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DOI： 10.3390/ijms23115887.

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：岡山歯学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：岡山歯学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(公社)日本生化学会  

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Cellular communication network factor (CCN) family members are multifunctional matricellular proteins that manipulate and integrate extracellular signals. In our previous studies investigating the role of CCN family members in cellular metabolism, we found three members that might be under the regulation of energy metabolism. In this study, we confirmed that CCN2 and CCN3 are the only members that are tightly regulated by glycolysis in human chondrocytic cells. Interestingly, CCN3 was induced under a variety of impaired glycolytic conditions. This CCN3 induction was also observed in two breast cancer cell lines with a distinct phenotype, suggesting a basic role of CCN3 in cellular metabolism. Reporter gene assays indicated a transcriptional regulation mediated by an enhancer in the proximal promoter region. As a result of analyses in silico, we specified regulatory factor binding to the X-box 1 (RFX1) as a candidate that mediated the transcriptional activation by impaired glycolysis. Indeed, the inhibition of glycolysis induced the expression of RFX1, and RFX1 silencing nullified the CCN3 induction by impaired glycolysis. Subsequent experiments with an anti-CCN3 antibody indicated that CCN3 supported the survival of chondrocytes under impaired glycolysis. Consistent with these findings in vitro, abundant CCN3 production by chondrocytes in the deep zones of developing epiphysial cartilage, which are located far away from the synovial fluid, was confirmed in vivo. Our present study uncovered that RFX1 is the mediator that enables CCN3 induction upon cellular starvation, which may eventually assist chondrocytes in retaining their viability, even when there is an energy supply shortage.

DOI： 10.1002/jcp.30348

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本骨代謝学会  

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The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) controls not only systemic functions, such as blood pressure, but also local tissue-specific events. Previous studies have shown that angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AT1R) and type 2 (AT2R), two RAS components, are expressed in chondrocytes. However, the angiotensin II (ANG II) effects exerted through these receptors on chondrocyte metabolism are not fully understood. In this study, we investigated the effects of ANG II and AT1R blockade on chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation. Firstly, we observed that ANG II significantly suppressed cell proliferation and glycosaminoglycan content in rat chondrocytic RCS cells. Additionally, ANG II decreased CCN2, which is an anabolic factor for chondrocytes, via increased MMP9. In Agtr1a-deficient RCS cells generated by the CRISPR-Cas9 system, Ccn2 and Aggrecan (Acan) expression increased. Losartan, an AT1R antagonist, blocked the ANG II-induced decrease in CCN2 production and Acan expression in RCS cells. These findings suggest that AT1R blockade reduces ANG II-induced chondrocyte degeneration. Interestingly, AT1R-positive cells, which were localized on the surface of the articular cartilage of 7-month-old mice expanded throughout the articular cartilage with aging. These findings suggest that ANG II regulates age-related cartilage degeneration through the ANG II-AT1R axis.

DOI： 10.3390/ijms22179204

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Cellular communication network factor (CCN) 3 is one of the classical members of the CCN family, which are characterized by common molecular structures and multiple functionalities. Although this protein was discovered as a gene product overexpressed in a truncated form in nephroblastoma, recent studies have revealed its physiological roles in the development and homeostasis of mammalian species, in addition to its pathological association with a number of diseases. Cartilage is a tissue that creates most of the bony parts and cartilaginous tissues that constitute the human skeleton, in which CCN3 is also differentially produced to exert its molecular missions therein. In this review article, after the summary of the molecular structure and function of CCN3, recent findings on the regulation of ccn3 expression and the roles of CCN3 in endochondral ossification, cartilage development, maintenance and disorders are introduced with an emphasis on the metabolic regulation and function of this matricellular multifunctional molecule.

DOI： 10.1007/s12079-021-00629-z

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Fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF-1) is the first FGF family member, and it induces proliferation of fibroblasts and other types of the cells. However, recent studies are uncovering unexpected functions of this molecule. Our previous study redefined this growth factor as a catabolic molecule produced in cartilage upon metabolic insult. Indeed, FGF-1 was found to repress the gene expression of cellular communication network factor 2 (CCN2), which protects and regenerates cartilage, amplifying its own production through positive feedback regulation. In the present study, we investigated the molecular mechanism of this bipartite CCN2 repression and FGF1 activation by FGF-1 in chondrocytes. Repression of CCN2 and induction of FGF1 in human chondrocytic cells were both partly abolished by valproic acid, an inhibitor of histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1), indicating the involvement of chromatin remodeling by histone acetylation in this system. In contrast, RNA degradation analysis suggested no contribution of post-transcriptional regulation of the mRNA stability to the effects conferred by FGF-1. Suspecting a regulation by a specific transcription factor, we next sought a candidate in silico from a large dataset. As a result, we found fork head box protein A1 (FOXA1) as the transcription factor that bound to both CCN2 and FGF1 loci. Functional analysis demonstrated that FOXA1 silencing significantly attenuated the CCN2 repression and FGF1 induction caused by FGF1. These findings collectively indicate that the bipartite regulation by FGF-1 is enabled by the combination of chromatin remodeling by HDACs and transcriptional modulation by FOXA1 with unknown transcriptional coactivators of opposite functionalities.

DOI： 10.1007/s12079-020-00600-4

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Cellular communication network factor 2 (CCN2) is a cysteine-rich secreted matricellular protein that regulates various cellular functions including cell differentiation. CCN2 is highly expressed under several types of mechanical stress, such as stretch, compression, and shear stress, in mesenchymal cells including chondrocytes, osteoblasts, and fibroblasts. In particular, CCN2 not only promotes cell proliferation and differentiation of various cells but also regulates the stability of mRNA of TRPV4, a mechanosensitive ion channel in chondrocytes. Of note, CCN2 behaves like a biomarker to sense suitable mechanical stress, because CCN2 expression is down-regulated when chondrocytes are subjected to excessive mechanical stress. These findings suggest that CCN2 is a mechano-sensing regulator. CCN2 expression is regulated by the activation of various mechano-sensing signaling pathways, e.g., mechanosensitive ion channels, integrin-focal adhesion-actin dynamics, Rho GTPase family members, Hippo-YAP signaling, and G protein-coupled receptors. This review summarizes the characterization of mechanoreceptors involved in CCN2 gene regulation and discusses the role of CCN2 as a mechano-sensing regulator of mesenchymal cell differentiation, with particular focus on chondrocytes.

DOI： 10.1016/j.jdsr.2020.07.001

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Elsevier BV  

OBJECTIVES: Anti-osteoclastic treatments for breast cancer occasionally cause medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw. Moreover, elevated glycolytic activity, which is known as the Warburg effect, is usually observed in these breast cancer cells. Previously, we found that cellular communication network factor 2 (CCN2) production and glycolysis enhanced each other in chondrocytes. Here, we evaluated the interplay between CCN2 and glycolysis in breast cancer cells, as we suspected a possible involvement of CCN2 in the Warburg effect in highly invasive breast cancer cells. METHODS: Two human breast cancer cell lines with a distinct phenotype were used. Glycolysis was inhibited by using 2 distinct compounds, and gene silencing was performed using siRNA. Glycolysis and the expression of relevant genes were monitored via colorimetric assays and quantitative RT-PCR, respectively. RESULTS: Although CCN2 expression was almost completely silenced when treating invasive breast cancer cells with a siRNA cocktail against CCN2, glycolytic activity was not affected. Notably, the expression of glycolytic enzyme genes, which was repressed by CCN2 deficiency in chondrocytes, tended to increase upon CCN2 silencing in breast cancer cells. Inhibition of glycolysis, which resulted in the repression of CCN2 expression in chondrocytic cells, did not alter or strongly enhanced CCN2 expression in the invasive and non-invasive breast cancer cells, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: High CCN2 expression levels play a critical role in the invasion and metastasis of breast cancer. Thus, a collapse in the intrinsic repressive machinery of CCN2 due to glycolysis may induce the acquisition of an invasive phenotype in breast cancer cells.

DOI： 10.1016/j.job.2020.07.001

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To identify proteins that cooperate with cellular communication network factor 2 (CCN2), we carried out GAL4-based yeast two-hybrid screening using a cDNA library derived from the chondrocytic cell line HCS-2/8. Rab14 GTPase (Rab14) polypeptide was selected as a CCN2-interactive protein. The interaction between CCN2 and Rab14 in HCS-2/8 cells was confirmed using the in situ proximity ligation assay. We also found that CCN2 interacted with Rab14 through its IGFBP-like domain among the four domains in CCN2 protein. To detect the colocalization between CCN2 and Rab14 in the cells in detail, CCN2, wild-type Rab14 (Rab14WT), a constitutive active form (Rab14CA), and a dominant negative form (Rab14DN) of Rab14 were overexpressed in monkey kidney-tissue derived COS7 cells. Ectopically overexpressed Rab14 showed a diffuse cytosolic distribution in COS7 cells; however, when Rab14WT was overexpressed with CCN2, the Rab14WT distribution changed to dots that were evenly distributed within the cytosol, and both Rab14 and CCN2 showed clear colocalization. When Rab14CA was overexpressed with CCN2, Rab14CA and CCN2 also showed good localization as dots, but their distribution was more widespread within cytosol. The coexpression of Rab14DN and CCN2 also showed a dotted codistribution but was more concentrated in the perinuclear area. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis revealed that the reduction in RAB14 or CCN2 mRNA by their respective siRNA significantly enhanced the expression of ER stress markers, BIP and CHOP mRNA in HCS-2/8 chondrocytic cells, suggesting that ER and Golgi stress were induced by the inhibition of membrane vesicle transfer via the suppression of CCN2 or Rab14. Moreover, to study the effect of the interaction between CCN2 and its interactive protein Rab14 on proteoglycan synthesis, we overexpressed Rab14WT or Rab14CA or Rab14DN in HCS-2/8 cells and found that the overexpression of Rab14DN decreased the extracellular proteoglycan accumulation more than the overexpression of Rab14WT/CA did in the chondrocytic cells. These results suggest that intracellular CCN2 is associated with Rab14 on proteoglycan-containing vesicles during their transport from the Golgi apparatus to endosomes in chondrocytes and that this association may play a role in proteoglycan secretion by chondrocytes.

DOI： 10.3390/ijms21082769

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：MDPI AG  

Retrotransposons are genetic elements that copy and paste themselves in the host genome through transcription, reverse-transcription, and integration processes. Along with their proliferation in the genome, retrotransposons inevitably modify host genes around the integration sites, and occasionally create novel genes. Even now, a number of retrotransposons are still actively editing our genomes. As such, their profound role in the evolution of mammalian genomes is obvious; thus, their contribution to mammalian skeletal evolution and development is also unquestionable. In mammals, most of the skeletal parts are formed and grown through a process entitled endochondral ossification, in which chondrocytes play central roles. In this review, current knowledge on the evolutional, physiological, and pathological roles of retrotransposons in mammalian chondrocyte differentiation and cartilage development is summarized. The possible biological impact of these mobile genetic elements in the future is also discussed.

DOI： 10.3390/ijms21051564

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DOI： 10.1002/jcb.29680.

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In this study, we investigated the effect of CCN2 (cellular communication network factor 2), previously termed connective tissue growth factor, deposited in bone matrix on osteoclastogenesis and osteoblast differentiation. To mimic the bone matrix environment, osteocytic MLO-Y4 cells had been embedded in collagen-gel with recombinant CCN2 (rCCN2), and mouse macrophage-like RAW264.7 cells were inoculated on the gel and treated with receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL). NFATc1 and cathepsin K (CTSK) productions were more increased in the combination of RAW264.7 and MLO-Y4 cells treated with rCCN2 than the combination without rCCN2. Next, we isolated an osteocyte-enriched population of cells and osteoclast progenitor cells from wild type and tamoxifen-inducible Ccn2-deficient (KO) mice and performed similar analysis. NFATc1 and CTSK productions were decreased in the KO osteocyte-enriched population at 6 months after the tamoxifen injection, regardless of the origin of the osteoclast progenitor cells. Interestingly, CTSK production was rather increased in KO osteocytes at 1 year after the injection. Finally, the combination of osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 and MLO-Y4 cells in rCCN2-containing bone matrix revealed the up-regulation of osteoblastic marker genes. These findings suggest that CCN2 supplied by osteocytes regulates both osteoclastogenesis and osteoblast differentiation.

DOI： 10.1038/s41598-019-47285-3

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Menisci are a pair of crescent-shaped fibrocartilages, particularly of which their inner region of meniscus is an avascular tissue. It has characteristics similar to those of articular cartilage, and hence is inferior in healing. We previously reported that low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) treatment stimulates the production of CCN2/CTGF, a protein involved in repairing articular cartilage, and the gene expression of major cartilage matrices such as type II collagen and aggrecan in cultured chondrocytes. Therefore, in this present study, we investigated whether LIPUS has also favorable effect on meniscus cells and tissues. LIPUS applied with a 60 mW/cm2 intensity for 20 min stimulated the gene expression and protein production of CCN2 via ERK and p38 signaling pathways, as well as gene expression of SOX9, aggrecan, and collagen type II in human inner meniscus cells in culture, and slightly stimulated the gene expression of CCN2 and promoted the migration in human outer meniscus cells in culture. LIPUS also induced the expression of Ccn2, Sox9, Col2a1, and Vegf in rat intact meniscus. Furthermore, histological evaluations showed that LIPUS treatment for 1 to 4 weeks promoted healing of rat injured lateral meniscus, as evidenced by better and earlier angiogenesis and extracellular matrix synthesis. The data presented indicate that LIPUS treatment might prevent meniscus from degenerative change and exert a reparative effect on injured meniscus via up-regulation of repairing factors such as CCN2 and that it might thus be useful for treatment of an injured meniscus as a non-invasive therapy.

DOI： 10.1007/s12079-018-0496-9

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Endochondral ossification, including bone growth and other metabolic events, is regulated by circadian rhythms. Herein, we provide evidence that melatonin has a direct effect on the circadian rhythm of chondrocytes. We detected mRNA expression of the genes which encode the melatonin-synthesizing enzymes AANAT (arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase) and HIOMT (hydroxyindole O-methyltransferase), as well as the melatonin receptors MT1 and MT2 in mouse primary chondrocytes and cartilage. Production of melatonin was confirmed by mass spectrometric analysis of primary rat and chick chondrocytes. Addition of melatonin to primary mouse chondrocytes caused enhanced cell growth and increased expression of Col2a1, Aggrecan, and Sox9, but inhibited Col10a1 expression in primary BALB/c mouse chondrocytes. Addition of luzindole, an MT1 and MT2 antagonist, abolished these effects. These data indicate that chondrocytes produce melatonin, which regulates cartilage growth and maturation via the MT1 and MT2 receptors. Kinetic analysis showed that melatonin caused rapid upregulation of Aanat, Mt1, Mt2, and Pthrp expression, followed by Sox9 and Ihh. Furthermore, expression of the clock gene Bmal1 was induced, while that of Per1 was downregulated. Chronobiological analysis of synchronized C3H mouse chondrocytes revealed that melatonin induced the cyclic expression of Aanat and modified the cyclic rhythm of Bmal1, Mt1, and Mt2. In contrast, Mt1 and Mt2 showed different rhythms from Bmal1 and Aanat, indicating the existence of different regulatory genes. Our results indicate that exogenous and endogenous melatonin work in synergy in chondrocytes to adjust rhythmic expression to the central suprachiasmatic nucleus clock.

