 10.3390/ijms23031762

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Exogenous Oxalic Acid Protects Germinating Chickpea Seeds Against Cadmium Injury Reviewed International coauthorship International journal

Lamia Sakouhi, Oussama Kharbech, Marouane Ben Massoud, Shintaro Munemasa, Yoshiyuki Murata, Abdelilah Chaoui

Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition 2021.11

Neither glutamate nor alanine but arginine sensitizes BY-2 cells to arsenate Reviewed International coauthorship International journal

Nur-E-Nazmun Nahar, Md Yeasin Prodhan, Yoshiharu Mimata, Anna Yonezawa, Toshiyuki Nakamura, Yoshimasa Nakamura, Shintaro Munemasa, Yoshiyuki Murata

Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry 2021.10

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Oxford University Press (OUP)

<title>ABSTRACT</title>
Arsenic is toxic for plants. Our previous results showed that the application of proline enhanced the sensitivity of tobacco BY-2 cells to arsenate. In order to clarify the enhancement mechanism, we investigated the effects of other amino acids on the arsenate-stressed BY-2 cells. Glutamate at up to 10 m m did not affect the cell growth in the absence or presence of arsenate. Arginine at up to 10 m m did not affect the growth in the absence of arsenate but arginine at 10 m m enhanced the inhibition of the cell growth by arsenate. Alanine at up to 10 m m did not affect the cell growth under nonstressed condition but alanine at 10 m m significantly improved the cell growth under arsenate stress. These results suggest that alanine mitigates arsenate stress in BY-2 cells and that arginine like proline enhances the sensitivity of BY-2 cells to arsenate.

DOI： 10.1093/bbb/zbab191

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White rice ethanol extract is qualitatively, but not quantitatively, equivalent to that of brown rice as an antioxidant source Reviewed International coauthorship International journal

Hongyan Wu, Toshiyuki Nakamura, Yingnan Guo, Miho Hirooka, Gongliang Zhang, Shintaro Munemasa, Yoshiyuki Murata, Akiko Fujita, Yoshimasa Nakamura

Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry 85 ( 10 ) 2161 - 2168 2021.9

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Oxford University Press (OUP)

<title>ABSTRACT</title>
The purpose of this study is to compare the potentials to exhibit biologically active antioxidant actions between white rice (WR) and brown rice (BR) in in vitro assays and a cellular model. The Trolox equivalent (TE) per 1 mg ethanol extract of WR for the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl assay was slightly higher than that of BR, whereas the TE per 1 g whole WR was much lower than that for BR. This tendency was very comparable to those for the oxygen radical absorbance capacity and total polyphenol content. Both of the ethanol extracts also similarly suppressed the hydrogen peroxide-induced cytotoxicity and enhanced the gene expression of drug-metabolizing enzymes. Based on the α-tocopherol quantity, its contribution to the cytoprotective effect of the rice extracts is very limited. Taken together, the ethanol extract of WR might be a qualitatively, but not quantitatively, equivalent source of antioxidative phytochemicals to that of BR.

DOI： 10.1093/bbb/zbab133

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Other Link： http://academic.oup.com/bbb/article-pdf/85/10/2161/40430235/zbab133.pdf

Modulation of frequency and height of cytosolic calcium spikes by plasma membrane anion channels in guard cells Reviewed International coauthorship International journal

Md Tahjib-Ul-Arif, Shintaro Munemasa, Toshiyuki Nakamura, Yoshimasa Nakamura, Yoshiyuki Murata

Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry 85 ( 9 ) 2003 - 2010 2021.8

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Oxford University Press (OUP)

<title>ABSTRACT</title>
Cytosolic calcium ([Ca2+]cyt) elevation activates plasma membrane anion channels in guard cells, which is required for stomatal closure. However, involvement of the anion channels in the [Ca2+]cyt elevation remains unclear. We investigated the involvement using Arabidopsis thaliana anion channel mutants, slac1-4 slah3-3 and slac1-4 almt12-1. Extracellular calcium induced stomatal closure in the wild-type plants but not in the anion channel mutant plants whereas extracellular calcium induced [Ca2+]cyt elevation both in the wild-type guard cells and in the mutant guard cells. The peak height and the number of the [Ca2+]cyt spike were lower and larger in the slac1-4 slah3-3 than in the wild type and the height and the number in the slac1-4 almt12-1 were much lower and much larger than in the wild type. These results suggest that the anion channels are involved in the regulation of [Ca2+]cyt elevation in guard cells.

