Research Projects -
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Designing soil food web strucute for sustainable plant production
Grant number:25281053 2013.04 - 2016.03
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B) Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B)
Kaneko Nobuhiro, NAKAMORI Taizo, HIURA Tsutom, KOMATSUZAKI Masakazu, SHIMANO Satoshi, HYODO Fujio, KARASAWA Shigenori
Grant amount:\18070000 ( Direct expense: \13900000 、 Indirect expense:\4170000 )
The effects of land management on soil food web structure and its effects on soil nutrient cycling were studied to enable sustainable land use. Biodiversity data in Japan was reviewed. After clear cut of forest, decomposition of soil organic matter has been promoted and this effect continued for long-term. Under no-tillage weed mulch cover management, nitrogen mineralization potential, biomass of soil microbes and fauna were higher than tillage treatment, Biomass of AM mycorrhiza was especially higher in no-tillage. Reducing soil disturbance can maintain soil food web structure with higher biomass in all trophic level, and this change can succefully support plant growth.
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Grant number:24570109 2012.04 - 2015.03
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C) Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C)
HASHIMOTO Yoshiaki, ITIOKA Takao, ENDO Tomoji, HYODO Fujio
Grant amount:\5590000 ( Direct expense: \4300000 、 Indirect expense:\1290000 )
Ant-mimic spiders mainly occur in the tropical regions. Since ant diversity is especially high in the tropics, it seems that the remarkable diversity of ant-mimic spiders in tropics is associated with the diversity of ants. To assess this assumption, the present study examined how ant biodiversity reflects on biodiversity of the mimic spiders in tropical forests. Using morphometric tools to analyze objectively visual resemblance between them, we can detect supporting evidence that diverse patterns of ant-mimic spiders were closely associated with diversity patterns of sympatric ants. Furthermore, using stable isotope analysis and experiment of predation, we can also find mimetic association of ant-mimic spiders to ant models affects their foraging behavior, which may function as food segregations among them. These results indicate that ant-mimicry may play as a mechanism of creating species diversity and promoting coexistence of multiple species in tropical forests.
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Grant number:22370011 2010 - 2012
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B) Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B)
TAYASU Ichiro, UCHIDA Masao, HYODO Fujio
Grant amount:\18720000 ( Direct expense: \14400000 、 Indirect expense:\4320000 )
We have done a watershed-level study of the relationship between carbon cycling and ecosystem structure using the measurement of carbon-14 concentrations (Δ^14C value) and nitrogen isotope ratios of individual amino acids. Δ^14C value indicated that carbon source of river food web was both sequestered carbon from watershed and ambient CO_2. The contribution of both pathways depended on the relative importance of algal production (in-stream production) and terrestrial litter input.
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Changes in plant nitrogen sources during boreal forest succession
Grant number:22770020 2010 - 2011
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research Grant-in-Aid for Young Scientists (B) Grant-in-Aid for Young Scientists (B)
HYODO Fujio
Grant amount:\3510000 ( Direct expense: \2700000 、 Indirect expense:\810000 )
To examine whether plants change nitrogen sources during boreal forest succession, I measured nitrogen isotopic signatures of plants and soil nitrogen across two chronosequences of time frame of approximately 400 years and 5000 years in northern Sweden. I found that the nitrogen isotopic signatures significantly changed along the forest succession. Based on the preliminary results on nitrogen isotope ratios of dissolved nitrogen sources in soil, these results suggest that the importance of dissolved organic nitrogen, biological nitrogen fixation by mosses, and nitrogen derived from mycorrhizal fungi as plant nitrogen source change along the forest succession.
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生体構成有機物の年令からみた陸上生態系の食物網の構造
Grant number:03J09346 2003 - 2005
日本学術振興会 科学研究費助成事業 特別研究員奨励費 特別研究員奨励費
兵藤 不二夫
Grant amount:\3700000 ( Direct expense: \3700000 )
二酸化炭素の形で大気中にある放射性炭素(^<14>CO_2)は宇宙線の作用による上空での生成と放射性崩壊(半減期:5730年)による消失のバランスにより、大気中ではおおよそ一定量に保たれている。しかし、^<14>Cは冷戦期の核実験によって大量に作られ、その後1963年の核実験禁止条約の締結後、急激に減少している。本研究では、その核実験によって大量に作られた^<14>Cをトレーサーとして用いて、陸上食物網の構造に時間軸を導入することを目的としている。すなわち、大気14Cは光合成によって植物に取り込まれ、その年々の減少は植物の一次生産物にも反映されている。よって、これまでの既知の大気14Cの記録と消費者の体の^<14>C含量を測定し比較することで何年前に作られた一次生産物であるをその消費者は利用しているかが明らかになる。
従来の食物網の研究では一次生産から消費者へとつながる様々な量の物質やエネルギーの流れを対象としていたが、それらの流れには別の軸、すなわち時間軸が存在することはあまり考慮されていなかった。そこでの時間軸とは、植物が大気中の二酸化炭素を固定してから、その一次生産物が消費者によって利用されるまでの時間である。私はこの時間軸のことを食物年齢(diet age)と定義した。
本研究では熱帯生態系の重要な分解者であるシロアリを対象にその食物年齢を上述の14C分析から推定した。その結果、シロアリの食物年齢は7年から50年という幅をもつこと、また土壌食シロアリでは7-13年、木材食シロアリでは12-18年などその食性に応じた値を持つことが明らかとなった。また熱帯雨林の主要な送粉者であるハリナシバチ、ミツバチの14C含量を測定したところ、ハリナシバチでは2-4年、ミツバチでは0年と同じ生食食物網に属する生物間でも、食物年齢が異なることが明らかとなった。 -
キノコシロアリ亜科におけるキノコ栽培の進化
Grant number:00J03013 2000 - 2001
日本学術振興会 科学研究費助成事業 特別研究員奨励費 特別研究員奨励費
兵藤 不二夫
Grant amount:\2000000 ( Direct expense: \2000000 )