DOI： 10.1530/JOE-19-0022

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本骨代謝学会  

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A vast number of long-noncoding RNAs (lncRNA) are found expressed in human cells, which RNAs have been developed along with human evolution. However, the physiological functions of these lncRNAs remain mostly unknown. In the present study, we for the first time uncovered the fact that one of such lncRNAs plays a significant role in the differentiation of chondrocytes and, possibly, of osteoblasts differentiated from mesenchymal stem cells, which cells eventually construct the human skeleton. The urothelial cancer-associated 1 (UCA1) lncRNA is known to be associated with several human malignancies. Firstly, we confirmed that UCA1 was expressed in normal human chondrocytes, as well as in a human chondrocytic cell line; whereas it was not detected in human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs). Of note, although UCA1 expression was undetectable in hBMSCs, it was markedly induced along with the differentiation toward chondrocytes, suggesting its critical role in chondrogenesis. Consistent with this finding, silencing of the UCA1 gene significantly repressed the expression of chondrogenic genes in human chondrocytic cells. UCA1 gene silencing and hyper-expression also had a significant impact on the osteoblastic phenotype in a human cell line. Finally, forced expression of UCA1 in a murine chondrocyte precursor, which did not possess a UCA1 gene, overdrove its differentiation into chondrocytes. These results indicate a physiological and important role of this lncRNA in the skeletal development of humans, who require more sustained endochondral ossification and osteogenesis than do smaller vertebrates.

DOI： 10.1002/jcp.26285

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Language：English   Publisher：FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL  

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DOI： 10.1007/978-1-4939-6430-7_21

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DOI： 10.1007/978-1-4939-6430-7_10

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DOI： 10.1007/978-1-4939-6430-7_25

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(公社)日本生化学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)歯科基礎医学会  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：WILEY-BLACKWELL  

CCN2/connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) is a multi-functional molecule that promotes harmonized development and regeneration of cartilage through its matricellular interaction with a variety of extracellular biomolecules. Thus, deficiency in CCN2 supply profoundly affects a variety of cellular activities including basic metabolism. A previous study showed that the expression of a number of ribosomal protein genes was markedly enhanced in Ccn2-null chondrocytes. Therefore, in this study, we analyzed the impact of CCN2 on amino acid and protein metabolism in chondrocytes. Comparative metabolome analysis of the amino acids in Ccn2-null and wild-type mouse chondrocytes revealed stable decreases in the cellular levels of all of the essential amino acids. Unexpectedly, uptake of such amino acids was rather enhanced in Ccn2-null chondrocytes, and the addition of exogenous CCN2 to human chondrocytic cells resulted in decreased amino acid uptake. However, as expected, amino acid consumption by protein synthesis was also accelerated in Ccn2-null chondrocytes. Furthermore, we newly found that expression of two genes encoding two glycolytic enzymes, as well as the previously reported Eno1 gene, was repressed in those cells. Considering the impaired glycolysis and retained mitochondrial membrane potential in Ccn2-null chondrocytes, these findings suggest that Ccn2 deficiency induces amino acid shortage in chondrocytes by accelerated amino acid consumption through protein synthesis and acquisition of aerobic energy. Interestingly, CCN2 was found to capture such free amino acids in vitro. Under physiological conditions, CCN2 may be regulating the levels of free amino acids in the extracellular matrix of cartilage. J. Cell. Biochem. 117: 927-937, 2016. (c) 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

DOI： 10.1002/jcb.25377

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：岡山歯学会  

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Language：English   Publisher：(公社)日本生化学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)歯科基礎医学会  

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Language：English   Publisher：(一社)歯科基礎医学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)歯科基礎医学会  

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Language：English   Publisher：(公社)日本生化学会  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

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Language：English   Publisher：日本再生歯科医学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)歯科基礎医学会  

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Language：English   Publisher：(一社)日本骨代謝学会  

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DOI： 10.1242/jcs.101956

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DOI： 10.1242/jcs.101956.

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)歯科基礎医学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本骨代謝学会  

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Language：English   Publisher：(一社)日本骨代謝学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(公社)日本生化学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(公社)日本生化学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)歯科基礎医学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本骨代謝学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：岡山歯学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(公社)日本生化学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本骨代謝学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本骨代謝学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(公社)日本生化学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本骨代謝学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：岡山歯学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(公社)日本生化学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本骨代謝学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本骨代謝学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本骨代謝学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本骨代謝学会  

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Language：English   Publisher：(一社)日本骨代謝学会  

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DOI： 10.1016/j.joca.2004.06.009

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UNLABELLED: CTGF/CCN2, a hypertrophic chondrocyte-specific gene product, possessed the ability to repair damaged articular cartilage in two animal models, which were experimental osteoarthritis and full-thickness defects of articular cartilage. These findings suggest that CTGF/CCN2 may be useful in regeneration of articular cartilage. INTRODUCTION: Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF)/CCN2 is a unique growth factor that stimulates the proliferation and differentiation, but not hypertrophy, of articular chondrocytes in vitro. The objective of this study was to investigate the therapeutic use of CTGF/CCN2. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The effects of recombinant CTGF/CCN2 (rCTGF/CCN2) on repair of damaged cartilage were evaluated by using both the monoiodoacetic acid (MIA)-induced experimental rat osteoarthritis (OA) model and full-thickness defects of rat articular cartilage in vivo. RESULTS: In the MIA-induced OA model, quantitative real-time RT-PCR assays showed a significant increase in the level of CTGF/CCN2 mRNA, and immunohistochemical analysis and in situ hybridization revealed that the clustered chondrocytes, in which clustering indicates an attempt to repair the damaged cartilage, produced CTGF/CCN2. Therefore, CTGF/CCN2 was suspected to play critical roles in cartilage repair. In fact, a single injection of rCTGF/CCN2 incorporated in gelatin hydrogel (rCTGF/CCN2-hydrogel) into the joint cavity of MIA-induced OA model rats repaired their articular cartilage to the extent that it became histologically similar to normal articular cartilage. Next, to examine the effect of rCTGF/CCN2 on the repair of articular cartilage, we created defects (2 mm in diameter) on the surface of articular cartilage in situ and implanted rCTGF/CCN2-hydrogel or PBS-hydrogel therein with collagen sponge. In the group implanted with rCTGF/CCN2-hydrogel collagen, new cartilage filled the defect 4 weeks postoperatively. In contrast, only soft tissue repair occurred when the PBS-hydrogel collagen was implanted. Consistent with these in vivo effects, rCTGF/CCN2 enhanced type II collagen and aggrecan mRNA expression in mouse bone marrow-derived stromal cells and induced chondrogenesis in vitro. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest the utility of CTGF/CCN2 in the regeneration of articular cartilage.

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Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF/CCN2) is one of the candidate factors mediating fibrogenic activity of TGF-β. It was shown previously that the blockade of CTGF by antisense oligonucleotide (ODN) inhibits TGF-β-induced production of fibronectin and type I collagen in cultured renal fibroblasts. The in vivo contribution of CTGF in renal interstitial fibrosis, however, remains to be clarified. With the use of a hydrodynamics-based gene transfer technique, the effects of CTGF antisense ODN are investigated in rat kidneys with unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO). FITC-labeled ODN injection via the renal vein showed that the ODN was specifically introduced into the interstitium. At day 7 after UUO, the gene expression of CTGF, fibronectin, fibronectin ED-A, and α1(I) collagen in untreated or control ODN-treated obstructed kidneys was prominently upregulated. CTGF antisense ODN treatment, by contrast, markedly attenuated the induction of CTGF, fibronectin, fibronectin ED-A, and α1(I) collagen genes, whereas TGF-β gene upregulation was not affected. The antisense treatment also reduced interstitial deposition of CTGF, fibronectin ED-A, and type I collagen and the interstitial fibrotic areas. The number of myofibroblasts determined by the expression of α-smooth muscle actin was significantly decreased as well. Proliferation of tubular and interstitial cells was not altered with the treatment. These findings indicate that CTGF expression in the interstitium plays a crucial role in the progression of interstitial fibrosis but not in the proliferation of tubular and interstitial cells during UUO. CTGF may become a potential therapeutic target against tubulointerstitial fibrosis.

DOI： 10.1097/01.ASN.0000130565.69170.85

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Japanese Association of Regenerative Dentistry  

In the concept of minimal intervention (MI), it is an urgent necessity for us to develop the new therapy of pulp capping and hard tissue regeneration. Recent studies showed the therapy using Ca(OH)2, or/and adhesive resins or some antibiotics mixture. In this study, to develop the new method of biological pulp capping, we used Connective Tissue Growth Factor (CTGF). To elucidate the ability of CTGF for cell proliferation and tissue mineralization, we immunohistologically analyzed the expression of osteonectin. Normal human pulp cells were stimulated by CTGF in culture medium for several hours, and analyzed the expression of osteonectin by immunohistochemical staining. Osteonectin, which is one of extra celluler matrix proteins and indicators of tissue mineralization, was expressed 96 hours after stimulation of CTGF. These results showed that CTGF is extremely useful for the establishment of the biological dentin regeneration therapy.

DOI： 10.11223/jard.1.54

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Authorship：Lead author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：WILEY-LISS  

Connective tissue growth factor/hypertrophic chondrocyte-specific gene product 24 (CTGF/Hcs24) plays important roles in the control of the proliferation and differentiation of chondrocytes in vitro. To clarify the mechanisms of regulation by CTGF/Hcs24 with respect to cartilage metabolism, we investigated the interaction between CTGF/Hcs24 and heparan sulfate proteoglycan perlecan. An immunofluorescence study showed that CTGF/Hcs24 was colocalized with heparan sulfate and perlecan in human chondrosarcoma-derived chondrocytic cell line HCS-2/8 in vitro. Northern blot analysis showed that perlecan, syndecan-1, -2, and -4 transcripts were detected in HCS-2/8 cells. Particularly, expression of the perlecan gene increased markedly in HCS-2/8 cells by recombinant CTGF/Hcs24 (rCTGF/Hcs24) treatment. We also found that CTGF/Hcs24 interacted with perlecan from HCS-2/8 cells in vitro. Furthermore, CTGF/Hcs24-stimulated gene expression of the aggrecan gene, as well as DNA/proteoglycan synthesis, was diminished when HCS-2/8 cells were pretreated with heparinase, indicating that the effects of CTGF/Hcs24 on chondrocytes occurred through the interaction between CTGF/Hcs24 and heparan sulfate on the cells. An in vivo study using mouse growth plate revealed that CTGF/Hcs24 produced by hypertrophic chondrocytes was localized from the proliferative to the hypertrophic zone, whereas perlecan was predominantly localized in the prehyphertrophic zone. Consistent with such findings in vivo, the binding of I-125-rCTGF/Hcs24 to maturing chondrocytes was at higher levels than that to chondrocytes in hypertrophic stages. These findings suggest that CTGF/Hcs24 produced in the hypertrophic region may act on chondrocytes in the proliferative and maturative zone via some heparan sulfate proteoglycan, such as perlecan. (C) 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

DOI： 10.1002/jpc.10277

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本骨形態計測学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本顎関節学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：厚生労働省特定疾患対策研究班  

肥大軟骨細胞由来の成長因子CTGF/Hcs24の生理的,病理的役割を解明するため,胎生10,15,17日齢,生後1日齢のマウスを用いて骨格成長過程と骨折治癒過程におけるCTGF/Hcs24の遺伝子発現について検討した.マウス胎生期における発現は,胎生7日の初期に高く,胎生10日で一旦低下した後,胎生15日〜17日で再び増強した.マウスでは多くの内軟骨性骨化が胎生13日で始まることから,後期の遺伝子発現は内軟骨性骨化と関連すると考えられるが,初期の遺伝子発現の亢進は幼若細胞の分化と関連すると考えられた.また,CTGF/Hcs24は骨折治癒過程においても肥大軟骨細胞から産生され肥大軟骨細胞層を中心として軟骨細胞層全体に存在することが明らかとなり,CTGF/Hcs24は軟骨細胞にとってオートクリン・パラクリン因子であることが明らかとなった.更に,骨折後初期において,増殖しつつある骨膜細胞や血管内皮細胞にも発現していることから,組織再生の際には肥大軟骨細胞だけでなく種々の細胞が発現・産生する因子であることが示唆された

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Authorship：Lead author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：WILEY-LISS  

We previously reported that connective tissue growth factor/hypertrophic chondrocyte-specific gene product 24 (CTCF/Hcs24) stimulated the proliferation and differentiation of rabbit growth cartilage (RGC) cells in vitro. In this study, we investigated the effects of CTGF/Hcs24 on the proliferation and differentiation of rabbit articular cartilage (RAC) cells in vitro. RAC cells transduced by recombinant adenoviruses generating mRNA for CTGF/Hcs24 synthesized more proteoglycan than the control cells. Also, treatment of RAC cells with recombinant CTGF/Hcs24 (rCTGF/Hcs24) increased DNA and proteoglycan syntheses in a dose-dependent manner. Northern blot analysis revealed that the rCTGF/Hcs24 stimulated the gene expression of type II collagen and aggrecan core protein, which are markers of chondrocyte maturation, in both RGC and RAC cells. However, the gene expression of type X collagen, a marker of hypertrophic chondrocytes, was stimulated by rCTGF/Hcs24 only in RGC cells, but not in RAC cells. Oppositely, gene expression of tenascin-C, a marker of articular chondrocytes, was stimulated by rCTGF/Hcs24 in RAC cells, but not in RGC cells. Moreover, rCTGF/Hcs24 effectively increased both alkaline phosphatase (ALPase) activity and matrix calcification of RGC cells, but not of RAC cells. These results indicate that CTGF/Hcs24 promotes the proliferation and differentiation of articular chondrocytes, but does not promote their hypertrophy or calcification. Taken together, the data show that CTCF/Hcs24 is a direct growth and differentiation factor for articular cartilage, and suggest that it may be useful for the repair of articular cartilage. (C) 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

DOI： 10.1002/jcp.10113

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本骨代謝学会  

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Osteocytes form a three-dimensional (3D) cellular network within the mineralized bone matrix. The cellular network has important roles in mechanosensation and mechanotransduction related to bone homeostasis. We visualized the embedded osteocyte network in chick calvariae and observed the flow-induced Ca2+ signaling in osteocytes using 3D time-lapse imaging. In response to the flow, intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) significantly increased in developmentally mature osteocytes in comparison with young osteocytes in the bone matrix. To investigate the differences in response between young and developmentally mature osteocytes in detail, we evaluated the expression of osteocyte-related genes using the osteocyte-like cell line MLO-Y4, which was 3D-cultured within type I collagen gels. We found that the c-Fos, Cx43, Panx3, Col1a1, and OCN mRNA levels significantly increased on day 15 in comparison with day 7. These findings indicate that developmentally mature osteocytes are more responsive to mechanical stress than young osteocytes and have important functions in bone formation and remodeling.