DOI： 10.1093/bbb/zbab118

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Other Link： http://academic.oup.com/bbb/article-pdf/85/9/2003/39891204/zbab118.pdf

Calcium and ethylene glycol tetraacetic acid mitigate toxicity and alteration of gene expression associated with cadmium stress in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) shoots Reviewed International coauthorship International journal

Lamia Sakouhi, Oussama Kharbech, Marouane Ben Massoud, Charfeddine Gharsallah, Sihem Ben Hassine, Shintaro Munemasa, Yoshiyuki Murata, Abdelilah Chaoui

Protoplasma 258 ( 4 ) 849 - 861 2021.7

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Springer Science and Business Media LLC

In the aim to estimate the protective role of calcium (Ca) and ethylene glycol tetraacetic acid (EGTA) against cadmium (Cd)-induced damage, chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) seeds were exposed to 200 μM Cd stress for 6 days or 3 days then subjected to co-treatment of the metal with either 100 mM CaCl2 or 100 μM EGTA for 3 additional days. The addition of Ca and EGTA improved seedling growth. This protecting effect was correlated to the alleviation of the metal-induced oxidative stress, exemplified by the reduction of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) contents. Besides, Ca and EGTA stimulated thioredoxin (Trx) and thioredoxin reductase (NTR) activities (2.75- and 1.75-fold increase when compared to Cd-stressed, respectively) protecting, thereby, protein -SH groups from the Cd-mediated oxidation, and modulated ferredoxin (Fdx) activity to a control level. Moreover, Ca and EGTA reinstated the glutathione redox steady state, mainly via preserving a high level of glutathione reduced form (GSH). This effect coincided with the maintaining of the Cd-stimulated glutathione reductase (GR) activity and the decline of glutathione peroxidase (GPX, 43% lower than Cd-stressed shoots) activity. Ca and EGTA counteracted the inhibitory effect of Cd on the activity and gene expression of Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn-SOD) isoenzyme and modulated the activities of catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX). Overall, our results provided evidence that Ca and EGTA supplement could be a promising approach in the remediation of Cd-contaminated environment.

DOI： 10.1007/s00709-020-01605-x

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Other Link： https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00709-020-01605-x/fulltext.html

A multidrug resistance‐associated protein inhibitor is a potential enhancer of the benzyl isothiocyanate‐induced apoptosis induction in human colorectal cancer cells Reviewed International coauthorship International journal

Qifu Yang, Toshiyuki Nakamura, Masayuki Seto, Miku Miyagawa, Wensi Xu, Beiwei Zhu, Shintaro Munemasa, Yoshiyuki Murata, Yoshimasa Nakamura

Journal of Biochemical and Molecular Toxicology 35 ( 7 ) 2021.7

A role for calcium‐dependent protein kinases in differential CO2‐ and ABA‐controlled stomatal closing and low CO 2 ‐induced stomatal opening in Arabidopsis Reviewed International coauthorship International journal

Sebastian Schulze, Guillaume Dubeaux, Paulo H. O. Ceciliato, Shintaro Munemasa, Maris Nuhkat, Dmitry Yarmolinsky, Jaimee Aguilar, Renee Diaz, Tamar Azoulay‐Shemer, Leonie Steinhorst, Jan Niklas Offenborn, Jörg Kudla, Hannes Kollist, Julian I. Schroeder

New Phytologist 229 ( 5 ) 2765 - 2779 2021.3

Oxalic Acid Mitigates Cadmium Toxicity in Cicer arietinum L. Germinating Seeds by Maintaining the Cellular Redox Homeostasis Reviewed International coauthorship International journal

Lamia Sakouhi, Oussama Kharbech, Marouane Ben Massoud, Shintaro Munemasa, Yoshiyuki Murata, Abdelilah Chaoui

Journal of Plant Growth Regulation 2021.2

INVOLVEMENT OF GLUTATHIONE IN ABSCISIC ACID SIGNALING AND METHYL JASMONATE SIGNALING IN GUARD CELLS

Akter FAHMIDA, Shintaro MUNEMASA, Yoshiyuki MURATA

Journal of Environmental Science for Sustainable Society 10 ( Supplement ) MR03_p9 - MR03_p12 2021

