Language：Japanese  

This paper investigates unintentional radiation from the open-stub structure of a lossy resonator filter suppressing power-bus resonance of printed circuit boards. Using radiation-factor decomposition models obtained by applying Thevenin's theorem, it is found that the increase in radiation from the open-stub structure is negligible.

DOI： 10.14923/transcomj.2022bll0005

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DOI： 10.1587/comex.2022xbl0101

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We investigated the prediction of side-channel leak-age on the power delivery network (PDN) outside a cryptographic IC. To predict the leakage, it is necessary to estimate the switching current caused by the switching activity. So far, high temporal resolution estimation based on gate-level logic simulation has been proposed, but due to the decoupling property of the PDN, the switching current leaking out of the IC chip attenuates signif-icantly. Therefore, this paper calculates the mean of the switching currents over the clock period based on register transfer level (RTL) logic simulation, and then approximates it into a triangle waveform. This approach enables us to simulate the switching current faster than with gate-level simulation. In addition, the simulation time is further shortened by calculating the switching current only to the targeted round of a cryptographic algorithm (AES). Switching currents of the previous rounds were given as statistical models with the same sample mean and variance as the targeted round. As a result of simulating the switching current of an FPGA with the proposed method, we were able to obtain the low-order harmonic components of the current in almost the same magnitude as the gate-level simulation. We also simulated correlation power analysis (CPA) results for the printed circuit board on which the FPGA with the AES circuit was mounted, and found that the proposed method could predict the dynamic power supply voltage observed on the board and CPA results with sufficient accuracy.

DOI： 10.1109/EMCEurope51680.2022.9900948

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We previously proposed a lossy resonator filter to suppress the parallel-plate resonance of printed circuit boards (PCBs). The filter consists of an open stub (a quarter-wavelength resonator) covered with a ferrite thin film (inducing a small loss). This paper evaluates the effect of the small loss by investigating the suppression of parallel-plate resonance and the unintentional radiation from a PCB with or without the ferrite thin film. An open stub can work as a narrow-band filter but may also work as an antenna and radiate unintentionally, which causes a secondary noise problem at frequencies other than the target frequency of 2.4 GHz. The electric field distribution between the parallel plates and the total radiated power were thus investigated to validate the effect of the small loss of the lossy resonator filter. The results showed that the total radiated power from parallel plates resonating at 2.4 GHz was suppressed by about 12 dB by using open stubs with a resonant frequency of 2.4 GHz, regardless of the presence or absence of the ferrite thin film. At 2.54 GHz, however, the open stubs without ferrite increased the radiated power by about 10 dB, whereas those with ferrite did not increase it at all. It was thus found that the lossy resonator filter could suppress not only the parallel-plate resonance but also unintentional radiation around the target frequency without causing any other problems.

DOI： 10.1109/EMCEurope51680.2022.9901324

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Authorship：Last author,　Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)  

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Authorship：Last author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：IEEE  

Once the signal-tu-noise ratio (SNR) of the side- channel (SC) leakage trace is known, the intensity of the SC information leakage source inside the integrated circuit (IC) can be identified from measurements carried out outside the IC, SNR observation of SC leakage can also make it possible to set quantitative design targets to achieve the demanded leakage intensity. We discuss an improved method for identifying the SNR of SC leakage traces composed of multiple transient responses of IC switching current. The IC switching current repeatedly occurs as the IC runs the cryptographic operation since the cryptographic algorithm repeats a set of sub-operations. The method was applied to simulated and measured leakage traces to eliminate the effect of transient IC switching current caused before the target sub-operation was processed. As a result, a transient component more extensive than the signal component of side-channel analysis was identified in the decoupling capacitor configuration, where the convergence of the transient response is slow. In addition, the correlation coefficients obtained by the correlation power analysis, a major side-channel analysis method, were plotted as a function of SNR, and the plot of the simulated traces agreed with the theoretical curve. On the other hand, some errors remained in the plot of the measured traces.

DOI： 10.1109/EMCSI39492.2022.9889660

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：SPIE  

DOI： 10.1117/12.2660186

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Authorship：Last author,　Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)  

DOI： 10.1109/lemcpa.2022.3228199

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Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：IEEE  

DOI： 10.1109/ic4me253898.2021.9768521

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Authorship：Last author   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：IEEE  

DOI： 10.1109/apemc49932.2021.9597127

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Authorship：Last author,　Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：IEEE  

DOI： 10.1109/apemc49932.2021.9596844

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This paper proposes noise-source parameter identification of the noise-source equivalent-circuit model for predicting conducted noise while considering the switching fluctuation of a DC/DC converter. We decomposed measured conducted noise into ripple noise, turn-on spike noise, and turn- off spike noise to prevent the accuracy degradation in the parameter identification. The predicted conducted noise spectra show the error with the measurement was within 3 dB up to 200 MHz, which is more accurate than that in our previous study.

DOI： 10.1109/emc/si/pi/emceurope52599.2021.9559182

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Authorship：Last author,　Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：IEEE  

To estimate the amount of noise suppressed by lossy resonator filters (LRFs) in a power bus with a decoupling capacitor, we used an equivalent circuit model considering the effect of the capacitor to know the suppression mechanism using the LRF. The discrepancy between the model and a full-wave simulation was approximately 2 dB.

DOI： 10.1109/emc/si/pi/emceurope52599.2021.9559213

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Authorship：Last author,　Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Institute of Electronics, Information and Communications Engineers (IEICE)  

<p>The plain bend in a pair of differential transmission lines causes a path difference, which leads to differential-to-common mode conversion due to the phase difference. This conversion can cause serious common-mode noise issues. We previously proposed a tightly coupled asymmetrically tapered bend to suppress forward differential-to-common mode conversion and derived the constraint conditions for high-density wiring. To provide sufficient suppression of mode conversion, however, the additional correction was required to make the effective path difference vanish. This paper proposes a practical and straightforward design methodology by using a very tightly coupled bend (decreasing the line width and the line separation of the tightly coupled bend). Full-wave simulations below 20GHz demonstrated that sufficient suppression of the forward differential-to-common mode conversion is successfully achieved as designed. Measurements showed that our design methodology is effective.</p>

DOI： 10.1587/transcom.2020ebp3056

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Institute of Electronics, Information and Communications Engineers (IEICE)  

<p>Side-channel (SC) leakage from a cryptographic device chip is simulated as the dynamic current flowing out of the chip. When evaluating the simulated current, an evaluation by comparison with an actual measurement is essential; however, it is difficult to compare them directly. This is because a measured waveform is typically the output voltage of probe placed at the observation position outside the chip, and the actual dynamic current is modified by several transfer impedances. Therefore, in this paper, the probe voltage is converted into the dynamic current by using an EMC macro-model of a cryptographic device being evaluated. This paper shows that both the amplitude and the SC analysis (correlation power analysis and measurements to disclosure) results of the simulated dynamic current were evaluated appropriately by using the EMC macro-model. An evaluation confirms that the shape of the simulated current matches the measured one; moreover, the SC analysis results agreed with the measured ones well. On the basis of the results, it is confirmed that a register-transfer level (RTL) simulation of the dynamic current gives a reasonable estimation of SC traces.</p>

DOI： 10.1587/transcom.2020ebp3015

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<p>When a shielded-twisted-pair (STP) cable is connected with a printed circuit board (PCB) via an Ethernet (RJ45) connector, mode conversion between primary- and secondary-common modes occurs at the connector section due to their structural difference that causes the difference in the imbalance factor of the transmission line. In this paper, we investigate the suppression of the mode conversion at the connector section by using a modal-equivalent circuit model based on imbalance matching. We focus on improving the PCB pattern below the shielded Ethernet connector by placing a copper layer on the PCB surface, and the inadequate shielding at the connector section by soldering and wrapping with copper tape. The application of this improvement based on imbalance matching at the connector section makes the imbalance factor of the connector section closer to that of the cable section and results in the suppression of the mode conversion. Based on the concept of imbalance matching, we confirmed the effect of the shield-improved connector with an improved PCB pattern on the suppression of the mode conversion at the connector section through circuit simulation and measurement, and it was validated that the circuit simulation results obtained from the modal-equivalent circuit model agree well with the measurement results.</p>

DOI： 10.1541/ieejfms.140.586

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Authorship：Last author,　Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：IEEE  

DOI： 10.1109/emceurope48519.2020.9245855

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As the conducted disturbance of a power converter changes with its load value, the relationship between the electromagnetic interference of the power converter and its load needs to be investigated. This work examines a 2-port equivalent circuit model for a DC/DC buck converter with consideration of the load effect. Factors that influence the model accuracy are also discussed. We used a synchronous buck converter operating under a continuous conduction mode condition to determine the load effect and evaluate the model. Results showed that the input port of the fixed-load model and load-variable model had good accuracy up to 70 MHz. We also predicted the load effect on input port noise and found that the input port noise of an 8.2-? load could be predicted from the other two load values (6.6 ? and 11.6 ?).

DOI： 10.1109/emceurope48519.2020.9245680

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Symmetry is important for differential-transmission lines, but the dense parallel traces easily break the symmetry due to coupling with the adjacent conductor, leading to mode conversion. We propose an asymmetric geometry of differential-transmission lines placed on the side of a nonadjacent conductor to suppress mode conversion and maintain signal integrity in the cases of loosely coupled and tightly coupled parallel traces. By designing the asymmetric geometry of dense differential-transmission lines by taking into account coupling with the adjacent conductor, mode conversion was successfully suppressed by decreasing the line width on the side of the non-adjacent conductor. It was also found that the asymmetric geometry can suppress mode conversion and maintain signal integrity in tightly coupled parallel traces. In loosely coupled parallel traces, on the other hand, the tightly coupled asymmetrically tapered bend we previously proposed suppresses mode conversion.

DOI： 10.1109/emceurope48519.2020.9245880

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DOI： 10.1109/emcsi38923.2020.9191655

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Authorship：Last author,　Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Institute of Electronics, Information and Communications Engineers (IEICE)  

<p>Asymmetry of differential transmission lines over a meshed ground plane causes differential skew, which leads to signal integrity issues. We measured to evaluate how the angle between the differential transmission lines and meshed ground (the rotation angle) affected differential skew. We also investigated the effect of the lines' position on characteristic impedance and the feasibility of high-density layout of the differential transmission lines, including the bend structure. We found that the differential skew and characteristic impedance are not significantly affected by the position of the differential transmission lines and meshed ground when the rotation angle is set to 30°, a relatively small value. Measurements showed that our design is effective.</p>

DOI： 10.1587/elex.17.20200101

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Authorship：Last author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：OPTICAL SOC JAPAN  

Visualization of an electromagnetic field distribution is helpful for spatial evaluation of field leakage and can aid in solving inverse problems of signal-source estimation. Optical detection is more accurate and less invasive than other methods owing to a low metal content in the sensing probes and signal wires. We have previously reported optical detection of alternating magnetic fields using an alkali-metal atomic magnetometer. In this study, we have proposed a method for imaging the field in a 10 mm diameter area in the sensor head and achieved a resolution below 0.3 mm using a digital micro-mirror device. In this paper, we demonstrate the visualization of an alternating magnetic field at 70 kHz, generated using a Helmholtz coil and a 0.5-mm diameter metal wire attached to the sensor head. Both the uniform field image from the coil and the gradient field image from the wire were clearly observed. The output linearity of the magnetometer was investigated by varying the electric current applied to the coil. In addition, we performed signal-source estimation from the gradient field image. The obtained and calculated distributions were compared to estimate the position of the wire. The estimated wire depth of 1.41 mm was within the range of actual wire depths. This measurement technique has the potential for application in precise position estimation of signal sources with high sensitivity.