DOI： 10.1007/s00774-017-0868-x

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)歯科基礎医学会  

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The CCN family consists of 6 genes in the mammalian genome and produces multifunctional proteins involved in a variety of biological processes. Recent reports indicate the profound roles of CCN2 in energy metabolism in chondrocytes, and Ccn2 deficiency is known to alter the expression of 2 other family members including Ccn3. However, almost nothing is known concerning the regulation of the CCN family genes by energy metabolism. In order to gain insight into this critical issue, we initially and comprehensively evaluated the effect of inhibition of glycolysis on the expression of all of the CCN family genes in chondrocytic cells. Upon the inhibition of a glycolytic enzyme, repression of CCN2 expression was observed, whereas CCN3 expression was conversely induced. Similar repression of CCN2 was conferred by the inhibition of aerobic ATP production, which, however, did not induce CCN3 expression. In contrast, glucose starvation significantly enhanced the expression of CCN3 in those cells. The results of a reporter gene assay using a molecular construct containing a CCN3 proximal promoter revealed a dose-dependent induction of the CCN3 promoter activity by the glycolytic inhibitor in chondrocytic cells. These results unveiled a critical role of glycolytic activity in the regulation of CCN2 and CCN3, which activity mediated the mutual regulation of these 2 major CCN family members in chondrocytes.

DOI： 10.1007/s12079-017-0420-8

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：生命科学系学会合同年次大会運営事務局  

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Knowledge of the microenvironment of articular cartilage in health and disease is the key to accomplishing fundamental disease-modifying treatments for osteoarthritis. The proteins comprising the CCN Family are matricellular proteins with a remarkable relevance within the context of cartilage metabolism. CCN2 displays a great capability for regenerating articular cartilage, and CCN3 has been shown to activate the expression of genes related to articular chondrocytes and to repress genes related to endochondral ossification in epiphyseal chondrocytes. Moreover, mice lacking CCN3 protein have been shown to display ostearthritic changes in their knee articular cartilage. In this study, we employed a monoiodoacetic acid (MIA)-induced osteoarthritic model to investigate whether osteoarthritic changes in the cartilage are reciprocally accompanied by CCN3 down-regulation and an inducible overexpression system to evaluate the effects of CCN3 on articular chondrocytes in vitro. Finally, we also investigated the effects of exogenous CCN3 in vivo during the early stages of MIA-induced osteoarthritis. We discovered that CCN3 is expressed by articular chondrocytes in normal rat knees, whereas it is rapidly down-regulated in osteoarthritic knees. In vitro, we also discovered that CCN3 increases the proteoglycan accumulation, the gene expression of type II collagen, tenascin-C and lubricin, as well as the protein production of tenascin-C and lubricin in articular chondrocytes. In vivo, it was discovered that exogenous CCN3 increased tidemark integrity and produced an increased production of lubricin protein. The potential utility of CCN3 as a future therapeutic agent and possible strategies to improve its therapeutic functions are also discussed.

DOI： 10.1007/s00774-016-0793-4

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Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine: 5-HT) is recognized as a neurotransmitter in the central nerve system and as a regulator of systemic blood pressure in the peripheral tissues. Recently, it was reported that 5-HT2 receptors (5-HT(2)Rs) were expressed in cartilage tissues lacking both vessels and neurons, suggesting possible novel functions of 5-HT during cartilage development and regeneration. Our previous data indicated that CCN family protein 2/connective tissue growth factor (CCN2/CTGF) plays a central role in cartilage development and regeneration. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 5-HT on the production of CCN2 in chondrocytes. Firstly, we showed that the mRNAs of 5-HT2R subtypes 5-HT2AR and 5-HT2BR, were expressed in a human chondrocytic cell line, HCS-2/8; however, 5-HT2CR mRNA was not detected. In addition, exogenously added 5-HT did not affect the 5-HT2AR and 5-HT2BR expressions. Next, we demonstrated that CCN2 production was increased by treatment with a 5-HT2AR agonist and the combination of 5-HT and 5-HT2BR antagonist. In contrast, treatment with a 5-HT2BR agonist and the combination of 5-HT and 5-HT2AR antagonist decreased CCN2 production. Furthermore, we showed that phosphorylation of Akt and p38 MAPK were increased by treatment with 5-HT2AR agonist, and that phosphorylation of PKC epsilon, PKC zeta, ERK1/2 and JNK were increased by treatment with 5-HT2BR agonist. Finally, we found that 5-HT2AR was localized in the growth plate, whereas 5-HT2BR was localized in the articular cartilage. These findings suggest that 5-HT promotes CCN2 production through the 5-HT2AR in growth plates, and that it represses CCN2 production through the 5-HT2BR in articular cartilage for harmonized development of long bones.

DOI： 10.1371/journal.pone.0188014

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Fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF-1) is a classical member of the FGF family and is produced by chondrocytes cultured from osteoarthritic patients. Also, this growth factor was shown to bind to CCN family protein 2 (CCN2), which regenerates damaged articular cartilage and counteracts osteoarthritis (OA) in an animal model. However, the pathophysiological role of FGF-1 in cartilage has not been well investigated. In this study, we evaluated the effects of FGF-1 in vitro and its production in vivo by use of an OA model. Treatment of human chondrocytic cells with FGF-1 resulted in marked repression of genes for cartilaginous extracellular matrix components, whereas it strongly induced matrix metalloproteinase 13 (MMP-13), representing its catabolic effects on cartilage. Interestingly, expression of the CCN2 gene was dramatically repressed by FGF-1, which repression eventually caused the reduced production of CCN2 protein from the chondrocytic cells. The results of a reporter gene assay revealed that this repression could be ascribed, at least in part, to transcriptional regulation. In contrast, the gene expression of FGF-1 was enhanced by exogenous FGF-1, indicating a positive feedback system in these cells. Of note, induction of FGF-1 was observed in the articular cartilage of a rat OA model. These results collectively indicate a pathological role of FGF-1 in OA development, which includes an insufficient cartilage regeneration response caused by CCN2 down regulation.

DOI： 10.1007/s12079-017-0384-8

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper, summary (international conference)   Publisher：SPRINGER LONDON LTD  

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Authorship：Lead author   Language：English   Publisher：ELSEVIER SCI LTD  

Objective: CCN family protein 2/connective tissue growth factor (CCN2/CTGF) promotes cartilage regeneration in experimental osteoarthritis (OA) models. However, CCN2 production is very low in articular cartilage. The aim of this study was to investigate whether or not CCN2 was promoted by cultured chondrocytes treated with low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) and to clarify its mechanism.
Methods: Human chondrocytic cell line (HCS)-2/8, rat primary epiphyseal and articular cartilage cells, and Ccn2-deficient chondrocytes that impaired chondrocyte differentiation, were treated with LIPUS for 20 min at 3.0 MHz frequency and 60 mW/cm(2) power. Expressions of chondrocyte differentiation marker mRNAs were examined by real-time PCR (RT-PCR) analysis from HCS-2/8 cells and Ccn2-deficient chondrocytes at 30 min and 1 h after LIPUS treatment, respectively. CCN2 production was examined by Western blotting after 5 h of LIPUS treatment. Moreover, Ca2+ influx was measured by using a Fluo-4 probe.
Results: The gene expression of chondrocyte differentiation markers and CCN2 production were increased in cultured chondrocytes treated with LIPUS. In addition, Ca2+ influx and phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 were increased by LIPUS treatment, and the stability of TRPV4 and BKca channel mRNAs was decreased by siRNA against CCN2. Consistent with those findings, the LIPUS-induced the gene expressions of type II collagen (COL2a1) and Aggrecan (ACAN) observed in wild-type cells were not observed in the Ccn2-deficient chondrocytes.
Conclusion: These data indicate that chondrocyte differentiation represented by CCN2 production was mediated via MAPK pathways activated by LIPUS-stimulated Ca2+ influx, which in turn was supported by the induced CCN2 molecules in articular chondrocytes. (C) 2016 Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of Osteoarthritis Research Society International.

DOI： 10.1016/j.joca.2016.10.003

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Objectives: Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) has been widely used to enhance the regeneration of damaged joint tissues, such as osteoarthritic and rheumatoid arthritic cartilage. The aim of this study is to clarify the involvement of all of the CCN family proteins that are crucially associated with joint tissue regeneration.
Methods: Cyr61-CTGF-NOV (CCN) family proteins in human platelets and megakaryocytic cells were comprehensively analyzed by Western blotting analysis. Production of CCN family proteins in megakaryocytes in vivo was confirmed by immunofluorescence analysis of mouse bone marrow cells. Effects of CCN family proteins found in platelets on chondrocytes were evaluated by using human chondrocytic HCS-2/8 cells.
Results: Inclusion of CCN2, a mesenchymal tissue regenerator, was confirmed. Of note, CCN3, which counteracts CCN2, was newly found to be encapsulated in platelets. Interestingly, these two family members were not detectable in megakaryocytic cells, but their external origins were suggested. Furthermore, we found for the first time CCN5 and CCN1 that inhibits ADAMTS4 in both platelets and megakaryocytes. Finally, application of a CCN family cocktail mimicking platelets onto HCS-2/8 cells enhanced their chondrocytic phenotype.
Conclusions: Multiple inclusion of CCN1, 2 and 3 in platelets was clarified, which supports the harmonized regenerative potential of PRP in joint therapeutics.

DOI： 10.3109/14397595.2016.1155255

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Language：English   Publisher：Japanese Association for Oral Biology  

Background CCN family protein 2 (CCN2), also widely known as connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), is one of the classical members of the CCN family of proteins. In mammals, the CCN family comprises 6 members, each of which is composed of highly interactive conserved modules. Therefore, the biological roles of CCN2 in different microenvironments are highly diverse and depend on the cofactors present. Highlight In cartilage, CCN2 promotes chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation, which was evidenced by its ability to regenerate damaged articular cartilage in a harmonized manner. However, the mechanism by which CCN2 promotes both proliferation and differentiation - apparently opposite cytological events - remains unclear. In order to clarify the mechanism underlying the diverse functionality of CCN2, novel approaches are needed. Recent advances in omics approaches that attempt to address these issues are introduced in this review. Conclusion A new functional aspect of CCN2 as a metabolic supporter in cartilage was recently revealed by a metabolo-transcriptomic approach. In addition, a systematic interactomic approach is being used to characterize the molecular network around CCN2 that supports the multiple functionality of CCN2 in bone/cartilage.

DOI： 10.1016/j.job.2014.09.002

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In an attempt to find out a new molecular counterpart of CCN family protein 2 (CCN2), a matricellular protein with multiple functions, we performed an interactome analysis and found fibroblast growth factor (FGF) -1 as one of the candidates. Solid-phase binding assay indicated specific binding between CCN2 and FGF-1. This binding was also confirmed by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) analysis that revealed a dissociation constant (Kd) of 3.98 nM indicating strong molecular interaction between the two. RNA analysis suggested that both FGF-1 and CCN2 could be produced by chondrocytes and thus their interaction in the cartilage is possible. These findings for the first time indicate the direct interaction of CCN2 and FGF-1 and suggest the co-presence of these molecules in the cartilage microenvironment. CCN2 is a well-known promoter of cartilage development and regeneration, whereas the physiological and pathological role of FGF-1 in cartilage mostly remains unclear. Biological role of FGF-1 itself in cartilage is also suspected.

DOI： 10.1007/s12079-014-0232-z

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Language：English   Publisher：WILEY-BLACKWELL  

CCN2/connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) is a unique molecule that promotes both chondrocytic differentiation and proliferation through its matricellular interaction with a number of extracellular biomolecules. This apparently contradictory functional property of CCN2 suggests its certain role in basic cellular activities such as energy metabolism, which is required for both proliferation and differentiation. Comparative metabolomic analysis of costal chondrocytes isolated from wild-type and Ccn2-null mice revealed overall impaired metabolism in the latter. Among the numerous metabolites analyzed, stable reduction in the intracellular level of ATP, GTP, CTP, or UTP was observed, indicating a profound role of CCN2 in energy metabolism. Particularly, the cellular level of ATP was decreased by more than 50% in the Ccn2-null chondrocytes. The addition of recombinant CCN2 (rCCN2) to cultured Ccn2-null chondrocytes partly redeemed the cellular ATP level attenuated by Ccn2 deletion. Next, in order to investigate the mechanistic background that mediates the reduction in ATP level in these Ccn2-null chondrocytes, we performed transcriptome analysis. As a result, several metabolism-associated genes were found to have been up-regulated or down-regulated in the mutant mice. Up-regulation of a number of ribosomal protein genes was observed upon Ccn2 deletion, whereas a few genes required for aerobic and anaerobic ATP production were down-regulated in the Ccn2-null chondrocytes. Among such genes, reduction in the expression of the enolase 1 gene was of particular note. These findings uncover a novel functional role of CCN2 as a metabolic supporter in the growth-plate chondrocytes, which is required for skeletogenesis in mammals. J. Cell. Biochem. 115: 854-865, 2014. (c) 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

DOI： 10.1002/jcb.24728

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We used high- (ACCM) and low- (ACC2) metastasis cell lines of human adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) as an experimental model to study metastatic mechanisms and compare their expression levels for angiogenic-related factor vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). By using a series of extensive analyses, hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) alpha-dependent VEGF expression levels were observed to be higher in ACCM cell lines, increasing the possible development of tumor metastasis, compared to ACC2 cell lines. Our findings provide the novel insight that HIF-1 alpha-dependent VEGF overexpression under hypoxic conditions shows to some extent associations with the metastatic tendency of ACC cells and may function as a potential target for ACC therapy.

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DOI： 10.1016/j.bone.2014.12.058.

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DOI： 10.1093/jb/mvu056.

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DOI： 10.1016/j.bone.2013.11.010

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Micro RNA (miRNA) is a small non-coding post-transcriptional RNA regulator that is involved in a variety of biological events. In order to specify the role of miRNAs in cartilage metabolism, we comparatively analyzed the expression profile of known miRNAs in chicken sternum chondrocytes representing early and late differentiation stages. Interestingly, none of the miRNAs displaying strong expression levels showed remarkable changes along with differentiation, suggesting their roles in maintaining the homeostasis rather than cytodifferentiation of chondrocytes. Among these miRNAs, miR-181a, which is known to play critical roles in a number of tissues, was selected and was further characterized. Human microarray analysis revealed remarkably stronger expression of miR-181a in human HCS-2/8 cells, which strongly maintained a chondrocytic phenotype, than in HeLa cells, indicating its significant role in chondrocytes. Indeed, subsequent investigation indicated that miR-181a repressed the expression of two genes involved in cartilage development. One was CCN family member 1 (CCN1), which promotes chondrogenesis; and the other, the gene encoding the core protein of aggrecan, a major cartilaginous proteoglycan, aggrecan. Based on these findings, negative feedback system via miR-181a to conserve the integrity of the cartilaginous phenotype may be proposed.

