Research Projects -
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Evolution of resistant females and mechanisms of emergence of promiscuous females and countermeasures
Grant number:21K19116 2021.07 - 2024.03
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research Grant-in-Aid for Challenging Research (Exploratory)
宮竹 貴久, 安井 行雄, 日室 千尋
Grant amount:\6240000 ( Direct expense: \4800000 、 Indirect expense:\1440000 )
当該年度は、確立したコクヌストモドキの不妊化技術を駆使して、以下の実験進化を実施した。不妊オス集団中に、不妊雄など雌にとってのハズレ雄が含まれる時、もし雌がそれを識別できるなら、雌はハズレ雄との交尾もしくはハズレ雄の精子を用いた受精を回避すると推測できる。一方で、雌がハズレ雄を識別できない場合には、多雄交尾を行う雌が繁殖失敗のリスクを低減し、適応度の減少を防ぐことができるため、雌の交尾頻度が上昇するかもしれない。本研究では、コクヌストモドキを用いて、放射線照射によって人工的に不妊化した雄を含ませた集団で当該年度は、新たに16世代に渡って累代飼育する実験進化の手法によって雌の進化的応答を調査した。その結果、処理系統の雌を1回目に正常の雄、2回目に不妊雄と交尾させたときの、雌の産んだ卵の孵化率と、対照系統の雌を1回目に正常の雄、2回目に不妊雄と交尾させたときの、雌の産んだ卵の孵化率との間に差は見られなかった。このことは、本種の雌は、不妊雄と同居させて世代を重ねた雌が不妊雄の精子を避けるように進化したことを示している。これは隠れた雌による実験的な進化を世界で初めて実証したのみにとどまらず、不妊化法においても野生雌が不妊雄の精子を選別する進化を引き起こす可能性を示唆しているため、不妊化法の応用においても重要な可能性を示唆したものである。また実験室で得られた進化実験の結果が、野外で実際に不妊化法が実施されてる現場でも同様の反応が見られるのかについて、今年度は喜界島の野生虫を入手する段取りを整えた。
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ゲノム行動生態学:「生物の動き」を制御する遺伝子と個体の適応度及び集団への影響
Grant number:21H02568 2021.04 - 2025.03
日本学術振興会 科学研究費助成事業 基盤研究(B)
宮竹 貴久, 宮崎 智史, 佐々木 謙, 天竺桂 弘子
Grant amount:\17160000 ( Direct expense: \13200000 、 Indirect expense:\3960000 )
本研究では野外採集が容易で、世代を重ねた実験進化に適し、ゲノム操作系が確立したコクヌストモドキをモデルとし、ゲノムから群集まで包括的な理解を目指す。これまでの研究で天敵に出会うと死んだふりで回避し自然選択に有利なロング系統と、普段からよく動き異性との出会いと交尾が多く性選択に有利なショート系統を育種した。系統間ではチロシン代謝系遺伝子群によって制御されるドーパミンの発現が有意に異なり、さらにゲノム比較解析によりドーパミン関連遺伝子領域に系統間で高頻度の変異が見つかった。本研究では「動き」を支配するゲノムを操作した個体の適応度を測定し、自然選択と性選択に及ぼす集団レベルの影響を評価する。当該年度は、コクヌストモドキの死んだふりを長い方向に育種したロング系統とショート系統に関連する遺伝子のゲノム同士のコネクション解析を行い、本種の動きと不動行動の長さに関連する標的遺伝子を特定できた。特定できた遺伝子のmRNAをコクヌストモドキの成虫にインジェクションし、標的遺伝子をノックダウンすることに成功した。長い死にまね時間を選抜したロング系統で標的遺伝子(Hpd)をノックダウンした結果、死んだふり持続時間が有意に短くなることが明らかとなった。また標的領域のゲノムを編集するために、これまで幼虫へのインジェクションを計画していたが、今回新たに成虫にインジェクションする技術開発の準備を整えた。野外の生態学的な調査において、全国からコクヌストモドキを採集して飼育し、各形質を測定したところ、北に生息する集団ほど、死んだふりの持続時間が長く、さらに概日リズムの変異を測定するための活動性の振幅度合いが小さくなることが、本研究によって世界ではじめて明らかにできた。
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Ecological effect of genome controlling animal movement which affects to individual fitness and population
Grant number:18H02510 2018.04 - 2021.03
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B)
Miyatake Takahisa
Authorship:Principal investigator Grant type:Competitive
Grant amount:\17030000 ( Direct expense: \13100000 、 Indirect expense:\3930000 )
The study of how behavioral traits controlled by organismal movement affect fitness was conducted using insects as material. Behaviors targeted were mainly predator-prey strategies, predation strategies, movement-dispersal strategies, and reproductive and mating strategies. The target organisms were mainly insects of the order Coleoptera. In particular, we conducted artificial selection experiments for walking and immobility among the movement traits of Tribolium beetles, and examined correlation responses among established breeding lines. The results revealed that a group of genes in the tyrosine metabolism system mediated by dopamine is involved in the movement of the organism.