DOI： 10.1007/s10043-020-00591-y

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：一般社団法人エレクトロニクス実装学会  

<p>ケーブル-コネクタ間の平衡度不整合によるコモンモード発生、さらに、放射シミュレーションを行うには、コネクタの電流配分率を容易に算出できることが不可欠である。今回、コネクタのSパラメータから電流配分率を算出する簡易モデルを構築したのでこれを報告する。</p>

DOI： 10.11486/ejisso.34.0_3B4-03

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DOI： 10.1109/emceurope.2019.8871562

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Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：IEEE  

DOI： 10.1109/emceurope.2019.8871971

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：IEEE  

Visualizing an AC magnetic field distribution is valuable to evaluate spatially as signal or noise components and to estimate locations of signal sources. We propose an optical imaging technique to visualize AC magnetic field distributions. An atomic magnetometer with phase sensitive detections realize optical detections of the AC field with dividing into two axes. A digital micro-mirror device enables us to obtain the field image in 10 mm square area with sub-mm spatial resolution. As a result, bi-directional AC-field images from a fine metal-wire were obtained. The obtained images allow us to evaluate field distributions clearly. This imaging technique has a potential for spatial evaluations of AC field from electrical and electronic devices.

DOI： 10.1109/emceurope.2019.8871985

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Authorship：Last author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)  

A method for optimally designing RL and RC snubber circuits is presented to reduce the electromagnetic interference caused by parasitic LC resonance. The Q factor of the resonance is used as the design criteria. Optimum snubber parameters are determined analytically and uniquely by using a simplified equivalent circuit of the resonant loop and deriving an analytical formula for the Q factor as a function of the snubber parameters. The optimally designed snubbers can adequately adjust the Q factor to any design target. They can also minimize the increases in the negative effects of the snubbers, i.e., overshoot and power loss. The method was applied to RL and RC snubbers to be added to a synchronous buck converter. The effects of the snubbers were reproduced by simulation program with integrated circuit emphasis ( SPICE) simulation to validate the method from the perspective of resonance damping, overshoot, and power loss. The results showed that the damping effects obtained with the optimized snubbers met the Q factor design targets. They also demonstrate that the parameters are optimum in terms of suppressing overshoot and power loss. These results indicate that the method is suitable for optimizing RL and RC snubbers to damp parasitic LC resonance.

DOI： 10.1109/temc.2018.2841424

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Authorship：Last author,　Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)  

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Authorship：Lead author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)  

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Authorship：Last author,　Corresponding author   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)  

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Authorship：Last author,　Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)  

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Authorship：Last author   Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Japan Institute of Electronics Packaging  

<p>In order to reduce electromagnetic interference at low cost, we propose a method to estimate the intensity of the electromagnetic emission for each IC. In this method, the intensity is estimated based on the ratio of noise source levels obtained by the temporal change in EM emissions when the switching currents generated in potential noise sources are intentionally modulated. In this paper, we applied the proposed method to a printed circuit board with multiple ICs and estimated the intensity of electromagnetic emission originating from individual ICs. Moreover, the accuracy of the estimation was evaluated by comparison with measurements made when the IC was individually driven. The results indicated that the emission intensity can be estimated with high accuracy when all the emissions caused by each IC are in phase.</p>

DOI： 10.5104/jiep.22.218

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Authorship：Corresponding author   Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

J-GLOBAL

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To identify semiconductor devices that are dominant noise sources at low cost in order to reduce electromagnetic interference (EMI), we propose a method based on a noise source amplitude modulation technique and correlation analysis (NSM-CA). In this study, we applied the NSM-CA method to a printed circuit board (PCB) with multiple integrated circuits (ICs) and identified ICs dominantly contributing to EM emission. The switching currents produced in three of the ICs were modulated in amplitude with three different modulation signals. The noise source amplitude modulation was implemented in an FPGA, mounted on a PCB, by using three pseudorandom binary sequences (PRBSs) as modulation signals. During the modulations, EM emission was measured at frequencies where the emission exceeded the limit of EMI regulation. The temporal variation in the measured emission was correlated with each of the PRBSs. The ranking of the contributions of the ICs to the emission was determined by means of the resultant correlation coefficients. According to the ranking, the dominant ICs to which a combination of EMI reduction techniques should be primarily applied were identified. Moreover, we applied an EMI reduction technique to the dominant ICs and found a larger reduction in emission than when the technique was applied to low priority ICs.

DOI： 10.1109/EMCEurope.2018.8485011

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：一般社団法人エレクトロニクス実装学会  

The electric asymmetry of a pair of differential transmission lines placed near an adjacent ground edge causes unwanted electromagnetic radiation when the adjacent ground width changes. In this paper, the imbalance difference model which has been proposed by the authors is verified by experiment and full-wave simulation for asymmetric differential transmission lines at different distances from the adjacent ground edge. The difference in secondary-common mode current in terms of the distance from the ground edge coincides with an error of up to 3 dB among the imbalance difference model, measurement, and electromagnetic simulation. Therefore the imbalance difference model has sufficient accuracy for practical use in designing differential transmission lines which produce less undesired emissions.

DOI： 10.5104/jiep.21.178

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：IEEE  

To identify semiconductor devices that are dominant noise sources at low cost in order to reduce electromagnetic interference (EMI), we propose a method based on a noise source amplitude modulation technique and correlation analysis (NSM-CA). In this study, we applied the NSM-CA method to a printed circuit board (PCB) with multiple integrated circuits (ICs) and identified ICs dominantly contributing to EM emission. The switching currents produced in three of the ICs were modulated in amplitude with three different modulation signals. The noise source amplitude modulation was implemented in an FPGA, mounted on a PCB, by using three pseudorandom binary sequences (PRBSs) as modulation signals. During the modulations, EM emission was measured at frequencies where the emission exceeded the limit of EMI regulation. The temporal variation in the measured emission was correlated with each of the PRBSs. The ranking of the contributions of the ICs to the emission was determined by means of the resultant correlation coefficients. According to the ranking, the dominant ICs to which a combination of EMI reduction techniques should be primarily applied were identified. Moreover, we applied an EMI reduction technique to the dominant ICs and found a larger reduction in emission than when the technique was applied to low priority ICs.

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Japan Institute of Electronics Packaging  

DOI： 10.11486/ejisso.32.0_316

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.  

Pseudo-random binary sequence (PRBS) was applied to identify dominant noise sources of electromagnetic interference (EMI) radiated from a printed circuit board (PCB) including line driver ICs. The ICs were controlled in activation of output according to a set of PRBSs that varied amplitude of switching current generated in the ICs and also changes the strength of EMI. Correlation coefficients between the temporal variation of conducted EMI strength and PRBS were examined. Results showed that PRBS has a potential to identify dominant noise sources of EMI.

DOI： 10.1109/ICCE-China.2017.7991087

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.  

Improving the countermeasures against side-channel attacks (SCAs) increases the cost of both designing the countermeasures and evaluating SCA resistance. This may force cryptographic ICs to remain vulnerable. The increased cost is due to an indispensable procedure where a large number of side-channel traces need to be analyzed in order to evaluate the SCA resistance. In this work, a low-cost method to design and evaluate countermeasures using the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of side-channel traces as design and evaluation criteria is proposed. The method combines two existing methods: A prediction method of correlation coefficients between side-channel traces and a power model based on the SNR of the side-channel traces, and an estimation method of the number of traces needed to disclose the secret key based on the correlation coefficients. We construct a method to measure the SNR of side-channel traces and validate it for the design and evaluation criteria. In our method, the SNR is first calculated from signal and noise variances extracted from side-channel traces by increasing the number of averaging in side-channel trace measurements, and then the correlation coefficients and the number of traces for key-disclose are estimated on the basis of the calculated SNR. We confirmed that the estimated correlation coefficient and the number of traces for key-disclose were in good agreement with the corresponding measured ones. This result demonstrates that the proposed method can accurately measure the SNR of side-channel traces.

DOI： 10.1109/APEMC.2017.7975433

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.  

The miniaturization of unit cells in planar electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) structures has been difficult because the stopband frequency depends on the unit-cell size. To solve this problem, we developed an EBG structure that uses two power planes (dual power plane: DPP) with the addition of a capacitive coupling element. This enables us to easily enlarge the capacitance formed in the unit cell and achieve miniaturization with a stopband frequency of interest. Using full-wave simulation, we tested a 2-mm-square (4-mm2) unit cell of the DPP-EBG structure and measured a stopband frequency around 2.4 GHz.

DOI： 10.1109/APEMC.2017.7975472

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Japan Institute of Electronics Packaging  

DOI： 10.11486/ejisso.31.0_311

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：IEEE  

To overcome the intra EMC problems in wireless communications, electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) structures can be used to effectively reduce power-bus noise. We previously proposed a vialess open-stub EBG structure. However, it still has the intrinsic disadvantage of a narrow stopband because it uses the open-stub's resonance. Thus, this paper aims to optimize the structural parameters of the vialess open-stub EBG structure to sufficiently suppress power-bus noise in a wider stopband. The structural parameters to determine the noise-reduction performance of the vialess open-stub EBG structure are the branch width rob, the stub width w(s), and the unit-cell length alpha. Rectangular power buses were designed as test vehicles through the analytical approach and used to evaluate the stopband expansion and the noise suppression in the stopband in a full wave simulation. The transmission characteristics showed that, after w(b), W-s, and a are optimized, the stopband is expanded from 0.61 GHz (2.23-2.84 GHz) to 1.56 GHz (2.20-3.76 GHz). In addition, an optimized structure was made that reduced the amount of noise by approximately 10 dB.

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The bend in a pair of differential transmission lines on printed circuit boards causes a path difference, which leads to mode conversion due to the phase difference. We previously proposed a tightly coupled asymmetrically tapered bend to suppress forward differential-to-common mode conversion. In this paper, we propose a design methodology of our tightly coupled asymmetrically tapered bend that limits the bend structure within the area of the original classic bend for high-density mounting. We also evaluated the 45-degree-angle bend formed based on our design methodology and found that the methodology helps improve or maintain its transmission characteristics compared to those of the classic bend.

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.  

An equivalent circuit model was applied to a cryptographic module to simulate the resistance of the module against side-channel attacks. The cryptographic module involved two fiel programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), on which an Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) circuit was implemented on one of them. The equivalent circuit model proposed in the previous literature was improved in terms of the accuracy of model parameters. Resistance against side-channel attacks was simulated in a more practical configuratio with the improved model than that in the previous work. Resistance was simulated with random plaintexts (input values) to the cryptographic circuit, whereas a biased plaintext set was used to simplify simulation. The simulation was carried out with two decoupling configuration for the power distribution network of the FPGA core that the AES circuit was implemented in. The results obtained from simulation confirme that the equivalent circuit model allowed side-channel resistance to be precisely predicted.