DOI： 10.1002/jcb.24556

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The 3'-untranslated region (UTR) is known to be a critical regulator of post-transcriptional events that determine the gene expression at the RNA level. The gene CCN1 is one of the classical members of the matricellular CCN family and is involved in a number of biological processes during mammalian development. In the present study, the 600-bp 3'-UTR of CCN1 was functionally characterized. Reporter gene analysis revealed that the entire 3'-UTR profoundly repressed gene expression in cis in different types of the cells, to which both the proximal and distal-halves of the 3'-UTR segments contributed almost equally. Deletion analysis of the 3'-UTR indicated a distinct functional element in the proximal half, whereas a putative target for microRNA-181s was predicted in silico in the distal half. Of note, the repressive RNA element in the proximal half was shown to be capable of forming a stable secondary structure. However, unexpectedly, a reporter construct with a tandem repeat of the predicted miR-181 targets failed to respond to miR-181a. In addition, the other major structured element predicted in the distal half was similarly characterized. To our surprise, the second element rather enhanced the reporter gene expression in cis. These results indicate the involvement of multiple regulatory elements in the CCN1 3'-UTR and suggest the complexity of the miRNA action as well as the 3'-UTR-mediated gene regulation.

DOI： 10.1007/s12079-013-0202-x

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Objective: Hypertrophy-like changes are often observed in chondrocytes during the development of osteoarthritis (OA). These changes play a crucial part in the OA-associated cartilage degradation and osteophyte formation. However, the pathogenesis leading to such changes is still unknown. In this study, we investigated the mechanism by which these hypertrophy-like changes are induced from the viewpoint of impaired glycolytic metabolism.
Methods: The effect of sodium fluoride (NaF) on glycolytic metabolism of cultured chondrocytes was confirmed by measurement of intracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production. Translocation of phosphorylated Smad1/5/8 to the nucleus was evaluated by subcellular fractionation and Western blotting. Chondrocyte hypertrophy-like changes were investigated by real-time RT-PCR and Western blot analysis of differentiation markers.
Results: ATP production was dose-dependently decreased by NaF in the human chondrocytic cell line HCS-2/8. In addition, both chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation were inhibited, whereas cell death was promoted by treatment with NaF. Interestingly, combinational treatment with NaF and lactate enhanced translocation of phospho-Smad1/5/8 to the nucleus, as well as gene expression of ALP, VEGF, COL10a1, and matrix metalloproteinase13 (MMP13), which were the markers of late mature and hypertrophic chondrocytes. Furthermore, the production of type X collagen and activation of MMP9 were also promoted under the same conditions.
Conclusions: These findings suggest that decreased ATP production by NaF promotes hypertrophy-like changes via activation of phospho-Smad1/5/8 in the presence of lactate. Novel metabolic aspects of OA pathogenesis are indicated herein. (C) 2013 Osteoarthritis Research Society International. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.joca.2013.01.013

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CCN family proteins 2 and 3 (CCN2 and CCN3) belong to the CCN family of proteins, all having a high level of structural similarity. It is widely known that CCN2 is a profibrotic molecule that mediates the development of fibrotic disorders in many different tissues and organs. In contrast, CCN3 has been recently suggested to act as an anti-fibrotic factor in several tissues. This CCN3 action was shown earlier to be exerted by the repression of the CCN2 gene expression in kidney tissue, whereas different findings were obtained for liver cells. Thus, the molecular action of CCN3 yielding its anti-fibrotic effect is still controversial. Here, using a general model of fibrosis, we evaluated the effect of CCN3 overexpression on the gene expression of all of the CCN family members, as well as on that of fibrotic marker genes. As a result, repression of CCN2 gene expression was modest, while type I collagen and α-smooth muscle actin gene expression was prominently repressed. Interestingly, not only CCN2, but also CCN4 gene expression showed a decrease upon CCN3 overexpression. These findings indicate that fibrotic gene induction is under the control of a complex molecular network conducted by CCN family members functioning together. © 2012 The International CCN Society.

DOI： 10.1007/s12079-012-0180-4

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DOI： 10.1016/j.biochi.2012.10.016

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CCN2/CTGF (CCN family 2/connective tissue growth factor) is a multi-cellular protein with a broad range of activities. It modulates many cellular functions, including proliferation, migration, adhesion and extracellular matrix production, and it is thus involved in many biological and pathological processes. In particular, CCN2/CTGF is essential for normal skeletal development. To identify CCN2/CTGF-interactive proteins capable of modulating its action in cartilage, we carried Out a yeast two-hybrid screening using CCN2/CTGF peptide as a bait and a cDNA library from a chondrocytic cell line, HCS-2/8. In the present paper, we report the identification of aggrecan, which is a major proteoglycan of the extracellular matrix in cartilage, its a CCN2/CTGF-binding protein. Among the four domains of CCN2/CTGF, the IGFBP [IGF (insulin-like growth factor)-binding protein-like] and/or VWC (von Willebrand factor type C) domains had a direct interaction with aggrecan in a yeast two-hybrid assay. The results of a solid-phase-binding assay using aggrecan-coated plates also showed binding to recombinant CCN2/CTGF in a dose-dependent manner. rIGFBP (recombinant IGFBP) and rVWC (recombinant VWC) module peptides had stronger binding to aggrecan compared with rTSP1 (recombinant thrombospondin type I repeat) and rCT (recombinant C-terminal cystine knot) module peptides. SPR (surface plasmon resonance) analysis showed the direct interaction between the CCN2/CTGF and aggrecan. and ectopically overexpressed CCN2/CTGF and AgG3 (G3 domain of aggrecan) confirmed their binding in vivo. Indirect immunofluorescence analysis indicated that CCN2/CTGF was extracellularly co-localized with aggrecan on HCS-2/8 cells. The rIGFBP-rVWC peptide effectively enhanced tire production and release of aggrecan compared with the rTSP-rCT peptide in chondrocytes. These results indicate that CCN2/CTGF binds to aggrecan through its N-terminal IGFBP and VWC Modules. and this binding may be related to the CCN2/CTGF-enhanced production and secretion of aggrecan by chondrocytes.

DOI： 10.1042/BJ20081991

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Language：English   Publisher：OXFORD UNIV PRESS  

Both CCN family 2/connective tissue growth factor (CCN2/CTGF) and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-2 play an important role in cartilage metabolism. We evaluated whether or not CCN2 would interact with BMP-2, and examined the combination effect of CCN2 with BMP-2 (CCN2-BMP-2) on the proliferation and differentiation of chondrocytes. Immunoprecipitation-western blotting analysis, solid-phase binding assay and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) spectroscopy showed that CCN2 directly interacted with BMP-2 with a dissociation constant of 0.77 nM as evaluated by SPR. An in vivo study revealed that CCN2 was co-localized with BMP-2 at the pre-hypertrophic region in the E18.5 mouse growth plate. Interestingly, CCN2-BMP-2 did not affect the BMP-2/CCN2-induced phosphorylation of p38 MAPK but caused less phosphorylation of ERK1/2 in cultured chondrocytes. Consistent with these results, cell proliferation assay showed that CCN2-BMP-2 stimulated cell growth to a lesser degree than by either CCN2 or BMP-2 alone, whereas the expression of chondrocyte marker genes and proteoglycan synthesis, representing the mature chondrocytic phenotype, was increased collaboratively by CCN2-BMP-2 treatment in cultured chondrocytes. These findings suggest that CCN2 may regulate the proliferating and differentiation of chondrocytes by forming a complex with BMP-2 as a novel modulator of BMP signalling.

DOI： 10.1093/jb/mvn159

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Authorship：Lead author   Language：English   Publisher：ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC  

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is essential for establishing vascularization and regulating chondrocyte development and survival. We have demonstrated that VEGF regulates the expression of CCN2/connective tissue growth factor (CCN2/CTGF) an essential mediator of cartilage development and angiogenesis, suggesting that CCN2 functions in down-stream of VEGF, and that VEGF function is mediated in part by CCN2. On the other hand, the phenotype of Ccn2 mutant growth plates, which exhibit decreased expression of VEGF in the hypertrophic zone, indicates that Vegf expression is dependent on Ccn2 expression as well. Therefore, we investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying the induction of VEGF by CCN2 using a human chondrocytic cell line, HCS-2/8. Hypoxic stimulation (5% O(2)) of HCS-2/8 cells increased VEGF mRNA levels by similar to 8 fold within 6 h as compared with the cells cultured under normoxia. In addition, VEGF expression was further up-regulated under hypoxia in HCS-2/8 cells transfected with a Ccn2 expression plasmid. Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1 alpha mRNA and protein levels were increased by stimulation with recombinant CCN2 (rCCN2). Furthermore, the activity of a VEGF promoter that contained a HIF-1 binding site was increased in HCS-2/8, when the cells were stimulated by rCCN2. These results suggest that CCN2 regulates the expression of VEGF at a transcriptional level by promoting HIF-1 alpha activity. In fact, HIF-1 alpha was detected in the nuclei of proliferative and pre-hypertrophic chondrocytes of wild-type mice, whereas it was not detected in Ccn2 Mutant chondrocytes in vivo. This activation cascade from CCN2 to VEGF may therefore play a critical role in chondrocyte development and survival. (C) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.bone.2008.08.125

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Language：English   Publisher：INT INST ANTICANCER RESEARCH  

Background: Mandibular bone destruction is a frequent occurrence in oral squamous cell carcinoma. However, the relationship between the bone destruction and associated factors is unclear. Here, the role and diagnostic utility of connective tissue growth factor (CCN2) in bone destruction of the mandible was investigated. Patients and Methods: The production of CCN2 was explored by using immunohistochemistry on paraffin-embedded tissues from 20 cases of mandibular squamous cell carcinoma. The effect of CCN2 on osteoclastogenesis was examined in vitro by using total bone marrow cell populations from male mice. Results: Immunohistochemical analysis showed that CCN2-positive signals were closely associated with destructive invasion of the mandible by oral squamous cell carcinomas. Consistent with these results, recombinant human CCN2 (rCCN2) stimulated tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive osteoclast-like cell formation in vitro. Conclusion: CCN2 can be considered a diagnostic marker and target for treatment in oral osteolytic mandibular squamous cell carcinoma.

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Language：English   Publisher：COGNIZANT COMMUNICATION CORP  

Multiple roles have been already recognized for CCN2 in cartilage development and regeneration. However, the effects of CCN2 on bone regeneration remain to be elucidated. In this study, the utility of CCN2 on bone regeneration was examined in vitro and in vivo in combination with hydroxyapatite (HAp) as a scaffold. Human bone marrow stromal cells (hBMSCs) were isolated from human iliac bone marrow aspirates of healthy donors and expanded, and the effects of CCN2 on their proliferation and migration were examined in vitro. The proliferation of hBMSCs on a plastic or HAp plate was significantly enhanced by CCN2. Moreover, the migration of hBMSCs also dramatically increased by CCN2. Interestingly, a C-terminal signal modular fragment of CCN2 (CT-module) also enhanced the cell proliferation and migration as efficiently as the full-length CCN2. Next, in order to estimate the effect of CCN2 on the migration and survival of hBMSCs and bone formation inside the HAp scaffold in vivo, two experiments were performed. First, the porous HAp carrier was cultured with hBMSCs for a week, and the cell-scaffold hybrid was transplanted with or without CCN2 subcutaneously into immunocompromised mice. CCN2 accelerated the hBMSC-like cell migration and survival inside the porous HAp within 4 weeks after transplantation. Second, the porous HAp carrier with or without CCN2 was directly implanted into bone defects within a rabbit mandible, and bone regeneration inside was evaluated. As a result, CCN2 efficiently induced the cell invasion and bone formation inside the porous HAp scaffold. These findings suggest that CCN2 and its CT-module fragment could be useful for regeneration and reconstruction of large-scale bone defects.

DOI： 10.3727/000000008783907143

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Authorship：Lead author   Language：English   Publisher：IOS PRESS  

Mechanical stress plays an important role in the cartilage metabolism. The aim of this study is to determine the influence of mechanical load magnitude and frequency on cartilage metabolism in terms of the expression of hypertrophic chondrocyte-specific gene product 24/connective tissue growth factor/CCN family 2 (Hcs24/CTGF/CCN2), as an essential mediator of extracellular matrix (ECM) production. When a human chondrocytic cell line, HCS-2/8 was exposed to uni-axial cyclic mechanical force (6% elongation, 10 times/min) only for 30 min, the expression level of Hcs24/CTGF/CCN2 (CCN2) increased, and c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase (JNK) was activated. These findings suggest that stretch-induced CCN2 may be mediated by the JNK pathway. When HCS-2/8 cells were subjected to cyclic tension force at 15 kPa, 30 cycles/min, which has been reported to be a degradation force for HCS-2/8 cells, the expressions of CCN2 and aggrecan were inhibited, and such expressions remained unchanged in rabbit hyaline costal cartilage cells. However, these expressions increased in rabbit meniscus tissue cells. These findings suggest that the sensitivity of mechanical stretch may be different depending on the type of cells. Furthermore, CCN2 was co-localized with aggrecan in this meniscus tissue region exposed to mechanical stress in vivo. These findings suggest that CCN2 induced by mechanical stress may therefore play some role in meniscus growth and regeneration.

DOI： 10.3233/BIR-2008-0478

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Language：English   Publisher：SPRINGER  

The matricellular protein CCN2 (Connective Tissue Growth Factor; CTGF) is an essential mediator of ECM composition, as revealed through analysis of Ccn2 deficient mice. These die at birth due to complications arising from impaired endochondral ossification. However, the mechanism(s) by which CCN2 mediates its effects in cartilage are unclear. We investigated these mechanisms using Ccn2(-/-) chondrocytes. Expression of type II collagen and aggrecan were decreased in Ccn2(-/-) chondrocytes, confirming a defect in ECM production. Ccn2(-/-) chondrocytes also exhibited impaired DNA synthesis and reduced adhesion to fibronectin. This latter defect is associated with decreased expression of alpha 5 integrin. Moreover, CCN2 can bind to integrin alpha 5 beta 1 in chondrocytes and can stimulate increased expression of integrin alpha 5. Consistent with an essential role for CCN2 as a ligand for integrins, immuno-fluorescence and Western blot analysis revealed that levels of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 phosphorylation were reduced in Ccn2(-/-) chondrocytes. These findings argue that CCN2 exerts major effects in chondrocytes through its ability to (1) regulate ECM production and integrin alpha 5 expression, (2) engage integrins and (3) activate integrin-mediated signaling pathways.