ELEVATION OF CYTOSOLIC CALCIUM IN GUARD CELLS

Md. TAHJIB-UL-ARIF, Shintaro MUNEMASA, Yoshiyuki MURATA

Journal of Environmental Science for Sustainable Society 10 ( Supplement ) MR02_p5 - MR02_p8 2021

Stomatal response to isothiocyanates in Arabidopsis thaliana Reviewed International coauthorship International journal

Sonya Afrin, Eiji Okuma, Md Tahjib-Ul-Arif, Md Sarwar Jahan, Toshiyuki Nakamura, Yoshimasa Nakamura, Shintaro Munemasa, Yoshiyuki Murata

Journal of Experimental Botany 71 ( 22 ) 6921 - 6931 2020.12

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Oxford University Press (OUP)

<title>Abstract</title>Allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) induces stomatal closure accompanied by reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and glutathione (GSH) depletion in Arabidopsis thaliana. In this study, stomatal responses to three other isothiocyanates (ITCs), benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC), sulforaphane (SFN), and phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC), were investigated in A. thaliana. All these ITCs significantly induced stomatal closure, where PEITC and BITC were most effective. The selected ITCs also induced ROS accumulation, cytosolic alkalization, and GSH depletion in guard cells. Moreover, all ITCs increased the frequency of cytosolic free calcium ([Ca2+]cyt) spikes (transient elevation), while PEITC and BITC showed the highest frequency. There was a strong positive correlation between the number of [Ca2+]cyt spikes per guard cell and the decrease in stomatal aperture. Both cytosolic alkalization and GSH content have a positive correlation with the decrease in stomatal aperture, but ROS production did not have a significant correlation with the decrease in stomatal apertures. These results indicate that the molecules with a functional ITC group induce stomatal closure that is accompanied by GSH depletion, cytosolic alkalization, [Ca2+]cyt spikes, and ROS production, and that the former three cellular events, rather than ROS production, are highly correlated with the decrease in stomatal aperture.

DOI： 10.1093/jxb/eraa420

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Other Link： http://academic.oup.com/jxb/article-pdf/71/22/6921/35332877/eraa420.pdf

MAP3Kinase-dependent SnRK2-kinase activation is required for abscisic acid signal transduction and rapid osmotic stress response Reviewed International coauthorship International journal

Yohei Takahashi, Jingbo Zhang, Po-Kai Hsu, Paulo H. O. Ceciliato, Li Zhang, Guillaume Dubeaux, Shintaro Munemasa, Chennan Ge, Yunde Zhao, Felix Hauser, Julian I. Schroeder

Nature Communications 11 ( 1 ) 12 2020.12

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Springer Science and Business Media LLC

<title>Abstract</title>Abiotic stresses, including drought and salinity, trigger a complex osmotic-stress and abscisic acid (ABA) signal transduction network. The core ABA signalling components are snf1-related protein kinase2s (SnRK2s), which are activated by ABA-triggered inhibition of type-2C protein-phosphatases (PP2Cs). SnRK2 kinases are also activated by a rapid, largely unknown, ABA-independent osmotic-stress signalling pathway. Here, through a combination of a redundancy-circumventing genetic screen and biochemical analyses, we have identified functionally-redundant MAPKK-kinases (M3Ks) that are necessary for activation of SnRK2 kinases. These M3Ks phosphorylate a specific SnRK2/OST1 site, which is indispensable for ABA-induced reactivation of PP2C-dephosphorylated SnRK2 kinases. ABA-triggered SnRK2 activation, transcription factor phosphorylation and SLAC1 activation require these M3Ks in vitro and in plants. M3K triple knock-out plants show reduced ABA sensitivity and strongly impaired rapid osmotic-stress-induced SnRK2 activation. These findings demonstrate that this M3K clade is required for ABA- and osmotic-stress-activation of SnRK2 kinases, enabling robust ABA and osmotic stress signal transduction.