DOI： 10.1109/ISEMC.2015.7256163

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Japan Institute of Electronics Packaging  

DOI： 10.5104/jiep.18.279

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Japan Institute of Electronics Packaging  

DOI： 10.5104/jiep.18.344

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We analyzed equivalent current source of cryptographic circuits implemented on a field programmable gate array (FPGA). The equivalent current source represented internal switching current behaviors in the cryptographic circuits during an Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) operation. In this work, the internal current was analyzed for extracting leakage functions and correlation coefficients from scatter diagrams of the Hamming Distance (HD) of AES intermediate values and the current magnitudes. The obtained leakage functions were confirmed a well-known assumption on the HD power model that magnitude of switching current due to transition of register states is proportional to HD of the register. The internal current was also investigated in terms of correlation with the HD model. Correlation coefficients increased as transforming the external power trace in the internal current because two types of noise were reduced by the transform; constant noise and overlap effect of successive rounds. The noise reduction inferred that the use of the internal current source would provide more precise verification of countermeasures.

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.  

A lossy resonator filter with frequency selectivity and low loss, which suppresses noise propagation in the power-ground plane pair of a printed circuit board (PCB) at high frequencies (over 1 GHz), was fabricated and evaluated. A ferrite-covered open stub was formed on a PCB as a lossy resonator filter, and its characteristics were verified by measurement using a vector network analyzer as well as full-wave simulation. The measurement and simulation results show that the noise in the power bus of the PCB at frequencies over 1 GHz is suppressed. Even in the case that the power bus is inside the board, noise propagation in the power bus was suppressed by connecting the inside ground plane and the ground plane of the lossy resonator filter by vias in order to conduct the noise to the filter.

DOI： 10.1109/EMCEurope.2014.6931007

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.  

This paper investigated about introduction of the burst pulse injection method standardized for immunity tests to a cryptanalysis using faulty ciphertexts. We investigated the potential of the burst injection method to induce faulty ciphertexts experimentally. Firstly, the standard burst pulse was injected through the power cable to a cryptographic module implementing the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) on a field programmable gate array (FPGA). As a result, it was confirmed that the burst pulse injection might cause clock glitches on the module. Secondly, the clock glitch was varied in magnitude and timing by use of two pulse generators and transmitted to the AES circuit to clarify what types of clock glitch induce critical faulty ciphertexts suited for recovering the crypto-key successfully. Results confirmed that the clock glitch had potential to induce faulty ciphertexts when it exceeded the threshold and produced a clock interval shorter than the critical path delay in the target round. The two experimental results suggested that burst pulse injection to cryptographic modules through their power cables is a possible scenario of fault analysis attacks.

DOI： 10.1109/ISEMC.2014.6899067

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.  

Power-bus resonance of printed circuit boards causes electromagnetic interference and detraction of power integrity. To suppress the power-bus resonance, we propose the application of lossy resonators in the power bus. Here, we first explain the concepts of the proposed resonators, focusing especially on the application based on the impedance characteristics. Then, we explain the full-wave simulation conducted to demonstrate that the proposed resonator effectively suppressed power-bus resonance.

DOI： 10.1109/MEMC.2014.6798799

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：IEEE  

This paper investigated about introduction of the burst pulse injection method standardized for immunity tests to a cryptanalysis using faulty ciphertexts. We investigated the potential of the burst injection method to induce faulty ciphertexts experimentally. Firstly, the standard burst pulse was injected through the power cable to a cryptographic module implementing the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) on a field programmable gate array (FPGA). As a result, it was confirmed that the burst pulse injection might cause clock glitches on the module. Secondly, the clock glitch was varied in magnitude and timing by use of two pulse generators and transmitted to the AES circuit to clarify what types of clock glitch induce critical faulty ciphertexts suited for recovering the crypto-key successfully. Results confirmed that the clock glitch had potential to induce faulty ciphertexts when it exceeded the threshold and produced a clock interval shorter than the critical path delay in the target round. The two experimental results suggested that burst pulse injection to cryptographic modules through their power cables is a possible scenario of fault analysis attacks.

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Japan Institute of Electronics Packaging  

DOI： 10.11486/ejisso.28.0_63

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The authors previously proposed a method based on a linear equivalent circuit model to predict vulnerability of cryptographic devices before fabrication. The method was verified to demonstrate the correlation power analysis attack, a major side-channel attack method, to a cryptographic device with outstanding accuracy. However, no obvious correlation was seen between the equivalent current source modeling the generation of the simultaneous switching noise (SSN) current in the circuit model and the encryption operation used in the previous study. Therefore, in this study, we improved the topology of the linear equivalent circuit model matched with the physical construction of the power distribution network (PDN) and re-identified the equivalent current source. By comparing the improved current source with the encryption operation, obvious correlations between them were found with respect to the period of the round operation and the dependency of the SSN current on the Hamming distance between successive intermediates. The improved equivalent current source was applied on a Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) in which an Advance Encryption Standard (AES) circuit was implemented to simulate power traces that were confirmed to coincide with measured ones. Correlation between the simulated power traces and the power model was investigated using a set of 1000 plaintexts. As a result, the correlation coefficients agreed well with those for measured power traces. Improving the equivalent circuit model topology, thus, helped to identify the SSN current generated in the FPGA during the AES operation. © 2013 IEEE.

DOI： 10.1109/ISEMC.2013.6670526

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：IEEE  

We have developed a modal-equivalent-circuit model with mode-conversion sources for clarifying the mode-conversion mechanism and considering countermeasures against common-mode noise by means of circuit analysis based on the proposed model. The modal equivalent circuit is divided into separate normal-mode and common-mode circuits obtained by applying the mode-decomposition technique to an actual circuit. The separate circuits are connected with the mode-conversion sources at the interface where two transmission lines with different current division factors (h) are connected. This model suggests that the mode conversion that occurs is likely related to the common-mode current and the normal-mode voltage at the interface and the difference in the current division factors (Delta h). This paper validates the model experimentally. First, it is validated by changing the grounding conditions of a simple cable interconnection system. Next, the mode-conversion mechanism suggested by the mode-conversion sources is experimentally examined by matching on common mode and replacing a two-wire cable with a coaxial cable so that Delta h becomes almost 0. Circuit simulation results obtained using the modal equivalent circuit with the mode-conversion sources agree well with measured results and this also demonstrates the model's validity.

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：IEEE  

Side-channel attack is a cryptanalytic attack based on information gained from the physical implementation of a cryptographic IC. The simultaneous switching noise (SSN) current is generated as logic gates in cryptographic IC switch simultaneously in encryption processes. SSN current is a cause of electromagnetic interference (EMI). In this study, linear equivalent circuit modeling was examined for the sake of a developing method to evaluate cryptographic systems before fabrication. A linear equivalent circuit model of a cryptographic FPGA, in which an AES algorithm had been implemented, was determined from experimental measurements. The model was implemented into a commercial analog circuit simulator, and the SSN current was estimated under three configurations among which a decoupling circuit, used as a countermeasure, was changed. Estimated current traces were analyzed statistically by using the correlation power analysis (CPA) method to obtain correlation values, a major index security against side-channel attacks. Variation of the correlation values with a decoupling configuration agreed with the corresponding experimental results also obtained in this study. This means that the security of cryptographic devices against side-channel attacks based on analysis of the SSN current can be estimated by using the equivalent circuit model before fabrication.

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：SOC INSTRUMENT CONTROL ENGINEERS JAPAN  

Side-channel attacks are a kind of cryptanalytic attacks by means of the electric current in the range of radio frequency (RF) leaking out from a cryptographic integrated circuit (IC) and/or the electromagnetic radiation generated by the RF power current. The RF power current is caused by simultaneous switching activities of logic gates during an encryption process operated in the cryptographic IC. The RF power current is a major cause of the electromagnetic interference (EMI). To decrease the RF power current at PCB level can lead to decrease designing costs. As a preparation of applying LECCS models to a cryptographic IC for estimating the RF power current occurred during an encryption process, the model parameters were identified from measurements in this paper. The LECCS models were composed of a current source that expressed the RF power current occurred in the cryptographic circuit and a passive network. The current source identified grown in amplitude 200 ns after the beginning of the encryption process. This agreed to the beginning of the target round. In frequency domain, current spectra were seen at 24 MHz and its harmonics. The authors obtained waveforms of the RF power current from analog circuit simulations with the LECCS model identified, and validated the cryptographic device in security against the side-channel attacks by means of the correlation power analysis (CPA) method. Results of CPA with the simulated waveforms were consistent to CPA results with measured waveforms. These results means that model parameters were identified correctly, and suggests that the LECCS model is effective for validation of cryptographic devices with respect to side-channel attacks.

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：IEEE  

We investigated a method using parallel RL circuits inserted into power distribution network (PDN) of integrated circuits (ICs) to enhance the IC in EMI and PI performance. Optimal damping resistances of the parallel RL circuit were derived from a characteristic equation of an equivalent circuit of a partial PDN that contributed to PDN resonances dominantly. The parallel RL circuit with the optimal resistances damps the PDN resonances as quickly as possible and reduces peaks in simultaneous switching current that will cause EMI and in input impedance of PDN related to PI. We validated the parallel RL circuit with respect to EMI and PI performance of ICs numerically and experimentally. Results of these validation showed that the proposed method descend the simultaneous switching current at both chip-package-board and on-board resonant frequency. It is also confirmed that insertion of the parallel RL circuits into the power trace reduced the impedance peak due to the chip-package-board resonance.

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)  

We have developed a modal-equivalent-circuit model with mode-conversion sources for clarifying the mode-conversion mechanism and considering countermeasures against common-mode noise by means of circuit analysis based on the proposed model. The modal equivalent circuit is divided into separate normal-mode and common-mode circuits obtained by applying the mode-decomposition technique to an actual circuit. The separate circuits are connected with the mode-conversion sources at the interface where two transmission lines with different current division factors (h) are connected. This model suggests that the mode conversion that occurs is likely related to the common-mode current and the normal-mode voltage at the interface and the difference in the current division factors (Δh). This paper validates the model experimentally. First, it is validated by changing the grounding conditions of a simple cable interconnection system. Next, the mode-conversion mechanism suggested by the mode-conversion sources is experimentally examined by matching on common mode and replacing a two-wire cable with a coaxial cable so that Δh becomes almost 0. Circuit simulation results obtained using the modal equivalent circuit with the mode-conversion sources agree well with measured results and this also demonstrates the model's validity. © 2012 IEEE.

DOI： 10.1109/ISEMC.2012.6351682

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：IEEE  

In grounding an STP cable, mode conversion occurs depending on how to ground it. For investigating the mode conversion in a four-conductor transmission-line system that consists of three conductors and the system ground such as the STP cable above the system ground, as shown in Fig. I. we have developed modal equivalent circuit expressed by an imbalance factor of transmission line, a current division factor, in the same way as we developed the one in a three-conductor transmission-line system. The modal equivalent circuit consists of three modal equivalent circuits of normal mode (Fig. 2), primary common mode (Fig. 3), and secondary common mode(Fig. 4). In this paper, mode conversion between normal mode and primary common mode was evaluated using mixed-mode S parameters and the measured data validated the modal equivalent circuit. As a result, it was found that mode conversion depends on the imbalance factor and it was examined how to ground for suppressing mode conversion.