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Interplay between diffrent macro-biology
2018.04 - 2019.03
Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto UNiversity 京都大学生態学研究センター研究集会
MIYATAKE Takahisa
Authorship:Principal investigator Grant type:Competitive
Grant amount:\178246 ( Direct expense: \178246 )
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Genome controlling bio-navigation and its behavioral ecology
Grant number:17H05976 2017.04 - 2019.03
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas (Research in a proposed research area)
宮竹 貴久
Authorship:Principal investigator Grant type:Competitive
Grant amount:\8840000 ( Direct expense: \6800000 、 Indirect expense:\2040000 )
コクヌストモドキの「動き」が異なる選抜系統より、活動量の多い系統(H系統)と少ない系統(L系統)の成虫をそれぞれ任意に5個体抽出し、脳を摘出し、RNAseqによるトランスクリプトーム比較を行った。その結果、系統間で518の発現の異なる遺伝子を検出できた。選抜した系統間では、当初予期していなかった遺伝子領域にも発現差があったが、これまでの生理学的な研究の結果から発現の違いが予期されていたチロシン代謝系に関連する遺伝子(ドーパミンの前駆体物質)にも系統間で差が見られた。これら関連遺伝子のエンザイム遺伝子はH系統よりもL系統でより多くの発現が見られた。そこで、リアルタイムPCR解析を行ったところ、Tchpd (Hpd) とTcnat (Nat)がH系統に比べてL系統で、相対的な発現量が高かった。このことは活動量とドーパミン供給に関する酵素の影響を示唆している。そのうち、リアルタイムPCRで発現量の差が2倍以上であったHpd遺伝子についてRNAiを行った。L系統の成虫よりRNAを摘出し、逆転写によりcDNAを合成し、LinearDNAを作成した。それによって合成したdsRNAをL系統の秀麗幼虫にインジェクションした。純水及びVermilionも同量インジェクションし、コントロールとした。リアルタイムPCRの結果、dsHPDのインジェクションによって、HPDの発現量が半分以下に抑制されていたが、成虫の活動量に変化は見られず、成虫の分散距離(ナビゲーション形質)を比較したがノックダウンによる効果は認められなかった。これと並行して、①確立した系統間で生活史形質の比較解析、②工学および計画班A02との連携研究において、昆虫類の移動と活動量の解析、③野外コクヌストモドキ集団の歩行軌跡の測定と地域集団の系統間推定、④計画班B01と連携して海鳥が海上で捕獲する昆虫種類の同定を行った。
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How are individuals who do not have biological rhythms in the field adapt to their living environment?
Grant number:16K14810 2016.04 - 2019.03
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research Grant-in-Aid for Challenging Exploratory Research
Miyatake Takahisa
Authorship:Principal investigator Grant type:Competitive
Grant amount:\3770000 ( Direct expense: \2900000 、 Indirect expense:\870000 )
Locomotor activities and circadian rhythms of long-reared (more than 35 years) and wild populations of Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Insect) were compared. We found significantly higher percentages of arrhythmic individuals in the long-reared population compared to the population caught in the wild. Only males were compared because no difference between the sexes was found in the percentage of arrhythmic beetles. Next, comparison of the circadian rhythms of wild and long-reared beetle populations showed no significant difference between the populations. The result suggests that the circadian rhythm in T. castaneum has been lost during long-rearing under an artificial condition. We will discuss arrythmicity in organisms.
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Evolutionary Ecological Analysis of Animal Movement and its Fitness contorolling by Biogenic Amine
Grant number:26291091 2014.04 - 2018.03
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B)
Miyatake Takahisa
Authorship:Principal investigator Grant type:Competitive
Grant amount:\15860000 ( Direct expense: \12200000 、 Indirect expense:\3660000 )
Walking behavior of a model beetle, the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum, has been artificially selected for over 20 genertaoions. The strains selected for longer (WL) and shorter walking (WS) ability have been established. WL strains had higher mating success than WS strains only in males but WS strains had lowewr attack rates from predator than WL strains. The investigation of sexual traits showed that WS strains males had higher sperm competition ability than WL males, indicating these have different strategies for pre-mating and post-mating in the two strains. Also, the two strains had different shape in their gential organs, suggesting reproductive isolation concering for dispersal ability by walking in insects.