DOI： 10.1038/s41467-019-13875-y

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Other Link： http://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-13875-y

Exogenous proline enhances antioxidant enzyme activities but does not mitigate growth inhibition by selenate stress in tobacco BY-2 cells Reviewed International coauthorship International journal

Mousumi Khatun, Daiki Matsushima, Mohammad Saidur Rhaman, Eiji Okuma, Toshiyuki Nakamura, Yoshimasa Nakamura, Shintaro Munemasa, Yoshiyuki Murata

Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry 84 ( 11 ) 2281 - 2292 2020.11

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Oxford University Press (OUP)

<title>Abstract</title>
Selenium (Se) causes oxidative damage to plants. Proline is accumulated as a compatible solute in plants under stress conditions and mitigates stresses. Selenate at 250 µM increased cell death and inhibited the growth of tobacco BY-2 cells while exogenous proline at 10 mM did not mitigate the inhibition by selenate. Selenate increased accumulation of Se and ROS and activities of antioxidant enzymes but not lipid peroxidation in the BY-2 cells. Proline increased Se accumulation and antioxidant enzyme activities but not either ROS accumulation or lipid peroxidation in the selenate-stressed cells. Glutathione (GSH) rather than ascorbic acid (AsA) mitigated the growth inhibition although both reduced the accumulation of ROS induced by selenate. These results indicate that proline increases both antioxidant enzyme activities and Se accumulation, which overall fails to ameliorate the growth inhibition by selenate and that the growth inhibition is not accounted for only by ROS accumulation.

Abbreviations: APX: ascorbate peroxidase; AsA: ascorbic acid; BY-2: Bright Yellow-2; CAT: catalase; DAI: days after inoculation; DW: dry weight; FW: fresh weight; GSH: glutathione; ROS: reactive oxygen species

DOI： 10.1080/09168451.2020.1799747

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Reactive Carbonyl Species Mediate Methyl Jasmonate-Induced Stomatal Closure Reviewed International coauthorship International journal

Md. Moshiul Islam, Wenxiu Ye, Fahmida Akter, Mohammad Saidur Rhaman, Daiki Matsushima, Shintaro Munemasa, Eiji Okuma, Yoshimasa Nakamura, Md. Sanaullah Biswas, Jun’ichi Mano, Yoshiyuki Murata

Plant and Cell Physiology 61 ( 10 ) 1788 - 1797 2020.10

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Oxford University Press (OUP)

<title>Abstract</title>
Production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is a key signal event for methyl jasmonate (MeJA)- and abscisic acid (ABA)-induced stomatal closure. We recently showed that reactive carbonyl species (RCS) stimulates stomatal closure as an intermediate downstream of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production in the ABA signaling pathway in guard cells of Nicotiana tabacum and Arabidopsis thaliana. In this study, we examined whether RCS functions as an intermediate downstream of H2O2 production in MeJA signaling in guard cells using transgenic tobacco plants overexpressing A. thaliana 2-alkenal reductase (n-alkanal + NAD(P)+ ⇌ 2-alkenal + NAD(P)H + H+) (AER-OE tobacco) and Arabidopsis plants. The stomatal closure induced by MeJA was impaired in the AER-OE tobacco and was inhibited by RCS scavengers, carnosine and pyridoxamine, in the wild-type (WT) tobacco plants and Arabidopsis plants. Application of MeJA significantly induced the accumulation of RCS, including acrolein and 4-hydroxy-(E)-2-nonenal, in the WT tobacco but not in the AER-OE plants. Application of MeJA induced H2O2 production in the WT tobacco and the AER-OE plants and the H2O2 production was not inhibited by the RCS scavengers. These results suggest that RCS functions as an intermediate downstream of ROS production in MeJA signaling and in ABA signaling in guard cells.

DOI： 10.1093/pcp/pcaa107

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Other Link： http://academic.oup.com/pcp/article-pdf/61/10/1788/34161860/pcaa107.pdf

Stomatal immunity against fungal invasion comprises not only chitin-induced stomatal closure but also chitosan-induced guard cell death Reviewed International coauthorship International journal

Wenxiu Ye, Shintaro Munemasa, Tomonori Shinya, Wei Wu, Tao Ma, Jiang Lu, Toshinori Kinoshita, Hanae Kaku, Naoto Shibuya, Yoshiyuki Murata

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 117 ( 34 ) 20932 - 20942 2020.8