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：IEEE  

In a differential transmission line, a large common-mode current is excited due to its asymmetry. In this paper, the authors demonstrate experimentally the common-mode current and verify the imbalance difference model that was proposed for prediction of the common-mode current reduction. Experimental results show that the reduction of common-mode current of about 20 dB is achieved by changing the position of the transmission line. In addition, the differences that are calculated using the imbalance difference model are in agreement with the measured ones within 2 dB.

DOI： 10.1109/APEMC.2012.6237956

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：IEEE  

We investigated a method using parallel RL circuits inserted into power distribution network (PDN) of integrated circuits (ICs) to enhance the IC in EMI and PI performance. Optimal damping resistances of the parallel RL circuit were derived from a characteristic equation of an equivalent circuit of a partial PDN that contributed to PDN resonances dominantly. The parallel RL circuit with the optimal resistances damps the PDN resonances as quickly as possible and reduces peaks in simultaneous switching current that will cause EMI and in input impedance of PDN related to PI. We validated the parallel RL circuit with respect to EMI and PI performance of ICs numerically and experimentally. Results of these validation showed that the proposed method descend the simultaneous switching current at both chip-package-board and on-board resonant frequency. It is also confirmed that insertion of the parallel RL circuits into the power trace reduced the impedance peak due to the chip-package-board resonance.

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)  

Side-channel attack is a cryptanalytic attack based on information gained from the physical implementation of a cryptographic IC. The simultaneous switching noise (SSN) current is generated as logic gates in cryptographic IC switch simultaneously in encryption processes. SSN current is a cause of electromagnetic interference (EMI). In this study, linear equivalent circuit modeling was examined for the sake of a developing method to evaluate cryptographic systems before fabrication. A linear equivalent circuit model of a cryptographic FPGA, in which an AES algorithm had been implemented, was determined from experimental measurements. The model was implemented into a commercial analog circuit simulator, and the SSN current was estimated under three configurations among which a decoupling circuit, used as a countermeasure, was changed. Estimated current traces were analyzed statistically by using the correlation power analysis (CPA) method to obtain correlation values, a major index security against side-channel attacks. Variation of the correlation values with a decoupling configuration agreed with the corresponding experimental results also obtained in this study. This means that the security of cryptographic devices against side-channel attacks based on analysis of the SSN current can be estimated by using the equivalent circuit model before fabrication. © 2012 IEEE.

DOI： 10.1109/ISEMC.2012.6351661

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：IEEE  

Noise suppression and power integrity (PI) are two requirements for power/ground layers of printed circuit boards (PCBs). We have proposed the application of electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) structure and ferrite film to power/ground layers. In this paper, not only a test board with the proposed structure but three other test boards to be compared were fabricated to measure with a vector network analyzer. The measured data was evaluated for noise-suppression and PI characteristics. Additional evaluation using a commercial circuit simulator was carried out to evaluate noise-suppression and PI characteristics, assuming a real power-supply circuit. Through the evaluation, the test boards with ferrite film including the proposed structure provided sufficient results.

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：IEEE  

One of PI/EMC design techniques, on-board decoupling, was proved its possibility to be used as a countermeasure against cryptographic side-channel analysis attack. The on-board decoupling was applied to a side-channel attack standard evaluation board (SASEBO-G) involving a cryptographic FPGA that operated an AES-128 encryption process. Two decoupling conditions were examined. Radio frequency (RF) power current was detected with a current probe that was placed on a power cable connected to SASEBO-G for the cryptographic FPGA. Traces of the RF power current were recorded repeatedly with a digital oscilloscope until 30,000 traces were acquired in each decoupling condition. The traces were analyzed statistically by using the correlation power analysis (CPA). Results of CPA show that necessary number of traces to reveal the secret key significantly increased when the RF power current was attenuated by decoupling over the dominant frequency range in spectra of the RF power current. The decoupling technique can be useful as a countermeasure of side-channel analysis attacks to cryptographic modules.

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)  

One of PI/EMC design techniques, on-board decoupling, was proved its possibility to be used as a countermeasure against cryptographic side-channel analysis attack. The on-board decoupling was applied to a side-channel attack standard evaluation board (SASEBO-G) involving a cryptographic FPGA that operated an AES-128 encryption process. Two decoupling conditions were examined. Radio frequency (RF) power current was detected with a current probe that was placed on a power cable connected to SASEBO-G for the cryptographic FPGA. Traces of the RF power current were recorded repeatedly with a digital oscilloscope until 30,000 traces were acquired in each decoupling condition. The traces were analyzed statistically by using the correlation power analysis (CPA). Results of CPA show that necessary number of traces to reveal the secret key significantly increased when the RF power current was attenuated by decoupling over the dominant frequency range in spectra of the RF power current. The decoupling technique can be useful as a countermeasure of side-channel analysis attacks to cryptographic modules. © 2011 IEEE.

DOI： 10.1109/ISEMC.2011.6038441

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The slit pattern formed on the return plane of printed circuit boards (PCBs) acts like a passive element and a defected ground structure (DGS) is one of them. In this paper, we propose an equivalent circuit model with a transmission line model for use in DGS with a filter characteristics. The characteristics of DGS are easily varied with the slit pattern. Thus, DGS is expected to be used for various applications such as a common-mode filter in differential signaling systems. Since a design method has yet to be developed, however, we need to establish a design method for the slit pattern. Some equivalent circuit models have been used, but the models that consist of lumped elements require a full-wave simulation. In addition, the values of the lumped elements do not relate to the physical parameters. Therefore it is not useful for designing filters. In contrast, the equivalent circuit model we propose in this paper will have a great contribution to designing filters with optimum performances and fit for size reduction on PCBs because the transmission line model relates to the physical parameters. As a result, by comparing the transmission characteristics calculated with both a full-wave simulator and a circuit simulator with the proposed equivalent circuit model, the first stop-band width calculated by using the circuit simulator was in agreement with the full-wave simulator. ©2010 IEEE.

DOI： 10.1109/ISEMC.2010.5711287

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Institute of Image Information and Television Engineers  

A fast algorithm based on a full cavity-mode resonator model of rectangular power-bus structures is able to quickly obtain the power-bus resonance characteristics in multilayer printed circuit boards (PCBs). Furthermore, the approach can provide the resonance characteristics in PCBs with a slit using a slit model expressing electromagnetic coupling across the gap of the slit. However, the model does not express the slit width, which can cause the degradation in accuracy of resonance analysis. In this paper, a slit segment was studied to express the gap of the single slit coupling and analyze the power-bus resonances. The slit segment was given from an equivalent circuit based on a coupled microstrip line. As a result, it was found that the slit segment can provide the power-bus resonance characteristics as accurate as or more accurate than the conventional slit model.

DOI： 10.11485/itetr.33.15.0_25

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：IEEE  

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Electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) structures that prevent propagation of electromagnetic waves within a given frequency range are quite effective in suppressing simultaneous switching noise on parallel power planes. However, it is quite time consuming to compute the stopband frequencies of interest using full-wave electromagnetic simulation of the entire structure. In contrast, using dispersion-diagram analysis based on a unit-cell network of EBG structures is more efficient and less time consuming. This paper presents an approach for two-dimensional EBG structures by extending a well-known dispersion-diagram analysis of one-dimensional infinite periodic structures. The stopbands predicted with the proposed analysis were compared with good agreement to measured and simulated results. In addition, the concept was applied to test the stopband range of EBG structures formed on an actual printed circuit board with a test coupon of an EBG unit cell placed on the same board.

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：IEEE  

Is proposed an approach to know magnitudes of parasitic electromagnetic modes excited by the micro-strip line passing over a slit in the return plane. A part of the power having been carried along, the microstrip-line is transferred to the coplanar-line modes along the slot, and the cylindrical. mode in between the pair of re. turn and ground planes. Magnitudes of those modes are expressed by the ratio of powers of the excited electromagnetic mode to the original microstrip line mode, discarding information of phase. Calculation was done with FDTD in the limited domain., around the cross-point in a moderate time of calculation. This approach contributes to the efficient designing of PCB of commercial electronic devices.

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC  

Resonance characteristics of gapped power bus structures with a slit or a gap were studied, using a fast algorithm based on a full cavity-mode resonator model and the segmentation method. Inductance and capacitance models were used to account for a field coupling along the slit and across the gap, respectively. The effectiveness of the segmentation method and the inductance model for the slit has been demonstrated by good agreement between the calculated and measured results, while the capacitance model for the gap is shown to be useful when the coupling between the segments is relatively weak.

DOI： 10.1109/TEMC.2005.847414

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：IEEE  

In this paper, we describe how we modeled EMI noise from the power-pin current of an LSI that has two ports: a power-ground port and a driver output port. We named this modeling the "Linear Equivalent Circuit and Current Source for I/O (LECCS-I/O)" model and with it measured power current and power-ground impedance for various combinations of loading capacitances and decoupling inductances using a small scale IC (74LVC04). Results showed that up to 500 MHz, the LECCS-I/O model could predict peak and valley frequencies of the power current where the error was within 2.5 MHz, and where the peak current error was less than 5 dB. The application range of the LECCS-I/O model is valid where the non-overlap duration of the dumping oscillation wave between cycles is longer than twice the time constant of the waveform.

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：IEEE  

Evaluation of common-mode excitation is important to efficiently reduce the EMI radiated from printed circuit boards (PCBs). We have focused on the excitation mechanisms of the common-mode current flowing on a PCB. In a previous paper, we explained a mechanism of common-mode excitation in terms of the current division factor, which expresses the degree of imbalance of a transmission line. The calculation is two-dimensional so the evaluation time is much shorter than that of FDTD or other 3D fullwave simulations. The calculated reduction of common-mode radiation from simple PCBs agreed well with the measured value. In this paper, to demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach, we apply it to various PCBs, such as one that has a signal trace close to a board edge or one with guard bands, and evaluate the effectiveness of the common-mode reduction. Our calculated and experimental results are in good agreement.

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：PUBLISHING HOUSE BEIJING UNIV POSTS & TELECOMMUNICATIONS  

One of the major source of radiated EMI is attributed to power bus resonance in a printed circuit board(PCB). A fast algorithm, combined with the segmentation method, is applied for calculating resonance characteristics of a power bus whose pattern consisting of several segments of rectangles and/or right-angled triangles. Good agreements between the calculated and measured results demonstrate the usefulness and accuracy of the fast algorithm and the segmentation method.

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A new inversion inhomogeneous atmosphere (IA) method that is more stable than Fernald’s method for two-component (molecule and aerosol) scattering analysis of polarized Mie lidar signals is proposed and examined. The backscattering coefficient and the extinction-to-backscattering ratio (EBR) can be calculated for specified regions at which the depolarization ratio is less than that of molecule without further assumptions. The inversion procedure can be extended to both inward stepwise and outward stepwise integration algorithms. Simulation results indicate that a higher precision was achieved with the IA method than with Fernald’s method in terms of error and random noise in estimating boundary value and EBR. Experimental results were also better with the IA method than with Fernald’s method. © 2001 Optical Society of America.

DOI： 10.1364/JOSAA.18.000392

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Vacuum Society of Japan  

DOI： 10.3131/jvsj.38.228

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Vacuum Society of Japan  

DOI： 10.3131/jvsj.38.218

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We investigate the optical magnetometer for AC magnetic fields at several tens of kilohertz. The sensor requires a DC magnetic field to enhance its sensitivity. In this study, at first, we calibrated the signal response of the sensor using coils. The linear response for applied an AC field was obtained, and its sensitivity was 0.4 nT at 20 kHz. Subsequently, signal responses are investigated for comparison with using permanent magnets applying a DC field. The signal intensity was slightly decreased to about 81% by using magnets. These results suggest the possibility of miniaturization and metal-free configuration of the optical magnetometer.