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サツマイモ等の重要害虫であるイモゾウムシの根絶のための実用的な光トラップの開発及び防除モデルの策定
2011.04 - 2013.03
農林水産省 農林水産業特別試験研究費補助金 レギュラトリーサイエンス事業
宮竹貴久
Authorship:Principal investigator Grant type:Competitive
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volutionarily Ecological Base of Decision-making: Ecological Genetic Mechanism of the memory of lose
Grant number:23570027 2011.04 - 2013.03
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C)
MIYATAKE Takahisa, OKADA Kensuke
Authorship:Principal investigator Grant type:Competitive
Grant amount:\5330000 ( Direct expense: \4100000 、 Indirect expense:\1230000 )
The relationship between lose-win of male combat and memory was examined in the broad horned beetle, Gnatocerus cornutus. Experience-dependent tactics of males trying to gain access to females were examined. Losing decreased a male's rate of fighting for four days, and few defeated males fought any males. The experience of losing not only decreased a male's aggressiveness but also switched the male behavior from fighting to dispersal from the fighting arena. The volume of ejaculation by loser males increased when they met a female and copulated with her. In Riptortus pedestris, male combat behavioral patterns changed during a day.
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生物の光応答メカニズムの解明 と省エネルギー、コスト削減利用技術の開発
2010.04 - 2013.03
農林水産技術会議 農林水産業特別試験研究費補助金
寺島一男
Grant type:Competitive
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害虫の光応答メカニズムの解明と高度利用技術の開発
2009.04 - 2013.03
農林水産省 農林水産省委託プロジェクト研究
本多健一郎
Grant type:Competitive
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飛ばないテントウムシのアブラムシ防除への適用
2008.04 - 2011.03
農林水産省 先導的技術実用化促進のための研究
世古智一
Grant type:Competitive
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Ecological genetic analyses for reproductive isolation via variation of reproductive timing
Grant number:19370011 2007.04 - 2010
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B)
MIYATAKE Takahisa, MATSUMOTO Akira, MATSUYAMA Takashi
Authorship:Principal investigator Grant type:Competitive
Grant amount:\16510000 ( Direct expense: \12700000 、 Indirect expense:\3810000 )
Timing of reproduction including flowering, spawning, or mating of many organisms has restricted time-zone during a successive organism action, for example, particular seconds, hours, days, seasons or years. We cloned the clock gene period from two strains of melon fly, in one individuals mate early in the day, whilst in the other individuals mate later. The deduced amino acid sequences of PERIOD proteins for these two strains were reported to be identical. We cloned another clock gene cryptochrome (cry) from the two strains, and found two stable amino acid substitutions in the strains. The results suggest the influence on allochronic reproductive isolation of clock gene.
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昆虫の死んだふりと活動性を多面的に支配する生体物質の生理学的解明
Grant number:19657026 2007.04 - 2009
日本学術振興会 科学研究費助成事業 挑戦的萌芽研究
宮竹 貴久, 佐々木 謙
Authorship:Principal investigator Grant type:Competitive
Grant amount:\3600000 ( Direct expense: \3600000 )