DOI： 10.1007/s12079-007-0005-z

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Language：English   Publisher：ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE  

Cell attachment is a crucial step in tissue regeneration. In this study, human bone marrow stromal cells (hBMSCs) were isolated, and the effects of CCN2 on their attachment were examined. CCN2 significantly enhanced the hBMSC attachment, and this enhanced cell attachment was mainly regulated by the C-terminal module of CCN2. This enhancement was negated by the anti-integrin alpha(v)beta(3) antibody and p38 MAPK inhibitor, and phosphorylation of p38 MAPK was detected upon the enhanced cell attachment mediated by CCN2. We thus conclude that CCN2 enhances hBMSC attachment via integrin-p38 MAPK signal pathway. Enhanced hBMSC attachment on hydroxyapatite plates by CCN2 further indicated the utility of CCN2 in bone regeneration. (c) 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.03.052

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Language：English   Publisher：LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS  

Excessive fibrosis contributes to an increase in left ventricular stiffness. The goal of the present study was to investigate the role of connective tissue growth factor (CCN2/CTGF), a profibrotic cytokine of the CCN (Cyr61, CTGF, and Nov) family, and its functional interactions with brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), an antifibrotic peptide, in the development of myocardial fibrosis and diastolic heart failure. Histological examination on endomyocardial biopsy samples from patients without systolic dysfunction revealed that the abundance of CTGF-immunopositive cardiac myocytes was correlated with the excessive interstitial fibrosis and a clinical history of acute pulmonary congestion. In a rat pressure overload cardiac hypertrophy model, CTGF mRNA levels and BNP mRNA were increased in proportion to one another in the myocardium. Interestingly, relative abundance of mRNA for CTGF compared with BNP was positively correlated with diastolic dysfunction, myocardial fibrosis area, and procollagen type 1 mRNA expression. Investigation with conditioned medium and subsequent neutralization experiments using primary cultured cells demonstrated that CTGF secreted by cardiac myocytes induced collagen production in cardiac fibroblasts. Further, G protein - coupled receptor ligands induced expression of the CTGF and BNP genes in cardiac myocytes, whereas aldosterone and transforming growth factor-beta preferentially induced expression of the CTGF gene. Finally, exogenous BNP prevented the production of CTGF in cardiac myocytes. These data suggest that a disproportionate increase in CTGF relative to BNP in cardiac myocytes plays a central role in the induction of excessive myocardial fibrosis and diastolic heart failure.

DOI： 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.106.077537

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Language：English   Publisher：ELSEVIER FRANCE-EDITIONS SCIENTIFIQUES MEDICALES ELSEVIER  

CCN2 consists of 4 distinct modules that are conserved among various CCN family protein members. From the N-terminus, insulin-like growth factor binding protein (IGFBP), von Willebrand factor type C repeat (VWC), thrombospondin type 1 repeat (TSP1) and C-terminal cysteine-knot (CT) modules are all aligned tandem therein. The multiple functionality of CCN2 is thought to be enabled by the differential use of these modules when interacting with other molecules. In this study, we independently prepared all 4 purified module proteins of human CCN2, utilizing a secretory production system with Brevibacillus choshinensis and thus evaluated the cell biological effects of such single modules. In human umbilical vascular endothelial cells (HUVECs), VWC, TSP and CT modules, as well as a full-length CCN2, were capable of efficiently activating the ERK signal transduction cascade, whereas IGFBP was not. In contrast, the IGFBP module was found to prominently activate JNK in human chondrocytic HCS-2/8 cells, while the others showed similar effects at lower levels. In addition, ERK1/2 was modestly, but significantly activated by IGFBP and VWC in those cells. No single module, but a mixture of the 4 modules provoked a significant activation of p38 MAPK in HCS-2/8 cells, which was activated by the full-length CCN2. Therefore, the signals emitted by CCN2 can be highly differential, depending upon the cell types, which are thus enabled by the tetramodular structure. Furthermore, the cell biological effects of each module on these cells were also evaluated to clarify the relationship among the modules, the signaling pathways and biological outcomes. Our present results not only demonstrate that single CCN2 modules were potent activators of the intracellular signaling cascade to yield a biological response per se, while also providing new insight into the module-wise structural and functional relationship of a prototypic CCN family member, CCN2. (c) 2006 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.biochi.2006.07.007

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Language：English   Publisher：ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC  

CCN2/connective tissue growth factor (CCN2/CTGF) is known to promote both the proliferation and differentiation of chondrocytes, which actions are mediated by ERK and p38 MAPK, respectively. In this study, we first re-evaluated the involvement of multiple MAPKs therein and found that JNK also mediated such CCN2 signals. Thereafter, we further analyzed the roles of upstream kinases. The involvement of PKC, PI3K and PKA in the CCN2 signaling to promote the maturation, proliferation and terminal differentiation of a human chondrocytic cell line, HCS-2/8 and rabbit primary growth cartilage cells was investigated. As a result, the PKC inhibitor calphostin C repressed all of the effects of CCN2, which were represented by increased synthesis of DNA and proteoglycans and the display of alkaline phosphatase activity. In addition, evaluation of the effect of the PI3K inhibitor wortmannin disclosed the contribution of PI3K in transducing CCN2 signals to promote chondrocyte hypertrophy. This signal was known to be mediated by PKB, which was translocated into the nucleus upon CCN2 stimulation. Of note, calphostin C showed inhibitory effects on the activation of p38 MAPK, ERK and also PKB, whereas it exerted no effect on JNK activation. These results suggest that PKC is a driver of multiple signal transducing kinases that promote the proliferation and differentiation of chondrocytes. The requirement of PI3K in transmitting the signal for terminal differentiation and PKC-independent signaling pathways for the promotion of chondrocytic growth and differentiation, which was mediated by JNK, were also uncovered. (c) 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.bone.2005.11.016

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Language：English   Publisher：NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP  

Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF/CCN2) can be induced by various forms of stress such as exposure to high glucose, mechanical load, or hypoxia. Here, we investigated the molecular mechanism involved in the induction of ctgf/ccn2 by hypoxia in a human chondrosarcoma cell line, HCS-2/8. Hypoxia increased the ctgf/ccn2 mRNA level by altering the 3'-untranslated region (UTR)-mediated mRNA stability without requiring de novo protein synthesis. After a series of extensive analyses, we eventually found that the cis-repressive element of 84 bases within the 3'-UTR specifically bound to a cytoplasmic/nuclear protein. By conducting a UV crosslinking assay, we found the cytoplasmic/nuclear protein to be a 35 kDa molecule that bound to the cis-element in a hypoxia-inducible manner. These results suggest that a cis-element in the 3'-UTR of ctgf/ccn2 mRNA and trans-factor counterpart(s) play an important role in the post-transcriptional regulation by determining the stability of ctgf/ccn2 mRNA.

DOI： 10.1038/sj.onc.1209129

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本骨代謝学会  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper, summary (international conference)   Publisher：CHURCHILL LIVINGSTONE INC MEDICAL PUBLISHERS  

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Background: CCN2/CTGF is known to be involved in tooth germ development and periodontal tissue remodeling, as well as in mesenchymal tissue development and regeneration. In this present study, we investigated the roles of CCN2/CTGF in the proliferation and differentiation of periodontal ligament cells (murine periodontal ligament-derived cell line: MPL) in vitro. Results: In cell cultures of MPL, the mRNA expression of the CCN2/CTGF gene was stronger in sparse cultures than in confluent ones and was significantly enhanced by TGF-β. The addition of recombinant CCN2/CTGF (rCCN2) to MPL cultures stimulated DNA synthesis and cell growth in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, rCCN2 addition also enhanced the mRNA expression of alkaline phosphatase (ALPase), type I collagen, and periostin, the latter of which is considered to be a specific marker of the periosteum and periodontium
whereas it showed little effect on the mRNA expression of typical osteoblastic markers, e.g., osteopontin and osteocalcin. Finally, rCCN2/CTGF also stimulated ALPase activity and collagen synthesis. Conclusion: These results taken together suggest important roles of CCN2/ CTGF in the development and regeneration of periodontal tissue including the periodontal ligament. © 2005 Asano et al
licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

DOI： 10.1186/1478-811X-3-11

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper, summary (international conference)   Publisher：LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper, summary (international conference)   Publisher：LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper, summary (international conference)   Publisher：AMER SOC BONE & MINERAL RES  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper, summary (international conference)   Publisher：WILEY-BLACKWELL  

DOI： 10.1007/s10157-005-0347-x

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Language：English   Publisher：ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC  

It is known that expression of the macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) gene is induced in articular chondrocytes upon inflammation. However, the functional role of M-CSF in cartilage has been unclear. In this study, we describe possible roles of M-CSF in the protection and maintenance of the articular cartilage based on the results of experiments using human chondrocytic cells and rat primary chondrocytes. Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF/CCN2) is known to be a potent molecule to regenerate damaged cartilage by promoting the growth and differentiation of articular chondrocytes. Here, we uncovered the fact that M-CSF induced the mRNA expression of the ctgf/ccn2 gene in those cells. Enhanced production of CTGF/CCN2 protein by M-CSF was also confirmed. Furthermore, M-CSF could autoactivate the m-csf gene, forming a positive feed-back network to amplify and prolong the observed effects. Finally, promotion of proteoglycan synthesis was observed by the addition of M-CSF. These findings taken together indicate novel roles of M-CSF in articular cartilage metabolism in collaboration with CTGF/CCN2, particularly during an inflammatory response. Such roles of M-CSF were further supported by the distribution of M-CSF producing chondrocytes in experimentally induced rat osteoarthritis cartilage in vivo. © 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.bone.2004.10.015

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper, summary (international conference)   Publisher：AMER SOC BONE & MINERAL RES  

DOI： 10.1359/JBMR.040322

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：歯科基礎医学会  

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Connective tissue growth factor/hypertrophic chondrocyte specific gene product 24 (CTGF/Hcs24/CCN2) shows diverse functions in the process of endochondral ossification. It promotes not only the proliferation and differentiation of chondrocytes and osteoblasts in vitro, but also angiogenesis in vivo. The ctgf gene is a member of the gene family called CCN, and it encodes the characteristic 4-module structure of this family, with the protein containing IGFBP, VWC, TSP and CT modules. We raised several monoclonal antibodies and polyclonal antisera against CTGF, and located the epitopes in the modules by Western blotting. For mapping the epitopes, Brevibacillu-sproduced independent modules were utilized. As a result, at least 1 antibody or antiserum was prepared for the detection of each module in CTGF. Western blotting with these antibodies is expected to be useful for the analysis of CTGF fragmentation. Moreover, we examined the effects of these monoclonal antibodies on the biological functions of CTGF. One out of 3 humanized monoclonal antibodies was found to neutralize efficiently the stimulatory effect of CTGF on chondrocytic cell proliferation. This particular antibody bound to the CT module. In contrast, surprisingly, all of the 3 antibodies recognizing IGFBP, VWC and CT modules stimulated proteoglycan synthesis in chondrocytic cells. Together with previous findings, these results provide insight into the structural-functional relationships of CTGF in executing multiple functions.

DOI： 10.1093/jb/mvh042

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本再生歯科医学会  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper, summary (international conference)   Publisher：LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper, summary (international conference)   Publisher：AMER SOC BONE & MINERAL RES  

DOI： 10.1002/jcp.10277

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper, summary (international conference)   Publisher：INT AMER ASSOC DENTAL RESEARCHI A D R/A A D R  

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Language：English   Publisher：ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD  

Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) is known to be a multifunctional growth factor that is overexpressed. in several types of malignancies. In this study, effects of CTGF gene overexpression on the phenotypes of oral squamous cell carcinoma cells were investigated by using a cell line with undetectable endogenous CTGF expression. Surprisingly, our results indicated that CTGF-overexpressed clones were characterized by attenuated cell growth and less potent tumorigenicity, with coincidental downregulation of prothymosin a gene. Although CTGF is known to promote cell proliferation in mesenchymal cells, our present results suggest that CTGF acts as a negative regulator of the cell growth in oral squamous cell carcinoma possibly through its interaction with growth modifiers inside the cell. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/S0304-3835(02)00718-8

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Language：English   Publishing type：Book review, literature introduction, etc.   Publisher：WILEY-LISS  

Connective tissue growth factor/hypertrophic chondrocyte-specific gene product 24 (CTGF/Hcs24) is a multifunctional growth factor for chondrocytes, osteoblasts, and vascular endothelial cells. CTGF/Hcs24 promotes the proliferation and maturation of growth cartilage cells and articular cartilage cells in culture and hypertrophy of growth cartilage cells in culture. The factor also stimulates the proliferation and differentiation of cultured osteoblastic cells. Moreover, CTGF/Hcs24 promotes the adhesion, proliferation, and migration of vascular endothelial cells, as well as induces tube formation by the cells and strong angiogenesis in vivo. Because angiogenesis is critical for the replacement of cartilage with bone at the final stage of endochondral ossification and because gene expression of CTGF/Hcs24 predominates in hypertrophic chondrocytes in the physiological state, a major physiological role for this factor should be the promotion of the entire process of endochondral ossification, with the factor acting on the above three types of cells as a paracrine factor. Thus, CTGF/Hcs24 should be called "ecogenin: endochondral ossification genetic factor." In addition to hypertrophic chondrocytes, osteoblasts activated by various stimuli including wounding also express a significantly high level of CTGF/Hcs24. These findings in conjunction with in vitro findings about osteoblasts mentioned above suggest the involvement of CTGF/Hcs24 in intramembranous ossification and bone modeling/remodeling. Because angiogenesis is also critical for intramembranous ossification and bone remodeling, CTGF/Hcs24 expressed in endothelial cells activated by various stimuli including wounding may also play important roles in direct bone formation. In conclusion, although the most important physiological role of CTGF/Hcs24 is ecogenin action, the factors also play important roles in skeletal growth and modeling/remodeling via its direct action on osteoblasts under both physiological and pathological conditions. (C) 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

DOI： 10.1002/jcp.10206

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It has been established that fragmented hyaluronic acid (HA), but not native high molecular weight HA, can induce angiogenesis, cell proliferation and migration. We have studied the outside-in signal transduction pathways responsible for fragmented HA-mediated cancer cell invasion. In our study, we have studied the effects of CD44 stimulation by ligation with HA upon the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs)-2 and -9 as well as urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA), its receptor (uPAR) and its inhibitor (PAI-1) and the subsequent induction of invasion of human chondrosarcoma cell line HCS-2/8. Our study indicates that (i) CD44 stimulation by fragmented HA upregulates expression of uPA and uPAR mRNA and protein but does not affect MMPs secretion or PAW mRNA expression; (ii) the effects of HA fragments are critically HA size dependent: high molecular weight HA is inactive, but lower molecular weight fragmented HA (Mr 33 kDa) is active; (iii) cells can bind avidly Mr 3.5 kDa fragmented HA through a CD44 molecule, whereas cells do not effectively bind higher Mr HA; (iv) a fragmented HA induces phosphorylation of MAP kinase proteins (MEK1/2, ERK1/2 and c-Jun) within 30 min; (v) CD44 is critical for the response (activation of MAP kinase and upregulation of uPA and uPAR expression); and (vi) cell invasion induced by CD44 stimulation with a fragmented HA is inhibited by anti-CD44 mAb, MAP kinase inhibitors, neutralizing anti-uPAR pAb, anti-catalytic anti-uPA mAb or amiloride. Therefore, our study represents the first report that CD44 stimulation induced by a fragmented HA results in activation of MAP kinase and, subsequently, enhances uPA and uPAR expression and facilitates invasion of human chondrosarcoma cells. (C) 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