DOI： 10.14923/transcomj.2016pep0010

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We demonstrated optical imagings of AC magnetic fields. A digital micro-mirror device and a lock-in detection allowed obtaining sub-millimeter resolution images without using magnetic shields. Images of gradient field from a wire suggested its potential to apply for signal-source estimations.

DOI： 10.23919/MOC.2017.8244562

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Language：English   Publisher：IEICE-INST ELECTRONICS INFORMATION COMMUNICATIONS ENG  

A connector model expressed as an inductance is proposed for use in a previously reported common-mode antenna model. The common-mode antenna model is an equivalent model for estimating only common-mode radiation from a printed circuit board (PCB) more quickly and with less computational resources than a calculation method that fully divides the entire structure of the PCB into elemental cells, such as narrow signal traces and thin dielectric layers. Although the common-mode antenna model can estimate the amount of radiation on the basis of the pin configuration of the connector between two PCBs, the calculation results do not show the peak frequency shift in the radiation spectrum when there is a change in the pin configuration. A previous study suggested that the frequency shift depends on the total inductance of the connector, which led to the development of the connector model reported here, which takes into account the effective inductance of the connector. The common-mode antenna model with the developed connector model accurately simulates the peak frequency shift caused by a change in the connector pin configuration. The results agree well with measured spectra (error of 3 dB).

DOI： 10.1587/transcom.2015EBP3269

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In the modal-equivalent circuit derived from the view of the mode-decomposition technique, mode-conversion sources are placed at the interface where the imbalance factor of the transmission lines changes. In addition, the amount of the mode-conversion sources is proportional to not only the difference in the imbalance factor but also the magnitudes of the normal-mode voltage and the common-mode current at the same position. In this paper, therefore, the suppression of mode conversion from normal mode to common mode is experimentally examined by installing a bypass capacitor to power distribution network. The bypass capacitor helps reduce the normal-mode voltage in the vicinity of a connector on a test board where mode conversion occurs so that the common-mode current flowing a power-line cable and the electric field far from the test board are decreased. In fact, the mode conversion was most suppressed when the bypass capacitor is placed closest to the connector on the test board. Also, it was found that the mode conversion was suppressed by the capacitor installed to the power-line cable in the vicinity of the connector.

DOI： 10.1541/ieejfms.136.25

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan  

Cryptographic circuits were analyzed regarding their side-channel information leaking behavior based on internal current source. Cryptographic circuits were implemented in an FPGA with registers arranged to demonstrate three known side-channel information leaking behaviors
(1) leakage is reduced by making Hamming distance (HD) at registers constant, (2)leakage increases with signal-to-noise ratio of side-channel traces, and (3) unbalance of routing path from registers to load circuits produces leakage. The implemented circuits were measured in terms of voltage fluctuation in the power distribution network for FPGA core circuit where the circuits were implemented. The measured voltage fluctuations were converted into internal current sources that were exploited to analyze the information leaking behavior by applying a side-channel analysis, correlation power analysis (CPA). The analysis confirmed that internal current source clearly demonstrated the side-channel information leaking behaviors. This results suggests that internal current source would allow to understand what parts of encryption circuits largely contribute to leak information and how to develop an efficient and low-cost countermeasure against side-channel attacks.

DOI： 10.1541/ieejfms.136.365

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In this paper, we propose a tightly coupled asymmetrically tapered bend to suppress differential-to-common mode conversion caused by bend discontinuity in a pair of differential lines. Tightly coupled symmetrically tapered bends have been so far proposed to suppress the mode conversion by decreasing the path difference in the bend. This approach makes the path difference shorter so that the differential lines are coupled more tightly but the path difference of twice the sum of the line width and the line separation still remains. To suppress the remaining path difference, this paper introduces the use of asymmetric tapers. In addition, two-section tapers are applied to reduce differential-mode reflection increased by the tapers and hence improve differential-mode propagation. A full-wave simulation of a right-angled bend demonstrates that the forward differential-to-common mode conversion is decreased by almost 30 dB compared to the symmetrically tapered bend and that the differential-mode reflection coefficient is reduced to the same amount as that of the classic bend. Also, the generality of the proposed bend structure is discussed.

DOI： 10.1587/transcom.E98.B.1188

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Electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) formed by a periodic structure (EBG structure) has been studied for reducing power-bus noise of printed circuit boards. The EBG structure obtains a large amount of noise suppression and is available for separating simultaneous switching noise generated in digital circuits and small rf signal in analog circuits on mixed-signal boards. Many kinds of EBG structures have been so far proposed and can be roughly classified into two types with and without vias. We have focused on Planar EBG structures without vias because they consist of only two layers and cost-effective due to no vias. In contrast, open-stub EBG structure, which is one of EBG structures with vias, is easy to miniaturize its cell size independently of suppression frequency. We considered that the open-stub EBG structure was specialized for the EBG structures with vias. In this report, however, a planer EBG structure with open stub is proposed by inventing a new structure. The effect of power-bus noise reduction is examined by full-wave simulation and validated in the 2.4 GHz band.

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The effect of Mg loading on the high-frequency tunable properties and dielectric loss of Ba0.8Sr0.2Ti1-xMgxO3 (BSTM) ceramics was investigated. Variation in the lattice parameters and the 90 degrees domain configuration with Mg loading indicated a decrease in the tetragonal distortion. Additionally, the 90 degrees domain size decreased slightly with a low Mg loading, up to 0.1 mol %, resulting in a higher domain-wall density compared with the non-doped specimen. The 0.075 mol% Mg-loaded BSTM ceramic exhibited the highest tunability; this was attributed to the domain-size effect. The loss tangent (tan delta) roughly decreased with Mg loading, due to loaded oxygen vacancies. The maximum figure of merit value (FOM = tunability/tan delta) at 10 MHz was achieved for the 0.075 mol% Mg specimen, twice that of the non-doped specimen, due to an increase in the tunability and a decrease in the loss tangent with Mg loading. (C) 2015 The Japan Society of Applied Physics

DOI： 10.7567/JJAP.54.011502

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This paper describes a proposed planar electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) structure whose unit cell size is miniaturized through the use of interdigital electrodes (IDEs). For planar EBG structures in general, it is difficult to miniaturize the cell size independently of stopband frequency because the stopband frequency depends on the cell size. For the proposed structure, however, the cell size can be miniaturized because the IDEs help enlarge the capacitance between adjacent unit cells and utilize a resonator formed in the unit cells. Because the resonator's resonant frequency determines the stopband frequency of an EBG structure with IDEs, the cell size can be miniaturized independently of the stopband frequency. In the work described in this paper, the proposed EBG structure's efficacy in reducing power bus noise was examined and evaluated through full-wave simulation and measurement in the wireless communication band. It was found that an IDE-EBG structure with a small (25 mm(2)) unit cell is a valid means for achieving power bus noise reduction.

DOI： 10.1109/EDAPS.2015.7383703

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This paper formulates mode conversions of transmission and reflection from differential mode to common mode in differential transmission lines with bend discontinuity using a very simple model. The formulae tell us that the mode conversion is caused by not only the path difference in the bend but also the difference between the characteristic impedance and port impedance. The formulae were validated by full-wave simulation under the assumption that effect of the bend region is small and results showed that path difference reduction and impedance matching at the input and output ports are significant in suppressing mode conversion. This suggests that the tightly coupled asymmetrically tapered bend proposed by the authors should be effective for suppressing mode conversion.

DOI： 10.1109/EDAPS.2015.7383689

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Electromagnetic immunity analysis as well as electromagnetic emission analysis is significant for EMC design. In this paper, we apply a modal equivalent-circuit model with mode-conversion sources to electromagnetic immunity analysis in a simple cable interconnection system. The analysis can treat mode conversion caused by discontinuity in multi-conductor transmission line with circuit analysis and has been validated in electromagnetic emission analysis. The approach takes an advantage in less calculation sources and helps get design considerations compared with full-wave simulation. In this paper, common-mode excitation by a current probe in a simple cable interconnection system is investigated for model validation. As a result, it is demonstrated that the circuit analysis with the modal-equivalent circuit model agrees well with the measurement results.

DOI： 10.1109/APEMC.2015.7175388

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An equivalent circuit model was applied to a cryptographic module to simulate the resistance of the module against side-channel attacks. The cryptographic module involved two fiel programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), on which an Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) circuit was implemented on one of them. The equivalent circuit model proposed in the previous literature was improved in terms of the accuracy of model parameters. Resistance against side-channel attacks was simulated in a more practical configuratio with the improved model than that in the previous work. Resistance was simulated with random plaintexts (input values) to the cryptographic circuit, whereas a biased plaintext set was used to simplify simulation. The simulation was carried out with two decoupling configuration for the power distribution network of the FPGA core that the AES circuit was implemented in. The results obtained from simulation confirme that the equivalent circuit model allowed side-channel resistance to be precisely predicted.

DOI： 10.1109/ISEMC.2015.7256163

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RL snubber had been proposed as a method to damp the LC resonance over a power distribution network for digital integrated circuits (ICs). The RL snubber was investigated whether the effect of PDN resonance damping depends on locations at which it was implemented in the surface of a printed circuit board. In this study, RL snubbers was implemented at two locations near and apart from a digital IC on a test board. For each of the two implemented locations, RL snubber was optimized in terms of its component parameters, resistance and inductance. The optimized RL snubbers were applied to damp the PDN resonance reducing the RF power current. It was confirmed according to both circuit simulations and measurements that the two RL snubbers reduced RF power current equally around the resonant frequency, independent on their implemented locations. This means that the RL snubber involves a flexibility of implementation location on a printed circuit board. When you apply an RL snubber to your printed circuit board, you can place it in any room flexibly in response to your design.

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The discontinuity in multiple transmission line, i.e. the change in cross-sectional structure of the trace causes mode conversion. This suggests that normal-mode noise propagation generate common-mode noise by mode-conversion at the discontinuity and then lead to the electromagnetic interference (EMI). Focusing on power distribution network, rf noise caused by switching in a DC-DC converter is becoming a severe problem and hence it is required to consider how to suppress EMI efficiently. Mode conversion occurs at the discontinuity in transmission line where the common-mode electromotive source is excited in proportion to the normal-mode voltage. Different from the signal trace, a capacitor can be installed to the power distribution network to efficiently reduce normal-mode voltage at high frequency. In this paper, the distance between the installed capacitor and the connector where the discontinuity in transmission line occurs are changed to investigate the reduction of the normal-mode voltage in the vicinity of a connector and its relationship with the reductions of common-mode current and far electric field. As a result, it is found that mode conversion is more suppressed by installing the capacitor near the connector than the DC-DC convertor as a noise source to reduce common-mode current and far electric field.