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

Many pathogenic fungi exploit stomata as invasion routes, causing destructive diseases of major cereal crops. Intensive interaction is expected to occur between guard cells and fungi. In the present study, we took advantage of well-conserved molecules derived from the fungal cell wall, chitin oligosaccharide (CTOS), and chitosan oligosaccharide (CSOS) to study how guard cells respond to fungal invasion. In<italic>Arabidopsis</italic>, CTOS induced stomatal closure through a signaling mediated by its receptor CERK1, Ca²⁺, and a major S-type anion channel, SLAC1. CSOS, which is converted from CTOS by chitin deacetylases from invading fungi, did not induce stomatal closure, suggesting that this conversion is a fungal strategy to evade stomatal closure. At higher concentrations, CSOS but not CTOS induced guard cell death in a manner dependent on Ca²⁺but not CERK1. These results suggest that stomatal immunity against fungal invasion comprises not only CTOS-induced stomatal closure but also CSOS-induced guard cell death.

DOI： 10.1073/pnas.1922319117

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Interaction of intracellular hydrogen peroxide accumulation with nitric oxide production in abscisic acid signaling in guard cells Reviewed International coauthorship International journal

Rayhanur Jannat, Takanori Senba, Daichi Muroyama, Misugi Uraji, Mohammad Anowar Hossain, Mohammad Muzahidul Islam, Yoshimasa Nakamura, Shintaro Munemasa, Izumi C Mori, Yoshiyuki Murata

Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry 84 ( 7 ) 1418 - 1426 2020.7

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Oxford University Press (OUP)

<title>Abstract</title>
<sec>
<title />
Reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide (NO•) concomitantly play essential roles in guard cell signaling. Studies using catalase mutants have revealed that the inducible and constitutive elevations of intracellular hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) have different roles: only the inducible H2O2 production transduces the abscisic acid (ABA) signal leading stomatal closure. However, the involvement of inducible or constitutive NO• productions, if exists, in this process remains unknown. We studied H2O2 and NO• mobilization in guard cells of catalase mutants. Constitutive H2O2 level was higher in the mutants than that in wild type, but constitutive NO• level was not different among lines. Induced NO• and H2O2 levels elicited by ABA showed a high correlation with each other in all lines. Furthermore, NO• levels increased by exogenous H2O2 also showed a high correlation with stomatal aperture size. Our results demonstrate that ABA-induced intracellular H2O2 accumulation triggers NO• production leading stomatal closure.

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<title>Abbreviations</title>
ABA: abscisic acid; CAT: catalase; cGMP: cyclic guanosine monophosphate; DAF-2DA: 4,5-diaminofluorescein-2 diacetate; H2DCF-DA: 2ʹ,7ʹ-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate; MeJA: methyljasmonate; NOS: nitric oxide synthetase; NR: nitrate reductase; POX: peroxidase; ROS: reactive oxygen species; SNAP: S-nitroso-N-acetyl-DL-penicillamine; SNP: sodium nitroprusside; NOX: NADP(H) oxidase.

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DOI： 10.1080/09168451.2020.1743168

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Salicylic acid receptor NPR1 is involved in guard cell chitosan signaling Reviewed International coauthorship International journal

Yeasin Prodhan, Mohammad Issak, Shintaro Munemasa, Yoshimasa Nakamura, Yoshiyuki Murata

Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry 84 ( 5 ) 963 - 969 2020.5

Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Oxford University Press (OUP)

<title>Abstract</title>
<sec>
<title />
Chitosan (CHT) induces stomatal closure and thus plays a crucial role in plants to adapt to the adverse environments. Our previous results of a SA-deficient mutant nahG suggest that endogenous salicylic acid (SA) is involved in the CHT signaling in guard cells. Here in order to make the involvement definite, we examined stomatal responses to CHT of another SA-deficient mutant, sid2, and an SA receptor mutant, npr1-3. The sid2 mutation impaired CHT-induced stomatal closure and reactive oxygen species production and both impairments were complemented with exogenous SA application. Moreover, the CHT-induced stomatal closure is disrupted in the npr1-3 mutant. These results suggest that endogenous SA is involved in the CHT-induced stomatal closure via the SA receptor, NPR1.

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<title>Abbreviations</title>
SA: salicylic acid; ABA: abscisic acid; ROS: reactive oxygen species; NPR1: nonexpresser of pathogenesis-related genes1; CHT: chitosan; DAB: 3,3′-diaminobenzidine

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DOI： 10.1080/09168451.2020.1718485

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Papers - MUNEMASA Shintaro