DOI： 10.1002/ijc.10710

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Language：English   Publisher：ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE  

Connective tissue growth factor/hypertrophic chondrocyte-specific gene product 24 (CTGF/Hcs24) displays multiple functions in several types of mesenchymal cells, including the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of chondrocytes. Recently, the internalization and intracellular function of CTGF/Hcs24 were indicated as well. In this study, a binding protein for this factor was purified from the cytosolic fraction of human chondrosarcoma-derived chondrocytic cell line (HCS-2/8) by CTGF/Hcs24-affinity chromatography. The apparent molecular weight of the protein was 42 kDa and determination of the internal amino acid sequence revealed this protein to be beta- or gamma-actin. An in vitro competitive binding assay of I-125-labeled recombinant CTGF/Hcs24 with cold-rCTGF/Hcs24 showed that the binding between actin and I-125-CTGF/Hcs24 was specific. Immunoprecipitation analysis also showed that CTGF/Hcs24 bound to actin in HCS-2/8 cells. However, rCTGF/Hcs24 had no effects on the expression level of gamma-actin mRNA or total actin protein. These findings suggest that a significant portion of intracellular CTGF/Hcs24 may regulate certain cell biological events in chondrocytes through the interaction with this particular cytoskeletal protein. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/S0006-291X(02)02739-0

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Language：English   Publisher：FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL  

We investigated the mechanism of the anti-fibrotic effects of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) in the kidney, with respect to its effect on connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), a down-stream, profibrotic mediator of transforming growth factor-beta(1) (TGF-beta(1)). In wild-type (WT) mice with 5/6 nephrectomy (Nx), HGF and TGF-beta(1) mRNAs increased transiently in the remnant kidney by week 1 after the Nx, returned to baseline levels, and increased again at weeks 4 to 12. In contrast, CTGF and 1(I) procollagen (COLI) mRNAs increased in parallel with HGF and TGF-beta(1) during the early stage, but did not re-increase during the late stage. In the case of TGF-beta(1) transgenic (TG) mice with 5/6 Nx, excess TGF-beta(1) derived from the transgene enhanced CTGF expression significantly in the remnant kidney, accordingly accelerating renal fibrogenesis. Administration of dHGF (5.0 mg/kg/day) to TG mice with 5/6 Nx for 4 weeks from weeks 2 to 6 suppressed CTGF expression in the remnant kidney, attenuating renal fibrosis and improving the survival rate. In an experiment in vitro, renal tubulointerstitial fibroblasts (TFB) were co-cultured with proximal tubular epithelial cells (PTEC). Pretreatment with HGF reduced significantly CTGF induction in PTEC by TGF-beta(1), consequently suppressing COLI synthesis in TFB. In conclusion, HGF can block, at least partially, renal fibrogenesis promoted by TGF-beta1 in the remnant kidney, via attenuation of CTGF induction.

DOI： 10.1096/fj.02-0442fje

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Language：English   Publisher：ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC  

Localization and expression of connective tissue growth factor/hypertrophic chondrocyte-specific gene product 24 (CTGF/Hcs24) during fracture healing in mouse ribs were investigated. In situ hybridization demonstrated that CTGF/Hcs24 mRNA was remarkably expressed, especially in hypertrophic chondrocytes and proliferating chondrocytes, in the regions of regenerating cartilage on days 8 and 14 after fracture. CTGF/Hcs24 mRNA was also expressed in proliferating periosteal cells in the vicinity of the fracture sites on days 2 and 8, and in cells in fibrous tissue around the callus on day 8. Northern blot analysis showed that expression of CTGF/Hcs24 mRNA was 3.9 times higher on day 2 of fracture healing than that on day 0. On day 8, it reached a peak of 8.6 times higher than that on day 0. It then declined to a lower level. Immunostaining showed that CTGF/Hcs24 was localized in hypertrophic chondrocytes and proliferating chondrocytes in the regions of regenerating cartilage, and in active osteoblasts in the regions of intramembranous ossification. Although CTGF/Hcs24 was abundant in the proliferating and differentiating cells (on days 8 and 14), immunostaining decreased as the cells differentiated to form bone (on day 20). CTGF/Hcs24 was also detected in cells in fibrous tissue, vascular endothelial cells in the callus, and periosteal cells around the fracture sites. These results suggest that CTGF/Hcs24 plays some role in fracture healing.

DOI： 10.1016/S8756-3282(02)00846-3

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：歯科基礎医学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：歯科基礎医学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：歯科基礎医学会  

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Language：English   Publisher：ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV  

In order to identify receptor molecules that participate in the growth and differentiation of cliondrocytes, we cloned a number of cDNA fragments from HCS-2/8 chondrocytic cells, by using tyrosine kinase-specific primers for amplification. The mRNA expression of one such receptor, ErbB4, was increased by connective tissue growth factorthypertrophic chondrocyte-specific gene product (CTGF/Hes24), which promotes all stages of the endochondral ossification in vitro. ErbB4 expression was observed through all stages of chondrocytic differentiation in vitro, corresponding to the wide distribution of CTGF/Hcs24 target cells. Furthermore, positive signals for erbB4 mRNA were detectable throughout most populations of chondrocytes, in growth and articular cartilage in vivo. These results demonstrate for the first time that ErbB4 is expressed in chondrocytes and may play some roles in chondrocytic growth and differentiation along with CTGF/Hcs24. (C) 2002 Federation of European Biochemical Societies. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/S0014-5793(02)03263-5

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper, summary (international conference)   Publisher：AMER SOC BONE & MINERAL RES  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper, summary (international conference)   Publisher：AMER SOC BONE & MINERAL RES  

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Language：English   Publisher：ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV  

Hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor (HGF/SF) can induce proliferation and motility and promote invasion of tumor cells. Since HGF/SF receptor, c-Met, is expressed by tumor cells, and since stimulation of CD44, a transmembrane glycoprotein known to bind hyaluronic acid (HA) in its extracellular domain, is involved in activation of c-Met, we have studied the effects of CD44 stimulation by ligation with HA upon the expression and tyrosine phosphorylation of c-Met on human chondrosarcoma cell line HCS-2/8. The current study indicates that (a) CD44 stimulation by fragmented HA upregulates expression of c-Met proteins; (b) fragmented HA also induces tyrosine phosphorylation of c-Met protein within 30 min, an early event in this pathway as shown by the early time course of stimulation; (c) the effects of HA fragments are critically HA size-dependent. High molecular weight HA is inactive, but lower molecular weight fragments (M(r) 3.5 kDa) are active with maximal effect in the mug/ml range; (d) the standard form of CD44 (CD44s) is critical for the response because the effect on c-Met, both in terms of upregulation and phosphorylation, is inhibited by preincubation with an anti-CD44 monoclonal antibody; and (e) phosphorylation of c-Met induced by CD44 stimulation is inhibited by protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor, tyrphostin. Therefore, our study represents the first report that CD44 stimulation induced by fragmented HA enhances c-Met expression and tyrosine phosphorylation in human chondrosarcoma cells. Taken together, these studies establish a signal transduction cascade or cross-talk emanating from CD44 to c-Met. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/S0167-4889(02)00246-X

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Language：English   Publisher：WILEY-BLACKWELL  

Our laboratory showed that bikunin, a Kunitz-type protease inhibitor, suppresses 4beta-phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)- or tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha)-induced urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) expression in different cell types. In addition to its effects on protease inhibition, bikunin could be modulating other cellular events associated with the metastatic cascade. To test this hypothesis, we examined whether bikunin was able to suppress the expression of uPA receptor (uPAR) mRNA and protein in a human chondrosarcoma cell line, HCS-2/8, and two human ovarian cancer cell lines, HOC-1 and HRA. The present study showed that (a) bikunin suppresses the expression of constitutive and PMA-induced uPAR mRNA and protein in a variety of cell types; (b) an extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation system is necessary for the PMA-induced increase in uPAR expression, as PD098059 and U0126, which prevent the activation of MEK1, reduce the uPAR expression; (c) bikunin markedly suppresses PMA-induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2 at the concentration that prevents uPAR expression, but does not reduce total ERK1/2 antigen level; (d) bikunin has no ability to inhibit overexpression of uPAR in cells treated with sodium vanadate; and (e) we further studied the inhibition of uPAR expression by stable transfection of HRA cells with bikunin gene, demonstrating that bikunin secretion is necessary for inhibition of uPAR expression. We conclude that bikunin downregulates constitutive and PMA-stimulated uPAR mRNA and protein possibly through suppression of upstream targets of the ERK-dependent cascade, independent of whether cells were treated with exogenous bikunin or transfected with bikunin gene.

DOI： 10.1046/j.1432-1033.2002.03068.x

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Language：English   Publisher：WILEY-LISS  

We previously reported that connective tissue growth factor/hypertrophic chondrocyte-specific gene product 24 (CTCF/Hcs24) stimulated the proliferation and differentiation of rabbit growth cartilage (RGC) cells in vitro. In this study, we investigated the effects of CTGF/Hcs24 on the proliferation and differentiation of rabbit articular cartilage (RAC) cells in vitro. RAC cells transduced by recombinant adenoviruses generating mRNA for CTGF/Hcs24 synthesized more proteoglycan than the control cells. Also, treatment of RAC cells with recombinant CTGF/Hcs24 (rCTGF/Hcs24) increased DNA and proteoglycan syntheses in a dose-dependent manner. Northern blot analysis revealed that the rCTGF/Hcs24 stimulated the gene expression of type II collagen and aggrecan core protein, which are markers of chondrocyte maturation, in both RGC and RAC cells. However, the gene expression of type X collagen, a marker of hypertrophic chondrocytes, was stimulated by rCTGF/Hcs24 only in RGC cells, but not in RAC cells. Oppositely, gene expression of tenascin-C, a marker of articular chondrocytes, was stimulated by rCTGF/Hcs24 in RAC cells, but not in RGC cells. Moreover, rCTGF/Hcs24 effectively increased both alkaline phosphatase (ALPase) activity and matrix calcification of RGC cells, but not of RAC cells. These results indicate that CTGF/Hcs24 promotes the proliferation and differentiation of articular chondrocytes, but does not promote their hypertrophy or calcification. Taken together, the data show that CTCF/Hcs24 is a direct growth and differentiation factor for articular cartilage, and suggest that it may be useful for the repair of articular cartilage. (C) 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

DOI： 10.1002/jcp.10113

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Language：English   Publisher：OXFORD UNIV PRESS  

Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) is known to be a potent angiogenic factor. Here we investigated how CTGF and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are involved in the early stage of hypoxia-induced angiogenesis using human breast cancer cell line, MDA231, and vascular endothelial cells. Hypoxic stimulation (5% O-2) of MDA231 cells increased their steady-state level of ctgf mRNA by similar to2-fold within 1.5 h, and the levels remained at a plateau up to 6 h, and then decreased by 12 h as compared with the cells cultured under the normoxic condition. Membrane-type 1 MMP (MT1-MMP) mRNA levels was also increased within a few hours of the exposure to hypoxia. Indeed, ELISA revealed that the CTGF protein/cell in medium conditioned by MDA231 cells exposed to hypoxia was maximally greater at 24 h than in the medium from normoxic cultures and that the secretion rate (supernatant CTGF/cell layer CTGF) increased in a time-dependent manner from 24 to 72 h of hypoxic exposure. Hypoxic induction of CTGF was also confirmed by immunohistochemical analyses. Furthermore, zymogram analysis revealed that the production of active MMP-9 was also induced in MDA231 cells incubated under hypoxic conditions. Finally, we found that recombinant CTGF also increased the expression of a number of metalloproteinases that play a role in the vascular invasive processes and decreased the expression of tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases by vascular endothelial cells. These findings suggest that hypoxia stimulates MDA231 cells to release CTGF as an angiogenic modulator, which initiates the invasive angiogenesis cascade by modulating the balance of extracellular matrix synthesis and degradation via MMPs secreted by endothelial cells in response to CTGF. This cascade may play critical roles in the hypoxia-induced neovascularization that accompanies tumor invasion in vivo.

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Language：English   Publisher：AMER SOC BIOCHEMISTRY MOLECULAR BIOLOGY INC  

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Language：English   Publisher：AMER SOC BIOCHEMISTRY MOLECULAR BIOLOGY INC  

We previously found that bikunin (bik), a Kunitz-type protease inhibitor, suppresses phorbol ester (PMA)-stimulated expression of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA). In the present study, we tried to answer this mechanism using human chondrosarcoma HCS-2/8 cells. Our results showed the following novel findings: (a) the standard form of CD44 (CD44s; 85 kDa) is expressed in both unstimulated and PMA-stimulated cells, while CD44v isoforms containing epitope v9 (110 kDa) are strongly up-regulated in response to treatment with PMA, (b) CD44v isoforms containing epitope v9 present on the same cell exclusively form aggregates in stimulated cells; (c) induction of uPA mRNA expression could be achieved by using a second cross-linker antibody to cross-link Fab monomers of anti-CD44; (d) co-treatment of stimulated cells with anti-CD44 mAb alone or anti-CD44v9 mAb alone suppresses PMA-induced clustering of CD44, which results in inhibition of uPA overexpression; (e) bikunin efficiently disrupts PMA-induced clustering of CD44, but does not prevent PMA-induced up-regulation of CD44v isoforms containing epitope v9; and (f) after exposure to bik, similar to150-kDa band is mainly detected with immunoprecipitation and this band is shown to be a heterodimer composed of the 110-kDa v9-containing CD44v isoforms and a 45-kDa bik receptor (bik-R). In conclusion, we provide, for the first time, evidence that the bik-R can physically interact with the CD44v isoforms containing epitope v9 and function as a repressor to down-regulate PMA-stimulated uPA expression, at least in part, by preventing clustering of CD44v isoforms containing epitope v9.

DOI： 10.1074/jbc.M108545200

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Language：English   Publisher：AMER SOC BIOCHEMISTRY MOLECULAR BIOLOGY INC  

We previously found that bikunin (bik), a Kunitz-type protease inhibitor, suppresses phorbol ester (PMA)-stimulated expression of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA). In the present study, we tried to answer this mechanism using human chondrosarcoma HCS-2/8 cells. Our results showed the following novel findings: (a) the standard form of CD44 (CD44s; 85 kDa) is expressed in both unstimulated and PMA-stimulated cells, while CD44v isoforms containing epitope v9 (110 kDa) are strongly up-regulated in response to treatment with PMA, (b) CD44v isoforms containing epitope v9 present on the same cell exclusively form aggregates in stimulated cells; (c) induction of uPA mRNA expression could be achieved by using a second cross-linker antibody to cross-link Fab monomers of anti-CD44; (d) co-treatment of stimulated cells with anti-CD44 mAb alone or anti-CD44v9 mAb alone suppresses PMA-induced clustering of CD44, which results in inhibition of uPA overexpression; (e) bikunin efficiently disrupts PMA-induced clustering of CD44, but does not prevent PMA-induced up-regulation of CD44v isoforms containing epitope v9; and (f) after exposure to bik, similar to150-kDa band is mainly detected with immunoprecipitation and this band is shown to be a heterodimer composed of the 110-kDa v9-containing CD44v isoforms and a 45-kDa bik receptor (bik-R). In conclusion, we provide, for the first time, evidence that the bik-R can physically interact with the CD44v isoforms containing epitope v9 and function as a repressor to down-regulate PMA-stimulated uPA expression, at least in part, by preventing clustering of CD44v isoforms containing epitope v9.