今年度は,昆虫の活動性と関連のある生体アミン等物質のうち、ドーパミン以外のオクトパミン・チラミン・セロトニンなどの生体アミンの脳内存在量を調べた。その結果、長い時間死にまねするロング系統と短い時間死にまねするショート系統では、これらの存在量に有意な差はなかった。これまでの研究結果をまとめると、両系統ではドーパミンの脳内存在量に有意な差があること、ドーパミンのアクチベータであるカフェインの経口摂取および体内へのインジェクションが、ロング系統の死にまね時間を有意に短縮することから、コクヌストモドキの死にまね持続時間を左右している神経伝達物質がドーパミンであると結論づけた。またコクヌストモドキは、天敵であるアダンソンハエトリグモに襲わせたときには, ベンゾキノンを放出しないことが明らかとなり、死にまね行動の動かないという動作自体が有効であること。さらに、集団で暮らす本種では、不動という行為は、死にまねを行う個体の近隣に生息する同種他個体もしくは異種の個体が動き回ることで、天敵の興味をそちらに向ける効果のあることが判明した。このことは死にまねが、集団で暮らす個体にとっては利己的な行為として進化しうること、さらにこの効果が集団サイズをより大きくする可能性を示唆した。さらに死にまね行動と交尾行動には、遺伝的基礎を伴うトレードオフが存在することも証明した。
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ニカメイガのホストレースにおける時計遺伝子と生殖隔離に関する生理生態学的研究
2005.04 - 2008.03
科学研究費補助金 萌芽研究
宮竹貴久
Authorship:Principal investigator Grant type:Competitive
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ニカメイガのホストレースにおける時計遺伝子と生殖隔離に関する生理生態学的研究
Grant number:16657009 2004 - 2006
日本学術振興会 科学研究費助成事業 萌芽研究
宮竹 貴久, 富岡 憲治, 積木 久明
Grant amount:\3500000 ( Direct expense: \3500000 )
イネの害虫であるニカメイガChilo suppressalisは、イネだけでなくイネ科雑草のマコモにも寄生することが知られている。そしてイネ個体群とマコモ個体群の間では、近縁な昆虫種間の生殖隔離機構の重要な要因の1つである交尾時刻が異なっている。すなわち、イネ系統は日没直後に交尾し、マコモ系統では日没約6時間後に交尾する。キイロショウジョウバエでは、交尾時刻の違いは測時機構の影響を受け、生殖隔離に時計遺伝子が関与する可能性が示唆されている。それゆえ交尾時刻の違う本種の個体群間では体内時計と測時機構に変化が生じている可能性がある。そこで本研究では、琵琶湖を有するため農薬散布が少なく本種の両ホストレースの同所的生息が確認された滋賀県で採集した両個体群を用いて、アクトグラフ装置による歩行活動の概日リズム計測を行なった。イネ個体群の概日リズムの自由継続周期(τ)は23.71±0.128時間、マコモ個体群の概日リズムのτは25.96±6.028時間で両ホストレース間に有意な差が見られた。この約2時間のずれはオスの活動時間帯のピークのずれと一致していることもわかった。
これらの発見は、ニカメイガの両ホストレースが、概日リズムに支配される測時機構を介した同所的な時間的生殖隔離(アロクロニックな生殖隔離)の状態にあることを示す。
そこで、概日リズムを制御する時計遺伝子period(約100bp)およびdoubletime(ほぼ全長:約1000bp)の塩基配列解析を行った。その結果、個体間およびホストレース問でいくつかのアミノ酸置換が発見された。今後、ホストレース間の交尾時刻の違いの原因遺伝子としての、概日リズム時計遺伝子の特定への道を築くことができ、将来の生殖隔離候補遺伝子の探索への可能性が開かれた。 -
Why do females mate with multiple males?
Grant number:16370013 2004 - 2006
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B)
KASUYA Eiiti, MIYATAKE Takahisa, YASUI Yukio
Grant type:Competitive
Grant amount:\7200000 ( Direct expense: \7200000 )
The number of males which a female mates with shows a large variation among animal species. This interspecific variation has been studied for a long time, based on hypotheses that invoke benefits of polyandry for females. We studied the evolution of monogamy/polyandry by using a species that has the genetic variation of the degree of polyandry among populations. This feature makes the crossing among populations with different levels of polyandry possible. We used the adzuki bean beetle (Callosobruchus chinensis). First, we examined the possibility that factors in one sex is responsible for the different levels of polyandry among populations. There were three possible case : only females are responsible, only males are responsible, and both are responsible. We also showed that there was a genetic variation of levels of polyandry among populations. Artificial selection experiments showed no correlated response in the rates of mating in two sexes. This suggested that the no genetic correlation in the rates of mating of two sexes. The direct benefit of polyandry for females was not shown. Several components of offspring fitness did not show the indirect benefit of polyandry for females. Males in the population with a higher level of polyandry showed a larger ability of sperm competition over males of the population with a lower level of polyandry. The level of polyandry was also affected by conditions including the time in a day and substrate for oviposition.
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Mechanism of physiological resurgence affecting recovery of susceptibility in fenvalerate-resistant strains of the diamondback moth Plutella xylostella.