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A lossy resonator filter was proposed for suppressing noise propagation in the power-ground plane pair of a printed circuit board (PCB) at high frequencies over 1 GHz. The lossy resonator filter has an advantage of frequency selectivity because the frequency band to suppress noise propagation is specified by changing the resonant frequency of the resonator included. Also, the suppressed noise does not regenerate owing to a loss given to the resonator. In this paper, the lossy resonator filter was fabricated by covering the open stubs with a ferrite thin film on a PCB. Then, its characteristics were verified by evaluating the transmission coefficient through full-wave simulation and measurement using a vector network analyzer. The measurement and simulation results show that the noise in the power bus of the PCB at frequencies over 1 GHz is suppressed. Even in the case that the power bus is inside the board, noise propagation in the power bus was suppressed by connecting the inside ground plane and the ground plane of the lossy resonator filter by vias in order to conduct the noise to the filter.

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In this paper, the authors observed noise induced by electromagnetic disturbance injection in several experimental configurations. The noise was measured on a printed circuit board (PCB) as voltage variations of DC bias and the clock signal. The noise observation is in the course of understanding how the disturbance is conducted into the PCB in the immunity test. The experimental system here consisted of an electrical fast transient/ burst (EFT/B) generator, a coupler and a PCB implementing FPGAs. A Coupling Decoupling Network (CDN) or a current probe was used as the coupler. Experimental results indicated that positive pulse injection fluctuated the power bias voltage of the FPGA and that noise waveforms were varied with the coupler. The waveform variation with coupler suggested that it changed the input impedance of the experimental system at the EFT/B generator. It is also observed that a grounding vanished an oscillating noise in a constant frequency when the PCB ground was shunted to the system ground.

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In our previous study, we identified an internal equivalent current source representing the internal switching current of a cryptographic IC that occurred as the IC operated an encryption operation. Since the internal switching current is the source of information leakage, the internal equivalent current source is expected to be able to be applied to evaluate cryptographic ICs in security of side-channel attack. In this study, we investigated the internal equivalent current source with regard to its behavior as the source of information leakage. The investigation revealed that variance of the switching current varied temporally in a round operation and that the AES circuit with a hiding countermeasure provided information leakage at the moment when the variance was smaller than that in the remaining time period. This suggested that cryptographic circuits can be analyzed of their behavior as the information leakage source according to the internal equivalent current source.

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We have developed a common-mode antenna model for estimating unintentional radiated emission (common-mode radiation) taking into account mode conversion between normal and common modes on a printed circuit board. The common-mode antenna model is a equivalent antenna model with electromotive forces caused by the difference in the imbalance factors of the transmission lines. Normal-mode voltage used for the antenna model is calculated by transmission-line analysis with modal equivalent-circuit models. There is still a problem that the iterative analysis we have proposed provides insufficient accuracy in less iteration and needs more calculation time in more iteration. In this paper, we proposed the simultaneous analysis of the modal equivalent-circuit models. The proposed method provided more accurate result than the conventional one. In particular, the simulation results by the proposed method matched those by the real structure model within an error of 1 dB around the maximum radiation.

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The bend in a pair of differential lines on printed circuit boards causes the path difference, which leads to the phase difference in signal propagation on each signal line and then results in mode conversion. This paper proposes a bend structure to suppress differential-to-common mode conversion by modifying the tightly coupled tapered bend so that the asymmetrical taper cancels the path difference remained at the tightly coupled bend. As a result, the amount of mode conversion was reduced by approximately 23 dB compared to the symmetrical taper. In addition, the reflect ion on differential mode was reduced by approximately 10 dB because the two-section asymmetrical taper can make the differential-mode characteristic impedance almost constant.

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A tightly coupled asymmetrically tapered bend to suppress differential-to-common-mode conversion (caused by bend discontinuity in a pair of differential transmission lines) is proposed. A tightly coupled tapered bend has been proposed to suppress the mode conversion by decreasing the path difference in the bend. The tightly coupled bend with symmetric tapers makes the path difference shorter so that the differential transmission lines are coupled more tightly, but a path difference of twice the line separation still remains. To decrease the remaining path difference, a pair of asymmetric tapers is proposed. A full-wave simulation demonstrated that the amount of differential-to-common-mode conversion was decreased by 29 dB compared to that of the symmetrically tapered bend. To suppress differential-mode reflection, furthermore, a tightly coupled bend with sectionally divided asymmetric tapers is suggested.

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We analyzed equivalent current source of cryptographic circuits implemented on a field programmable gate array (FPGA). The equivalent current source represented internal switching current behaviors in the cryptographic circuits during an Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) operation. In this work, the internal current was analyzed for extracting leakage functions and correlation coefficients from scatter diagrams of the Hamming Distance (HD) of AES intermediate values and the current magnitudes. The obtained leakage functions were confirmed a well-known assumption on the HD power model that magnitude of switching current due to transition of register states is proportional to HD of the register. The internal current was also investigated in terms of correlation with the HD model. Correlation coefficients increased as transforming the external power trace in the internal current because two types of noise were reduced by the transform; constant noise and overlap effect of successive rounds. The noise reduction inferred that the use of the internal current source would provide more precise verification of countermeasures.

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The equivalent-circuit expression of bend discontinuity in differential transmission lines, which is derived from the view of the mode-decomposition technique, is proposed in this paper. We investigated the relationship between the amount of mode conversion in the bend region and two components in the modal equivalent circuit: the mode-conversion sources and the modal reactances (modal inductances and capacitances). As a result, it was found that not only the difference in the imbalance factor but also the magnitude of the modal reactances can have a lot of effect on the mode conversion.

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A lossy resonator filter with frequency selectivity and low loss, which suppresses noise propagation in the power-ground plane pair of a printed circuit board (PCB) at high frequencies (over 1 GHz), was fabricated and evaluated. A ferrite-covered open stub was formed on a PCB as a lossy resonator filter, and its characteristics were verified by measurement using a vector network analyzer as well as full-wave simulation. The measurement and simulation results show that the noise in the power bus of the PCB at frequencies over 1 GHz is suppressed. Even in the case that the power bus is inside the board, noise propagation in the power bus was suppressed by connecting the inside ground plane and the ground plane of the lossy resonator filter by vias in order to conduct the noise to the filter.

DOI： 10.1109/EMCEurope.2014.6931007

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The guard trace is effective for suppressing common-mode generation caused by placing a signal trace close to the return edge on a printed circuit board. Our previous studies on the guard trace focused only on a design methodology for reducing common-mode radiation, but the placing guard trace close to the signal line increases crosstalk to deteriorate signal integrity. A guard trace with a periodic structure is therefore proposed for simultaneously reducing common-mode radiation and maintaining signal integrity. Several test boards with different period patterns were evaluated by measurement and full-wave simulation from the viewpoint of transmission coefficient as well as common-mode radiation. As a result, it was found that the guard trace with the periodic structure helps reduce common-mode radiation and maintain signal integrity except for a couple of conditions.

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Language：English   Publisher：Journal of the Japan Society of Powder and Powder Metallurgy  

To confirm the feasibility of suppressing electromagnetic interference (EMI) in the inner layers of multilayered printed wiring boards (PWBs) and sustaining power integrity characteristics, influence of inserting a ferrite-plated thin film between the power and ground planes on the transmission characteristics were evaluated using four types of test boards with the following two conditions: one is the solid test board with a plane copper foil or the EBG (Electromagnetic bandgap) test boards with a one-dimensional lattice-shaped EBG structure consisting of large and small squares 15 mm x 15 mm and 1.5 mm x 1.5 mm in size
the other is whether the 3 or 6 μm-thick ferrite film was deposited or not. The multiple peaks of the transmission coefficient S21 due to parallel plate resonances were observed in the solid test board without ferrite film but the peaks were suppressed over the wide frequency range up to 6 GHz by applying the ferrite film. The EBG test board with the ferrite film provided not only wideband attenuation owing to the ferrite film but also large attenuation in the EBG stopband. The multiple peaks of in the driving point impedance Z11 due to the parallel plate resonances were also successfully suppressed by applying the ferrite film exhibiting favorable power integrity characteristics.

DOI： 10.2497/jjspm.61.S299

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Language：English   Publisher：Journal of the Japan Society of Powder and Powder Metallurgy  

To confirm the feasibility of suppressing electromagnetic interference (EMI) in the inner layers of multilayered printed wiring boards (PWBs) and sustaining power integrity characteristics, influence of inserting a ferrite-plated thin film between the power and ground planes on the transmission characteristics were evaluated using four types of test boards with the following two conditions: one is the solid test board with a plane copper foil or the EBG (Electromagnetic bandgap) test boards with a one-dimensional lattice-shaped EBG structure consisting of large and small squares 15 mm x 15 mm and 1.5 mm x 1.5 mm in size
the other is whether the 3 or 6 μm-thick ferrite film was deposited or not. The multiple peaks of the transmission coefficient S21 due to parallel plate resonances were observed in the solid test board without ferrite film but the peaks were suppressed over the wide frequency range up to 6 GHz by applying the ferrite film. The EBG test board with the ferrite film provided not only wideband attenuation owing to the ferrite film but also large attenuation in the EBG stopband. The multiple peaks of in the driving point impedance Z11 due to the parallel plate resonances were also successfully suppressed by applying the ferrite film exhibiting favorable power integrity characteristics.

DOI： 10.2497/jjspm.61.S299

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The guard trace is effective for suppressing common-mode generation caused by placing a signal trace too close to the return edge on a printed circuit board. In our previous study, a guard trace with a periodic structure was proposed not only to reduce common-mode radiation but also to maintain signal integrity and was found to be effective. In the current work, the shape of the periodic structure and the termination at both edges to improve the features was investigated through full-wave simulation and measurement from the viewpoint of transmission coefficient as well as far-field radiation. Results show that the smaller the widths of the narrow portion, the further the periodic structure helps reduce common-mode radiation and maintain signal integrity. Also shown is that the periodic guard trace with both ends connected to the return plane is an appropriate structure.

DOI： 10.1109/EDAPS.2014.7030811

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For suppressing the power-bus resonance at higher frequencies, which causes propagation of electromagnetic noise and detraction of power integrity, we proposed a lossy resonator filter with frequency selectivity and low loss. To suppress noise propagation in the power-ground plane pair of a printed circuit board (PCB) at high frequencies (over 1 GHz), a ferrite-covered open stub was formed on a PCB as a lossy resonator filter. Its characteristics were verified by not only full-wave simulation but also measurement using a vector network analyzer. The simulation and measurement results show that the noise in the power bus of the PCB at frequencies over 1 GHz is suppressed. Through a series of investigations focusing on the input impedance characteristics, this paper clarified that low impedance of the open stub around resonant frequency helps prevent the impedance of the power-ground plane pair from increasing due to parallel plate resonances to achieve power-bus noise reduction.

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The bend in a differential transmission line is expressed as a modal equivalent circuit from the view of the mode-decomposition technique. Then, we investigated the relationship of the mode-conversion sources inside the bend and the neighboring reactive elements with the amount of mode conversion. It was found that not only the difference in imbalance factor but also the magnitude of the reactive elements ccan affect mode conversion.

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In this study, an equivalent circuit model of a field programmable gate array (FPGA) implemented on a commercial printed circuit board was identified. The model, called Linear Equivalent Circuit and Current Source (LECCS) model, was applied to predict the power supply voltage variations due to high-frequency current of the FPGA. The LECCS model was identified from on-board measurements. Then, the power supply voltage variation was calculated by a circuit simulation with the identified LECCS and PDN equivalent circuit model. In this study, the predictions of the power supply voltage variation were verified for 1000 input data. As a result, cross-correlation values between measured and simulated voltage waveforms were 0.8 or more for all the 1,000 input data. This means that LECCS model can predict the power supply voltage variation including input data dependency.