DOI： 10.1074/jbc.M108545200

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Language：English   Publisher：BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD  

Connective tissue growth factor/hypertrophic chondrocyte specific gene product 24 (CTGF/Hcs24) promotes proliferation and differentiation of chondrocytes in culture. We investigated the roles of two major types of mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) in the promotion of proliferation and differentiation by CTGF/Hcs24. Here we report the effects of the MAPKK/MEK 1/2 inhibitor, PD098059, and p38 MAPK inhibitor, SB203580, in a human chondrosarcoma-derived chondrocytic cell line (HCS-2/8) and rabbit growth cartilage (RGC) cells treated with CTGF/Hcs24. In the proliferation phase, CTGF/Hcs24 induced a approximate to fivefold increase in the phosphorylation of p44/42 MAPK/ERK and a approximate to twofold increase in that of p38 MAPK in an in vivo kinase assay. These inhibitors of MAPKK and MAPK suppressed phosphorylation of ets-like gene-1 (Elk-1) and nuclear activating transcription factor-2 (Atf-2) induced by CTGF/Hcs24 in a dose-dependent manner, respectively. Western blot analysis showed that phosphorylation of ERK was induced from 30 to 60 min and phosphorylation of p38 MAPK from 10 to 15 min after the addition of CTGF/Hcs24 in confluence HCS-2/8 cells. PD098059 suppressed the DNA synthesis of HCS-2/8 cells and RGC cells, while SB203580 did not. On the other hand, the p38 MAPK inhibitor, SB203580, completely inhibited the CTGF/Hcs24-induced synthesis of proteoglycans in HCS-2/8 cells and RGC cells but the MEK1/2 inhibitor, PD098059, did not. These results suggest that ERK mediates the CTGF/Hcs24-induced proliferation of chondrocytes, and that p38 MAPK mediates the CTGF/Hcs24-induced differentiation of chondrocytes.

DOI： 10.1046/j.0014-2956.2001.02553.x

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Language：English   Publisher：BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD  

Connective tissue growth factor/hypertrophic chondrocyte specific gene product 24 (CTGF/Hcs24) promotes proliferation and differentiation of chondrocytes in culture. We investigated the roles of two major types of mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) in the promotion of proliferation and differentiation by CTGF/Hcs24. Here we report the effects of the MAPKK/MEK 1/2 inhibitor, PD098059, and p38 MAPK inhibitor, SB203580, in a human chondrosarcoma-derived chondrocytic cell line (HCS-2/8) and rabbit growth cartilage (RGC) cells treated with CTGF/Hcs24. In the proliferation phase, CTGF/Hcs24 induced a approximate to fivefold increase in the phosphorylation of p44/42 MAPK/ERK and a approximate to twofold increase in that of p38 MAPK in an in vivo kinase assay. These inhibitors of MAPKK and MAPK suppressed phosphorylation of ets-like gene-1 (Elk-1) and nuclear activating transcription factor-2 (Atf-2) induced by CTGF/Hcs24 in a dose-dependent manner, respectively. Western blot analysis showed that phosphorylation of ERK was induced from 30 to 60 min and phosphorylation of p38 MAPK from 10 to 15 min after the addition of CTGF/Hcs24 in confluence HCS-2/8 cells. PD098059 suppressed the DNA synthesis of HCS-2/8 cells and RGC cells, while SB203580 did not. On the other hand, the p38 MAPK inhibitor, SB203580, completely inhibited the CTGF/Hcs24-induced synthesis of proteoglycans in HCS-2/8 cells and RGC cells but the MEK1/2 inhibitor, PD098059, did not. These results suggest that ERK mediates the CTGF/Hcs24-induced proliferation of chondrocytes, and that p38 MAPK mediates the CTGF/Hcs24-induced differentiation of chondrocytes.

DOI： 10.1046/j.0014-2956.2001.02553.x

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper, summary (international conference)   Publisher：AMER SOC BONE & MINERAL RES  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本癌学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：歯科基礎医学会  

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Language：English   Publisher：ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC  

The synthesis, processing, and secretion of human connective tissue growth factor (CTGF/Hcs24) in a human chondrocytic cell line, HCS-2/8, were analyzed immunochemically. By metabolic pulse-labeling, chasing, and subsequent immunoprecipitation analyses, active synthesis of CTGF was observed not only in growing HCS-2/8 cells, but also in confluent cells. However, secretion and processing of CTGF were found to be regulated differentially, depending upon the growth status. During phases of growth, HCS-2/8 cells released CTGF molecules immediately without sequestering them within the cell layer. In contrast, after the cells reached confluence, the secretion slowed, resulting in an accumulation of CTGF in the cells or extracellular matrices (ECMs). Also, in confluent cell layers, a 10 kDa protein that was reactive to an anti-CTGF serum was observed. This CTGF-related small protein was not detected immediately after labeling, but gradually appeared within 6 h after chase, which suggests its entity as a processed subfragment of CTGF. Surprisingly, the 10 kDa protein was stable even 48 h after synthesis, and was not released by ECM digestion, suggesting an intracellular maintenance and function. Taken together, the behavior of CTGF in HCS-2/8 cells is remarkably different from that reported in fibroblasts, which may represent unique roles for CTGF in the growth and differentiation of chondrocytes. (C) 2001 by Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/S8756-3282(01)00492-6

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本骨代謝学会  

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Language：English   Publisher：AMER SOC BIOCHEMISTRY MOLECULAR BIOLOGY INC  

Urinary trypsin inhibitor (UTI) forms membrane complexes with UTI-binding proteins (UTI-BPs) and initiates modulation of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) expression, which results in UTI-mediated suppression of cell invasiveness, It has been established that suppression of uPA expression and invasiveness by UTI is mediated through inhibition of protein kinase C-dependent signaling pathways and that human chondrosarcoma cell line HCS-2/8 expresses two types of UTI-BPs; a 40-kDa UTI-BP (UTI-BP(40)), which:is identical to link protein (LP), and a 45-kDa UTI-BP (UTI-BP(40)). Here we characterize binding properties of UTI-BPs UTI complexes in the cells, In vitro ligand blot, cell binding and competition assays, and Scatchard analyses demonstrate that both UTI-BP(40) and UTP-BP(45) bind (125)I-UTL A deglycosylated form of UTI (NG-UTI), from which the chondroitin-sulfate side chain has been removed, binds only to UTI-BP(40) Additional experiments, using various reagents to block binding of (125)I-UTI and NG-UTI to the UTI-BP(40) and UTI-BP(45) confirm that the chondroitin sulfate Side chain of UTI is required for its binding to UTI-BP(45) analysis of binding of (125)I-UTI and NG-UTI to the cells suggests that low affinity binding sites are the UTI-BP(40) (which can bind NG-UTI), and the high affinity sites are the UTI-BP(45), In addition, UTI-induced suppression of phorbol ester stimulated up-regulation of uPA is inhibited by reagents that were shown to prevent binding of UTI to the 40- and 45-kDa proteins. We conclude that UTI must bind to both of the UTI-BPs to suppress uPA up-regulation.

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Language：English   Publisher：AMER SOC BIOCHEMISTRY MOLECULAR BIOLOGY INC  

Urinary trypsin inhibitor (UTI) forms membrane complexes with UTI-binding proteins (UTI-BPs) and initiates modulation of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) expression, which results in UTI-mediated suppression of cell invasiveness, It has been established that suppression of uPA expression and invasiveness by UTI is mediated through inhibition of protein kinase C-dependent signaling pathways and that human chondrosarcoma cell line HCS-2/8 expresses two types of UTI-BPs; a 40-kDa UTI-BP (UTI-BP(40)), which:is identical to link protein (LP), and a 45-kDa UTI-BP (UTI-BP(40)). Here we characterize binding properties of UTI-BPs UTI complexes in the cells, In vitro ligand blot, cell binding and competition assays, and Scatchard analyses demonstrate that both UTI-BP(40) and UTP-BP(45) bind (125)I-UTL A deglycosylated form of UTI (NG-UTI), from which the chondroitin-sulfate side chain has been removed, binds only to UTI-BP(40) Additional experiments, using various reagents to block binding of (125)I-UTI and NG-UTI to the UTI-BP(40) and UTI-BP(45) confirm that the chondroitin sulfate Side chain of UTI is required for its binding to UTI-BP(45) analysis of binding of (125)I-UTI and NG-UTI to the cells suggests that low affinity binding sites are the UTI-BP(40) (which can bind NG-UTI), and the high affinity sites are the UTI-BP(45), In addition, UTI-induced suppression of phorbol ester stimulated up-regulation of uPA is inhibited by reagents that were shown to prevent binding of UTI to the 40- and 45-kDa proteins. We conclude that UTI must bind to both of the UTI-BPs to suppress uPA up-regulation.

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：厚生労働省特定疾患対策研究班  

骨芽細胞様細胞株,MC3T3-E1細胞とSaOs-2細胞を組換えCTGF/Hcs24蛋白質(rCTGF/Hcs24)で刺激し,骨芽細胞に対するCTGF/Hcs24の作用を解析した.その結果,コラーゲン合成及びALP活性の促進効果が認められた.又,rCTGF/Hcs24はMC3T3-E1細胞の石灰化を促進し,その効果はBMP-2と同程度であった.これらの結果は,肥大軟骨細胞から産生されたCTGF/Hcs24が骨形成過程にも重要な因子であることを示唆している

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Language：English   Publisher：KARGER  

Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) is a potent secreted signaling factor which functions in multiple stages of angiogenesis. In the present study, we examined the role of CTGF in tumor angiogenesis and made the following observations: (1) Histological analysis of human breast cancer (MDA231) cell and human fibrosarcoma (HT1080) cell xenografts in BALB/c nude mice showed a high level of neovascularization. Human squamous cell carcinoma (A431) xenografts induced only a low level of neovascularization. (2) CTGF mRNA was strongly expressed in MDA231 and in HT1080 cells in vivo and in vitro, but not in A431 cells. (3) CTGF protein was markedly produced in MDA231 cells and HT1080 cells and secreted into culture medium, and its production was greater during phases of growth rather than confluency. (4) Production of CTGF in bovine aorta endothelial cells was induced by CTGF, VEGF, bFGF and TGF-beta. (5) Neovascularization induced by HT1080 cells or MDA231 cells on chicken chorioallantoic membrane was suppressed in the presence of neutralizing CTGF-specific polyclonal antibody. These results suggest that CTGF regulates progression in tumor angiogenesis and the release or secretion of CTGF from tumor cells is essential for the angiogenesis. Copyright (C) 2001 S. Karger AG, Basel.

DOI： 10.1159/000055339

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Language：English   Publisher：WILEY-LISS  

Connective tissue growth factor/hypertrophic chondrocyte-specific gene product Hcs24 (CTGF/Hcs24) promotes the proliferation and differentiation of chondrocytes and endothelial cells which are involved in endochondral ossification (Shimo et al., 1998, J Biochem 124:130-140; Shimo el al., 1999, J Biochem 126:137-145; Nakanishi et at., 2000, Endocrinology 141:264-273). To further clarify the role of CTGF/Hcs24 in endochondral ossification, here we investigated the effects of CTGF/Hcs24 on the proliferation and differentiation of osteoblastic cell lines in vitro. A binding study using I-125-labeled recombinant CTGF/Hcs24 (rCTGF/Hcs24) disclosed two classes of specific binding sites on a human osteosarcoma cell line, Saos-2. The apparent dissociation constant (Kd) value of each binding sire was 17.2 and 391 nM, respectively. A cross-linking study revealed the formation of I-125-rCTGF/Hcs24-receptor complex with an apparent molecular weight of 280 kDa. The intensity of I-125-rCTGF/Hcs24-receptor complex decreased on the addition of increasing concentrations of unlabeled rCTGF/Hcs24, but not platelet-derived growth factor-BB homodimer or basic fibroblast growth factor. These findings suggest that osteoblastic cells have specific receptor molecules for CTGF/Hcs24. rCTGF/Hcs24 promoted the proliferation of Saos-2 cells and a mouse osteoblast cell line MC3T3-E1 in a dose- and time-dependent manner. rCTGF/Hcs24 also increased mRNA expression of type I collagen, alkaline phosphatase, osteopontin, and osteocalcin in both Saos-2 cells and MC3T3-E1 cells. Moreover, rCTGF/Hcs24 increased alkaline phosphatase activity in both cells, it also stimulated collagen synthesis in MC3T3-E1 cells. Furthermore, rCTGF/Hcs24 stimulated the matrix mineralization on MC3T3-E1 cells and its stimulatory effect was comparable to that of bone morphogenetic protein-2. These findings indicate that CTGF/Hcs24 is a novel, potent stimulator for the proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts in addition to chondrocytes and endothelial cells. Because of these functions, we are re-defining CTGF/Hcs24 as a major factor to promote endochondral ossification to be called "ecogenin: endochondral ossification genetic factor." J. Cell. Physiol. 184:197-206, 2000. (C) 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

DOI： 10.1002/1097-4652(200008)184:2<197::AID-JCP7>3.0.CO;2-R

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Urinary trypsin inhibitor (UTI), a Kunitz-type protease inhibitor, directly binds to some types of cells via cell-associated UTI-binding proteins (UTI-BPs). Here we report that the 49-kDa protein (UTI-BP40) was purified from the cultured human chondrosarcoma cell line HCS-2/8 by UTI affinity chromatography. Purified UTI- BP40 was digested with trypsin, and the amino acid sequences of the peptide fragments were determined. The sequences of six tryptic fragments of UTI-BP40 were identical to subsequences present in human link protein (LP). Authentic bovine LP and UTI- BP40 displayed identical electrophoretic and chromatographic behavior. The UTI-binding properties of UTI-BP40 and LP were indistinguishable. Direct binding and competition studies strongly demonstrated that the NH2-terminal fragment is the UTI-binding part of the LP molecule, that the COOH-terminal UTI fragment (HI-8) failed to bind the NH2-terminal subdomain of the LP molecule, and that LP and UTI-BP40 exhibited significant hyaluronic acid binding. These results demonstrate that UTI-BP40 is identical to LP and that the NH2-terminal domain of UTI is involved in the interaction with the NH2-terminal fragment of LP, which is bound to hyaluronic acid in the extracellular matrix.