Grant number:14360029 2002.04 - 2005.03
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B)
NAKASUJI Fusao, MIYATAKE Takafumi, FUKUDA Hiroshi
Grant type:Competitive
Grant amount:\9100000 ( Direct expense: \9100000 )
A diamondback moth (DBM) strain resistant to fenvalerate was established and the effects of sublethal dose of the insect on egg size and fecundity were examined. The eggs of the selected strain were significantly smaller than those of non-selected strain. The fecundity of females of the selected strain tended to be higher than that of the non-selected strain. The survival rate of the selected strain was lower than that of the non-selected strain.
To determine mode of inheritance of resistant development and of reduction of egg size in DBM, F_1 offspring of reciprocal crosses were compared with their parental lines for these traits. Several fitness components were also compared between F1 offspring of reciprocal crosses as well as the resistant and susceptible lines to detect maternal effects on the components including egg size. The dose-mortality regression lines of the F_1 hybrid of susceptible females and resistant males (SR) and resistant females and susceptible males (RS) were roughly intermediate between that of parental lines, i.e., SS and RR. This result indicates that the mode of inheritance of fenvalerate resistance was neither complete dominant nor recessive with no sex-linkage. The egg size of RR lines was significantly smaller than that of the SS lines. The RS and SR lines have an egg size close to that of their own matrilineage. It was considered that the mode of inheritance of resistance and that of egg size were different from each other, although the selection experiment showed that there is a negative correlated response between these parameters.
The recovery of susceptibility to fenvarelate in resistant strains of DBM was examined through 10 generations after freeing then from insecticide selection under harsh-rearing (Harsh lines) and optimal-rearing conditions (Optimal lines). The LD_<50> values were lower for the Harsh lines than for Optimal lines in all the generations. Egg size of both lines increased gradually through 10
Generations. Comparisons of these two lines show that the egg size increased more rapidly in Harsh lines than in Optimal lines in early generations.
Comparison of immature survivability of Harsh and Optimal lines reared under those conditions showed that the survivability of Harsh line individuals was significantly lower than for those of Optimal lines. These results suggest that susceptibility might recovery more quickly in Harsh lines than in Optimal lines because resistant insects with small eggs had lower susceptibility than susceptible insects with normal eggs. -
Ecological Genetic Study of clock gene which can cause speciation
Grant number:14340244 2002.04 - 2005
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B)
MIYATAKE Takahisa, TANIMURA Teiichi, MATSUMOTO Akira
Authorship:Principal investigator Grant type:Competitive
Grant amount:\14800000 ( Direct expense: \14800000 )
The mechanism by which a clock gene pleiotropically controlling life history and behavioral traits causes reproductive isolation is explained using a model species, the melon fly, Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett) (Diptera : Tephritidae). Melon flies mate once a day, at dusk. The population selected for life history traits exhibits correlated responses in the time of mating during the day. For example, the fly populations selected for faster (slower) development have an earlier (later) time of mating. A circathan rhythm controls the time of mating. The circadian periods in constant darkness were about 22h in lines selected for a short developmental period and about 31 h in lines selected for a long developmental period. The data on crosses between the selected lines indicated that the developmental period is controlled by a polygene, whereas the circadian period may be controlled by a single clock gene. These results suggest a clock gene pleiotropically controls developmental and circadian periods in the melon fly. Reproductive isolation may often evolve as an indirect (pleiotropic) consequence of adaptation to different environments or habitats. For example, niches that are temporally or seasonally offset can select organisms with different developmental characteristics. These development differences can inadvertently cause reproductive isolation by a variety of means including shifts in mating activity patterns. The difference in time of mating between populations selected for developmental period translated into significant prezygotic isolation, as measured by mate choice tests. If the mating time between populations differed more than 1 h, the isolation index was significantly higher than zero. These findings indicate that premating isolation can be established by a pleiotropic effect of a clock gene. There are many examples in which the difference in timing of reproduction prevents gene flow between populations, such as the egg spawning time in marine organisms, the flowering time in angiosperms, and the time of mating in insects. In, such, organisms ; if genetic correlations between circadian rhythm and reproductive traits exist, multifarious divergent selection for life history traits would often accelerate the evolution of reproductive isolation through clock genes. Natural populations may diverge in reproduction time through drift, direct natural selection for time of reproduction, or as a by-product effect of genetic correlations. In any case, clock genes are keys in reproductive isolation. We also analyzed sequence of amino-acid of period and doubletime genes, so called as clock genes, in short and long developmental period lines. The difference in a point amino-acid difference in doubletime was detected between short and long lines, and this difference might be related to the difference in mating time of Bactrocera cucurbitae. To examine this, we need to identify Drosophila melanogaster transjenic system, a null mutant of doubletime.