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The power distribution network (PDN) of modern integrated circuits (ICs) have parasitic impedances along power and ground traces, vias, and components as well as nominal impedances of the components: capacitors, voltage regulators, filters, and ICs. Such parasitic impedances, at the resonant frequency, may increase the radio frequency (RF) power current to cause conducted EM radiation and surge the PDN input impedance to induce power bounces. There is the RL snubber circuit that had been applied to a typical PDN decreasing the RF power current and descending the PDN input impedance by damping the parasitic impedance resonance. The RL snubber is composed of a parallel pair of decoupling inductor and damping resister. This report introduced a design method of the RL snubber for the parasitic impedance resonance of on-board parasitic capacitances.In the design method, the allowable range of the decoupling inductance was restricted for practical use of the method to simplify the equivalent circuit that expressed the target resonance. The simplified equivalent circuit was a 2nd order circuit whereas the original one was 3rd order.With the restricted inductance, an optimal resistance was determined in accordance with the critical damping conditions of the 2nd order circuit. Finally, the design method was evaluated on the basis of the circuit simulation calculating the current transmittance and PDN input impedance. As a result, the introduced design method was confirmed to reduce as much RF power current and power bounce as the more thetically strict way. Moreover, the method was found to be able to be more practical by relaxing the restriction on the decoupling inductance of RL snubber.

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Power-bus resonance of printed circuit board (PCB) causes propagation of electromagnetic noise and detraction of power integrity. For suppressing the power-bus resonance, the following two aspects are important: suppression of power-bus resonances focusing only on each specific resonance; reduction of the resonant energy stored between the power and ground planes. In this paper, we propose a lossy resonator filter consisting of an open stub covered with a magnetic thin film. This paper first explains the concepts of the proposed filter, especially focusing on the impedance characteristics, and then demonstrates that the proposed filter suppress power-bus resonances effectively by full-wave simulation.

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The currents of two modes, normal mode and common mode flow along two-conductor lines placed in the air. We have so far developed the prediction method of common-mode current and radiation in a printed circuit board focusing on the imbalance of the transmission line. The difference of the imbalances causes the mode conversion, from normal mode to common mode. In this paper, it is examined that the vector sum of common-mode radiation and normal-mode radiation should be equal to total radiation. Each modal radiation is calculated separately with the corresponding equivalent model. The modeling method is applied to three kinds of printed-circuit-board structures. It is validated that the far electric field from the real-structure model agrees with the vector sum of far electric fields from normal-mode and common-mode equivalent models.

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The guard trace is effective as a method for suppressing common-mode generation caused by placing a signal trace close to the return edge on a printed circuit board. Our previous study on the guard trace focused only on reducing common-mode radiation, but the guard trace close to the signal line increases crosstalk to deteriorate signal integrity. In this paper, we propose a guard trace with a periodic structure for simultaneously reducing common-mode radiation and maintaining signal integrity. Several test boards with different period patterns were evaluated by measurement and simulation from the viewpoint of transmission coefficient, eye pattern, and common-mode radiation. As a result, it was found that the guard trace with the periodic structure helped reducing common-mode radiation and maintaining signal integrity. Especially, smaller period contributed to maintenance of signal integrity at higher frequencies.

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It is an important issue to predict noise in cryptographic integrated circuits (ICs) in developing security design methodologies against side-channel analysis attacks, because the noise prediction can affect the reliability of safety estimation of cryptographic devices against side-channel analysis attacks. The noise in cryptographic ICs varies during an encryption operation and is difficult to be identified from measurements. The noise variation was investigated by means of the equivalent current source model of a cryptographic FPGA that the authors determined in their previous studies. Standard deviations of the noise was calculated for a couple of plaintexts of the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) with a 128-bit key. The standard deviations were found positively correlated with the magnitude of the equivalent current source.

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The authors previously proposed a method based on a linear equivalent circuit model to predict vulnerability of cryptographic devices before fabrication. The method was verified to demonstrate the correlation power analysis attack, a major side-channel attack method, to a cryptographic device with outstanding accuracy. However, no obvious correlation was seen between the equivalent current source modeling the generation of the simultaneous switching noise (SSN) current in the circuit model and the encryption operation used in the previous study. Therefore, in this study, we improved the topology of the linear equivalent circuit model matched with the physical construction of the power distribution network (PDN) and re-identified the equivalent current source. By comparing the improved current source with the encryption operation, obvious correlations between them were found with respect to the period of the round operation and the dependency of the SSN current on the Hamming distance between successive intermediates. The improved equivalent current source was applied on a Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) in which an Advance Encryption Standard (AES) circuit was implemented to simulate power traces that were confirmed to coincide with measured ones. Correlation between the simulated power traces and the power model was investigated using a set of 1000 plaintexts. As a result, the correlation coefficients agreed well with those for measured power traces. Improving the equivalent circuit model topology, thus, helped to identify the SSN current generated in the FPGA during the AES operation.

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For treating mode conversion caused by discontinuity in multi-conductor transmission line with circuit analysis, we have proposed a modal equivalent-circuit model with mode-conversion sources. The approach takes an advantage in less calculation sources and countermeasure consideration compared with full-wave simulation. A mode-decomposition technique was applied with an imbalance factor, that is, the current division factor in our study, of the transmission line. In the modal circuit analysis we proposed, mode conversion is expressed by the controlled sources of which magnitude is proportional to the difference between the current division factors of the adjacent transmission lines. In this paper, we focused on the modal transfer power and derived the mathematical expressions of the mode conversion using the modal characteristic impedance as well as the current division factor. For validating the derived equations, in addition, the comparison with full-wave simulation was carried out and a good agreement was confirmed.

DOI： 10.1109/EDAPS.2013.6724455

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An equivalent circuit model was evaluated in simulating data-dependent power voltage variations of a field-programmable gate array (FPGA). The equivalent circuit model was Linear Equivalent Circuit and Current Source (LECCS) model representing dynamic switching current inside the FPGA with an equivalent current source. The current source was supposed to depend on input data for the FPGA on which a cryptographic circuit was implemented. Model identification was based on the procedure of LECCS model identification from on-board measurements and the current source was identified for all values of input data used in this work. The identified current source was investigated in accordance with the operation process of the cryptographic circuit and found an excellent correlation to the operation process. The identified LECCS model was combined with an equivalent circuit of the power distribution network for the FPGA core circuit to simulate power voltage variations for the 1,000 input texts. The simulated variation waveforms were compared to the corresponding measured ones to evaluate the LECCS model. Results indicated that the simulated and measured power variations matched excellently for all input data with high cross-correlation coefficients from 0.7 to 0.9. LECCS model is, therefore, able to predict the data-dependent power voltage variation by combining a PDN equivalent circuit.

DOI： 10.1109/EMCCompo.2013.6735196

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In this study, equivalent circuit modeling was examined to develop a method to evaluate cryptographic systems before fabrication. An equivalent circuit model of a cryptographic FPGA in which an advanced encryption standard (AES) algorithm had been implemented was determined from experimental measurements under the initial configuration of a power distribution network (PDN) of the FPGA. The model was implemented into a commercial analog circuit simulator, and power traces due to the simultaneous switching noise current were estimated under three different PDN configurations in which a decoupling circuit was inserted into the PDN as an on-board countermeasure. Estimated power traces were analyzed statistically by the correlation power analysis method to obtain correlation values, a major security index of AES. Variation of the correlation values with changes in decoupling configuration agreed with the corresponding experimental results. This means that the security of cryptographic devices against side-channel attacks can be evaluated by using the equivalent circuit model before fabrication. © 1964-2012 IEEE.

DOI： 10.1109/TEMC.2013.2250505

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For investigating mode conversion in four-conductor transmission systems we have developed a modal-equivalent-circuit expressed by an imbalance factor of transmission line, a current division factor, in the same way as we developed the one in three-conductor transmission systems. The modal equivalent circuit consists of three modal equivalent circuits of normal mode, primary-common mode, and secondary-common mode. In this paper, the influence of mode conversion by the pigtail termination of a shielded-twisted-pair (STP) cable was analyzed using the modal equivalent circuit and mixed-mode S parameters with respect to normal mode and primary- common mode. As a result, it was found that mode conversion depends on the imbalance factor and that the modal equivalent circuit helps to explain mode conversion that occurs in terminating STP cables with pigtail.

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Noise suppression and power integrity are two requirements for power/ground layers of printed circuit boards. To accomplish the requirements, we proposed the application of electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) structure and ferrite film to power/ground layers. To evaluate the proposed EBG structure, we have so far measured the electric characteristics of both driving-point impedance and transmission coefficient. Although these evaluation indices are helpful, the evaluation using an actual device is also indispensable. In this paper, we evaluated the suppression of noise propagation through power bus by the proposed EBG structure in wireless communication module. The proposed structure provided sufficient result of the effective maintenance of communication quality by suppressing the propagation of electromagnetic noise. © 2013 IEEE.

DOI： 10.1109/EDAPS.2013.6724428

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The authors previously proposed a method based on a linear equivalent circuit model to predict vulnerability of cryptographic devices before fabrication. The method was verified to demonstrate the correlation power analysis attack, a major side-channel attack method, to a cryptographic device with outstanding accuracy. However, no obvious correlation was seen between the equivalent current source modeling the generation of the simultaneous switching noise (SSN) current in the circuit model and the encryption operation used in the previous study. Therefore, in this study, we improved the topology of the linear equivalent circuit model matched with the physical construction of the power distribution network (PDN) and re-identified the equivalent current source. By comparing the improved current source with the encryption operation, obvious correlations between them were found with respect to the period of the round operation and the dependency of the SSN current on the Hamming distance between successive intermediates. The improved equivalent current source was applied on a Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) in which an Advance Encryption Standard (AES) circuit was implemented to simulate power traces that were confirmed to coincide with measured ones. Correlation between the simulated power traces and the power model was investigated using a set of 1000 plaintexts. As a result, the correlation coefficients agreed well with those for measured power traces. Improving the equivalent circuit model topology, thus, helped to identify the SSN current generated in the FPGA during the AES operation.

DOI： 10.1109/ISEMC.2013.6670526

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In this study, EMC-macro modeling was examined to develop a method to evaluate cryptographic systems before fabrication. A EMC-macro model of a cryptographic FPGA in which an AES algorithm had been implemented was determined from experimental measurements under the initial configuration of a power distribution network (PDN) of FPGA. The model was implemented into a commercial analog circuit simulator and side-channel traces due to the SSN current was estimated under three different PDN configurations under which a decoupling circuit was inserted into the PDN as a countermeasure. Estimated side-channel traces were analyzed statistically by the correlation power analysis (CPA) method to obtain correlation values, a major security index of AES. Variation of the correlation values with changes in decoupling configuration agreed with the corresponding experimental results. This means that security of cryptographic devices against side-channel attacks can be evaluated by using the equivalent circuit model before fabrication.