DOI： 10.1074/jbc.M907862199

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Urinary trypsin inhibitor (UTI), a Kunitz-type protease inhibitor, directly binds to some types of cells via cell-associated UTI-binding proteins (UTI-BPs). Here we report that the 49-kDa protein (UTI-BP40) was purified from the cultured human chondrosarcoma cell line HCS-2/8 by UTI affinity chromatography. Purified UTI- BP40 was digested with trypsin, and the amino acid sequences of the peptide fragments were determined. The sequences of six tryptic fragments of UTI-BP40 were identical to subsequences present in human link protein (LP). Authentic bovine LP and UTI- BP40 displayed identical electrophoretic and chromatographic behavior. The UTI-binding properties of UTI-BP40 and LP were indistinguishable. Direct binding and competition studies strongly demonstrated that the NH2-terminal fragment is the UTI-binding part of the LP molecule, that the COOH-terminal UTI fragment (HI-8) failed to bind the NH2-terminal subdomain of the LP molecule, and that LP and UTI-BP40 exhibited significant hyaluronic acid binding. These results demonstrate that UTI-BP40 is identical to LP and that the NH2-terminal domain of UTI is involved in the interaction with the NH2-terminal fragment of LP, which is bound to hyaluronic acid in the extracellular matrix.

DOI： 10.1074/jbc.M907862199

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Language：English   Publisher：AMER SOC BIOCHEMISTRY MOLECULAR BIOLOGY INC  

Urinary trypsin inhibitor (UTI), a Kunitz-type protease inhibitor, directly binds to some types of cells via cell-associated UTI-binding proteins (UTI-BPs). Here we report that the 40-kDa protein (UTI-BP(40)) was purified from the cultured human chondrosarcoma cell line HCS-2/8 by UTI affinity chromatography. Purified UTI-BP(40) was digested with trypsin, and the amino acid sequences of the peptide fragments were determined. The sequences of six tryptic fragments of UTI-BP(40) were identical to subsequences present in human link protein (LP). Authentic bovine LP and UTI-BP(40) displayed identical electrophoretic and chromatographic behavior. The UTI-binding properties of UTI-BP(40) and LP were indistinguishable. Direct binding and competition studies strongly demonstrated that the NH(2)-terminal fragment is the UTI-binding part of the LP molecule, that the COOH-terminal UTI fragment (HI-8) failed to bind the NH(2)-terminal subdomain of the LP molecule, and that LP and UTI-BP(40) exhibited significant hyaluronic acid binding. These results demonstrate that UTI-BP(40) is identical to LP and that the NH(2)-terminal domain of UTI is involved in the interaction with the NH(2)-terminal fragment of LP, which is bound to hyaluronic acid in the extracellular matrix.

DOI： 10.1074/jbc.M907862199

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本骨代謝学会  

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Language：English   Publisher：ENDOCRINE SOC  

Recently, we cloned a messenger RNA (mRNA) predominantly expressed in chondrocytes from a human chondrosarcoma-derived chondrocytic cell line, HCS-2/8, by differential display PCR and found that its gene, named hcs24, was identical with that of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF). Here we investigated CTGF/Hcs24 func- tion in the chondrocytic cell line HCS-2/8 and rabbit growth cartilage (RGC) cells. HCS-2/8 cells transfected with recombinant adenoviruses that generate CTGF/Hcs24 sense RNA (mRNA) proliferated more rapidly than HCS-2/8 cells transfected with control adenoviruses. HCS-2/8 cells transfected with recombinant adenoviruses that generate CTGF/Hcs24 sense RNA expressed more mRNA of aggrecan and type X collagen than the control cells. To elucidate the direct action of CTGF/Hcs24 on the cells, we transfected HeLa cells with CTGF/Hcs24 expression vectors, obtained stable transfectants, and purified recombinant CTGF/Hcs24 protein from conditioned medium of the transfectants. The recombinant CTGF/Hcs24 effectively promoted the proliferation of HCS-2/8 cells and RGC cells in a dose-dependent manner and also dose dependently increased proteoglycan synthesis in these cells. In addition, these stimulatory effects of CTGF/Hcs24 were neutralized by the addition of anti-CTGF antibodies. Furthermore, the recombinant CTGF/Hcs24 effectively increased alkaline phosphatase activity in RGC cells in culture. Moreover, RT-PCR analysis revealed that the recombinant CTGF/Hcs24 stimulated gene expression of aggrecan and collagen types II and X in RGC cells in culture. These results indicate that CTGF/Hcs24 directly promotes the proliferation and differentiation of chondrocytes.

DOI： 10.1210/en.141.1.264

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Connective tissue growth factor/hypertrophic chondrocyte-specific gene product Hcs24 (CTGF/Hcs24) promotes the proliferation and differentiation of chondrocytes and endothelial cells which are involved in endochondral ossification (Shimo et al., 1998, J Biochem 124:130-140
Shimo et al., 1999, J Biochem 126:137-145
Nakanishi et al., 2000, Endocrinology 141:264-273). To further clarify the role of CTGF/Hcs24 in endochondral ossification, here we investigated the effects of CTGF/Hcs24 on the proliferation and differentiation of osteoblastic cell lines in vitro. A binding study using 125I-labeled recombinant CTGF/Hcs24 (rCTGF/Hcs24) disclosed two classes of specific binding sites on a human osteosarcoma cell line, Saos-2. The apparent dissociation constant (Kd) value of each binding site was 17.2 and 391 nM, respectively. A cross-linking study revealed the formation of 125I-rCTGF/Hcs24-receptor complex with an apparent molecular weight of 280 kDa. The intensity of 125&gt
I-rCTGF/Hcs24-receptor complex decreased on the addition of increasing concentrations of unlabeled rCTGF/Hcs24, but not platelet-derived growth factor-BB homodimer or basic fibroblast growth factor. These findings suggest that osteoblastic cells have specific receptor molecules for CTGF/Hcs24. rCTGF/Hcs24 promoted the proliferation of Saos-2 cells and a mouse osteoblast cell line MC3T3-E1 in a dose- and time-dependent manner. rCTGF/Hcs24 also increased mRNA expression of type I collagen, alkaline phosphatase, osteopontin, and osteocalcin in both Saos-2 cells and MC3T3-E1 cells. Moreover, rCTGF/Hcs24 increased alkaline phosphatase activity in both cells. It also stimulated collagen synthesis in MC3T3-E1 cells. Furthermore, rCTGF/Hcs24 stimulated the matrix mineralization on MC3T3-E1 cells and its stimulatory effect was comparable to that of bone morphogenetic protein-2. These findings indicate that CTGF/Hcs24 is a novel, potent stimulator for the proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts in addition to chondrocytes and endothelial cells. Because of these functions, we are re-defining CTGF/Hcs24 as a major factor to promote endochondral ossification to be called 'ecogenin: endochondral ossification genetic factor.' (C) 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

DOI： 10.1002/1097-4652(200008)184:2<197::AID-JCP7>3.0.CO;2-R

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Connective tissue growth factor/hypertrophic chondrocyte-specific gene product Hcs24 (CTGF/Hcs24) promotes the proliferation and differentiation of chondrocytes and endothelial cells which are involved in endochondral ossification (Shimo et al., 1998, J Biochem 124:130-140
Shimo et al., 1999, J Biochem 126:137-145
Nakanishi et al., 2000, Endocrinology 141:264-273). To further clarify the role of CTGF/Hcs24 in endochondral ossification, here we investigated the effects of CTGF/Hcs24 on the proliferation and differentiation of osteoblastic cell lines in vitro. A binding study using 125I-labeled recombinant CTGF/Hcs24 (rCTGF/Hcs24) disclosed two classes of specific binding sites on a human osteosarcoma cell line, Saos-2. The apparent dissociation constant (Kd) value of each binding site was 17.2 and 391 nM, respectively. A cross-linking study revealed the formation of 125I-rCTGF/Hcs24-receptor complex with an apparent molecular weight of 280 kDa. The intensity of 125&gt
I-rCTGF/Hcs24-receptor complex decreased on the addition of increasing concentrations of unlabeled rCTGF/Hcs24, but not platelet-derived growth factor-BB homodimer or basic fibroblast growth factor. These findings suggest that osteoblastic cells have specific receptor molecules for CTGF/Hcs24. rCTGF/Hcs24 promoted the proliferation of Saos-2 cells and a mouse osteoblast cell line MC3T3-E1 in a dose- and time-dependent manner. rCTGF/Hcs24 also increased mRNA expression of type I collagen, alkaline phosphatase, osteopontin, and osteocalcin in both Saos-2 cells and MC3T3-E1 cells. Moreover, rCTGF/Hcs24 increased alkaline phosphatase activity in both cells. It also stimulated collagen synthesis in MC3T3-E1 cells. Furthermore, rCTGF/Hcs24 stimulated the matrix mineralization on MC3T3-E1 cells and its stimulatory effect was comparable to that of bone morphogenetic protein-2. These findings indicate that CTGF/Hcs24 is a novel, potent stimulator for the proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts in addition to chondrocytes and endothelial cells. Because of these functions, we are re-defining CTGF/Hcs24 as a major factor to promote endochondral ossification to be called 'ecogenin: endochondral ossification genetic factor.' (C) 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

DOI： 10.1002/1097-4652(200008)184:2<197::AID-JCP7>3.0.CO;2-R

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：歯科基礎医学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(公社)日本生化学会  

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Language：English   Publisher：Japanese Biochemical Society  

Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) is a novel cysteine-rich, secreted protein. Recently, we found that inhibition of the endogenous expression of CTGF by its antisense oligonucleotide and antisense RNA suppresses the proliferation and migration of vascular endothelial cells. In the present study, the following observations demonstrated the angiogenic function of CTGF in vitro and in vivo: (i) purified recombinant CTGF (rCTGF) promoted the adhesion, proliferation and migration of vascular endothelial cells in a dose-dependent manner under serum-free conditions, and these effects were inhibited by anti-CTGF antibodies
(ii) rCTGF markedly induced the tube formation of vascular endothelial cells, and this effect was stronger than that of basic fibroblast growth factor or vascular endothelial growth factor
(iii) application of rCTGF to the chicken chorioallantoic membrane resulted in a gross angiogenic response, and this effect was also inhibited by anti-CTGF antibodies. (iv) rCTGF injected with collagen gel into the backs of mice induced strong angiogenesis in vivo. These findings indicate that CTGF is a novel, potent angiogenesis factor which functions in multi-stages in this process.

DOI： 10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a022414

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：岡山医学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)歯科基礎医学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)歯科基礎医学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(公社)日本整形外科学会  

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Authorship：Lead author   Language：English   Publisher：Academic Press Inc.  

The presence of receptors specific for connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) was demonstrated on a human chondrosarcoma-derived chondrocytic cell line, HCS-2/8. The binding of 125I-labeled recombinant CTGF to HCS-2/8 cells was inhibited by unlabeled CTGF but not by PDGF-BB or bFGF. Scatchard analysis revealed the presence of two classes of binding sites with Kd values of 18.6 and 259 nM on cells. A cross-linking study revealed the formation of 125I-CTGF-receptor complex with an apparent molecular weight of 280 kDa. The 125I-CTGF-receptor complex disappeared almost completely on the addition of unlabeled CTGF but not PDGF-BB or bFGF. In addition, the 125I-CTGF-receptor complex was immunoprecipitated with anti-CTGF antiserum but not with anti-PDGF receptor antiserum. These findings suggest that CTGF directly binds to specific receptor molecules on HCS-2/8 cells.

DOI： 10.1006/bbrc.1998.8895

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Japanese Society for Connective Tissue  

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Language：English   Publisher：Oxford University Press  

Previously, we cloned an mRNA predominantly expressed in hypertrophic chondrocytes by differential display-PCR from a human chondrosarcoma-derived chondrocytic cell line (HCS-2/8) that is identical to that of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF). In the present study, we investigated the roles of CTGF in the proliferation and migration of vascular endothelial cells using its antisense oligonucleotide and antisense RNA, because angiogenesis into the hypertrophic zone of cartilage occurs at the final step of endochondral ossification. Immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence techniques revealed that not only hypertrophic chondrocytes but also endothelial cells in the cost-chondral junctions of mouse ribs were stained with an anti-CTGF antibody in vivo. Northern blot analysis revealed that CTGF was strongly expressed in chondrocytic cells as well as bovine aorta endothelial (BAE) cells in culture, but not in other types of cells such as osteoblastic: cells. Its expression in BAE cells was greater in the growing phase than in the confluent phase. When one-half of a monolayer of a confluent culture of BAE cells had been peeled off, only the cells proliferating and extending into the vacant area were stained with the anti-CTGF antibody. The addition of an antisense oligonucleotide inhibited the proliferation and extension of the BAE cells into the vacant area. The antisense oligonucleotide also inhibited the proliferation of BAE cells in the rapidly proliferating phase. In a Boyden chamber assay, pretreatment with the antisense oligonucleotide markedly inhibited the migration of BAE cells. Furthermore, the abilities to proliferate and migrate of BAE cells, which were stably transfected with expression vectors that generate the antisense RNA of CTGF cDNA, were markedly lower than those of the control. These findings suggest that endogenous CTGF expression is involved in the proliferation and migration of BAE cells.

DOI： 10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a022071

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Language：English   Publisher：Oxford University Press  

Previously, we cloned an mRNA predominantly expressed in hypertrophic chondrocytes by differential display-PCR from a human chondrosarcoma-derived chondrocytic cell line (HCS-2/8) that is identical to that of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF). In the present study, we investigated the roles of CTGF in the proliferation and migration of vascular endothelial cells using its antisense oligonucleotide and antisense RNA, because angiogenesis into the hypertrophic zone of cartilage occurs at the final step of endochondral ossification. Immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence techniques revealed that not only hypertrophic chondrocytes but also endothelial cells in the cost-chondral junctions of mouse ribs were stained with an anti-CTGF antibody in vivo. Northern blot analysis revealed that CTGF was strongly expressed in chondrocytic cells as well as bovine aorta endothelial (BAE) cells in culture, but not in other types of cells such as osteoblastic: cells. Its expression in BAE cells was greater in the growing phase than in the confluent phase. When one-half of a monolayer of a confluent culture of BAE cells had been peeled off, only the cells proliferating and extending into the vacant area were stained with the anti-CTGF antibody. The addition of an antisense oligonucleotide inhibited the proliferation and extension of the BAE cells into the vacant area. The antisense oligonucleotide also inhibited the proliferation of BAE cells in the rapidly proliferating phase. In a Boyden chamber assay, pretreatment with the antisense oligonucleotide markedly inhibited the migration of BAE cells. Furthermore, the abilities to proliferate and migrate of BAE cells, which were stably transfected with expression vectors that generate the antisense RNA of CTGF cDNA, were markedly lower than those of the control. These findings suggest that endogenous CTGF expression is involved in the proliferation and migration of BAE cells.

DOI： 10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a022071

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper, summary (international conference)   Publisher：FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL  

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