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We have proposed two equivalent models taking into account mode conversion due to imbalance difference between transmission lines. This paper describes preliminary study to unify the models. The equivaent models are evaluated by comparing the results by full-wave simulation. From the study, it was found that the validity of the models degrades other than assumed conditions. One model called common-mode antenna model overestimated common-mode radiation when a test board is close to the system ground. This is because the model eliminates mode conversion from common mode to normal mode. The other model, modal-equivalent-circuit model including mode-conversion sources, did not provide accurate solution when radiation loss of the test board is large.

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A reduction design of conducted disturbance from power converter circuits is becoming more important as electronic devices are requiring much more power efficiency. Conducted disturbance must meet domestic and international regulations. In this paper, a linear equivalent circuit model on the basis of a EMC macro-model of IC/LSI, LECCS model, is investigated to predict the conducted disturbance of power converter circuits. The dual-port LISN (DP-LISN) constructed to provide the model is also reported. In the study, an commercial table-top induction heater is used as the equipment under test. Conducted disturbance voltages were measured with 10 different load pairs of the DP-LISN. Model parameters were then determined by the least square method with the conducted disturbance voltages measured. We simulated conducted disturbance voltages for evaluation by use of the linear equivalent circuit model as an evaluation of the model. As comparing simulated and measured disturbance voltages, the spectrum of the conducted disturbance voltages agreed with each other in their envelopes.

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Resonances of the parasitic impedance in power distribution network (PDN) increase power current in radio frequency that leaks toward the DC power supply side of PDN. In this report, a damper circuit was applied to reduce the resonant current. The damper circuit was composed as a parallel RL circuit that damped two type of PDN resonances, on-board and chip-package-board resonances. The RL damper was inserted upon power traces on board and on package. The RL damper was confirmed by circuit simulation and experimental measurement that it damps the both resonances. And that RL damper suppress resonant peaks in the RF power current and PDN input impedance, and that it can work well in EMI reduction and PI improvement. In addition, the effect of RL damper on immunity was also validated with wireless-communications modules being suffered of noise injection. Immunity of the wireless-communication modules was improved by insertion of the RL damper except when frequency of injected noise was agreed to that of PDN resonance. The RL damper is a potential way to solve EMC (emission and immunity) and PI issues.

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It is of importance for designers to possess accurate inductances of IC packages in power integrity(PI) and electromagnetic compatibility designs. The authors had proposed a simple method to measure inductance of IC package that is mounted on a practical printed circuit board. They investigated the method in terms of accuracy here. In the proposed method, a transmission line is embedded in an IC package interested, and two port S parameters of a network composed of a targeted package structure, the transmission line, and the corresponding symmetric package structure is measured. The package inductance is calculated from the measured S parameters and properties of the transmission line obtained beforehand. The proposed method was applied to four test IC packages, and their inductances were measured. The measurement was demonstrated on a commercial electromagnetic simulator, HFSS. The package inductances were also obtained by analyzing the test package directly for comparison to the results of the proposed method. They agreed with the maximum error of 0.9 nH. To understand a cause of the error, the authors investigated effects of dummy-objects that were used to place measuring ports in the HFSS calculation. The dummy-object caused errors less than 0.06 nH, which means it seldom cause significant errors.

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We focus on the expression by using modal equivalent-circuit model. The goal of this study is to clarify the mechanism of the phenomena caused by mode conversion and then find effective measures. The simple model is based on mode-decomposition technique and places mode-conversion sources at the interface where the current division factors of the transmission lines are different. In this study, a simple cable interconnection system with a node and common-mode excitation by a current probe were investigated to evaluate the validity of this study. As a result, both cases agreed well between measurement and circuit simulation with the modal-equivalent circuit model.

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In IC package modeling of electrical properties, to compare model parameters extracted from results of electromagnetic calculations to those obtained from measurements is an important method for validation of the model. Only direct probing methods for special package, however, had been reported in literature. There is no method for actual packages molded with resin and mounted on printed circuit board. This paper proposes an extraction method of self-inductance of actual IC packages. Four test packages consisted of interposer and bonding wires were employed for validation of the method. Self-inductances of the four packages were extracted from measured impedance parameters obtained by a two ports measurement at board level. The test package contained a THRU line instead of IC-chip. By subtracting inductance of the THRU line from inductance between the two ports of measurement, the package inductance was obtained. As a result, the self-inductance were obtained with absolute errors between -0.8 and -0.2 nH in measurement, between -0.9 〜 -0.6 nH in electromagnetic calculations.

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To suppress the parallel resonance between power/ground planes on printed circuit boards, electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) structure can be applied. The open-stub EBG structure with two stubs in a unit cell is expected to miniaturize the cell size, expand the stopband and form multi-stopbands. In addition to, compare it with mushroom-type EBG structure and open-stub EBG structure with one stub through equivalent-circuit analysis, we established the design methodology to realize both stopbands of 2.4 GHz and 5.2 GHz. As a result, different lengths with two stubs led separate stopbands of 2.4 GHz and 5.2 GHz. Furthermore, we evaluated the difference of spiral stub length between the equivalent circuit model using characteristic parameters and electromagnetic simulation that requires the physical sizes.

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Power/ground layers of Printed Circuit Board (PCB) require two conditions of noise suppression and power integrity (PI). We proposed the application of Electromagnetic Bandgap (EBG) structure and ferrite film to power/ground layers. In this paper, not only a test board with the proposed structure but three other test boards to be compared were fabricated to measure with a vector network analyzer. The measured data was evaluated for EMI and PI characteristics. Additional evaluation using a commercial circuit simulator was carried out to evaluate PI characteristics for assuming a real power-supply circuit. Through the evaluation, the proposed structure provided sufficient results. Also almost same characteristics was provided by the test board with only ferrite film.

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At the interface where two transmission lines with different current division factors are connected, there occurs mode conversion. Focusing on a transmission system where a microstrip line on printed circuit board with a transmitter or a receiver is connected to a two-wire line above the system ground, the modal equivalent-circuit model with mode-conversion sources was developed. The model was validated by comparing common mode current and normal-mode voltage between measurement and circuit simulation. As a result, both spectra have a good agreement, which indicates that mode conversion is expressed using the proposed mode-conversion sources. According to the model, two approaches were carried out to reduce normal-mode voltage in common-mode resonance: reduction in the difference of current division factors and reduction in common-mode current. It was found that both approaches can suppress mode conversion as expected by the model.

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Side-channel attack is a cryptanalytic attack by means of radio frequency (RF) power current from cryptographic IC. On-board decoupling was examined experimentally in two decoupling conditions and the default no-decoupling condition to prove its usefulness as a countermeasure against the side-channel attack. The RF power current of a cryptographic FPGA (Field-Programmable Gate Array) was decoupled with a decoupling circuit. The decoupling circuit was installed in the power distribution network of the cryptographic FPGA on a Side-channel attack standard evaluation baord, SASEBO-G. The RF power current which was generated as the FPGA was operating an AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) encryption process was detected with a current probe on power cables. The current detection was repeated until 30,000 waveforms were obtained in each decoupling conditions. The waveforms were analyzed statistically by the correlation power analysis (CPA). CPA results showed that one of the decoupling circuits improved tolerance of the FPGA to the side-channel attack, while the other decoupling circuit hardly change the tolerance. Noticeable difference between the two decoupling circuits appeared in the frequency range below the frequency of the FPGA clock. The RF power current was reduced all over the lower range in the decoupling condition the tolerance improved. The RF power current reduction was proved to be a result of the decoupling by circuit simulations.

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In the transmission system where a transmitter and receiver are connected with a cable at a certain distance above the system ground, a mode equivalent-circuit model is proposed to estimate mode current flowing along the system. The simple model is based on mode-decomposition technique and places mode-conversion voltage source and current source at the interface between the transmitter/receiver and the cable where the current division factors are different. In this study, a simple cable interconnection system without dielectric was used to estimate the common-mode current flowing along the system. The circuit simulation using the proposed model showed a good agreement with the circuit simulation regarding as coupled transmission lines. In addition, the mode-current spectrum is found to be close to that obtained from full-wave analysis. Some discrepancy was observed as the distance from the system ground gets larger.

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High-frequency current caused by simultaneous switching of digital gates can be increased with decoupling capacitors, because equivalent series inductance (ESL) of the decoupling capacitors makes resonance with parasitic capacitance on power distribution network trace. In this report, we discussed the location of decoupling inductors as a countermeasure and to reduce the high frequency power current by a circuit simulation. We employed a four-layered printed circuit board as a device under test. The board included an oscillation circuit with a versatile inverter IC and a power distribution network. The board was modeled with a linear equivalent circuit and a current source (LECCS) for the circuit simulations of the RF powe current and power bounce. Results of the circuit simulations showed that reduction of the RF power current was larger with a decoupling inductor placed between the decoupling capacitor and the parasitic capacitance than out side the parasitic capacitance, though a peak current could be occur due to a resonance the parasitic capacitance contributed. The RF power current was reduced at all frequencies even when the decoupling inductor was placed outside the parasitic capacitance. In addition, in order to investigate influence on power integrity (PI) performance of the IC, potential difference between power terminals of chip was calculated. The simulation results showed that the decoupling inductors caused trivial deterioration in P1 performance of the IC.

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We propose a novel technique of matching at both ends of the guard trace to suppress resonance. This approach is derived from the viewpoint that the guard trace acts as a transmission line. We examined that matched termination suppresses guard-trace resonance through simulating a circuit and measuring radiation. We found from these results that the proposed method enables guard-trace voltages to remain low and hence avoids increases in radiation. In addition, we demonstrated that "matched termination at the far end of the guard trace" could suppress guard-trace resonance sufficiently at all frequencies. We eventually found that at least two vias at both ends of the guard trace and only one matching resistor at the far end could suppress guard-trace resonance. With respect to fewer vias, the method we propose has the advantage of reducing restrictions in the printed circuit board layout at the design stage.

DOI： 10.1587/transcom.E93.B.1746

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In a differential transmission line, a large common-mode radiation is excited due to its asymmetry. In this paper, the imbalance difference model, which was proposed by the authors for estimation of common-mode radiation, is extended to apply to the differential signaling systems. The authors focus on a differential transmission line with asymmetric property, which consists of an adjacent return plane and two signal lines which are placed close to an edge of the return plane. Three orthogonal transmission modes, a normal mode, a primary common mode and a secondary common mode, are defined. Among these transmission modes, the secondary common mode is dominant in radiation, and a mechanism of the secondary common-mode generation is explained. The radiated emission which was calculated using the imbalance difference model was in good agreement with that obtained by full wave calculation.

DOI： 10.1587/transcom.E93.B.1739

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We propose a novel technique of matching at both ends of the guard trace to suppress resonance. This approach is derived from the viewpoint that the guard trace acts as a transmission line. We examined that matched termination suppresses guard-trace resonance through simulating a circuit and measuring radiation. We found from these results that the proposed method enables guard-trace voltages to remain low and hence avoids increases in radiation. In addition, we demonstrated that "matched termination at the far end of the guard trace" could suppress guard-trace resonance sufficiently at all frequencies. We eventually found that at least two vias at both ends of the guard trace and only one matching resistor at the far end could suppress guard-trace resonance. With respect to fewer vias, the method we propose has the advantage of reducing restrictions in the printed circuit board layout at the design stage.

DOI： 10.1587/transcom.E93.B.1746

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In a differential transmission line, a large common-mode radiation is excited due to its asymmetry. In this paper, the imbalance difference model, which was proposed by the authors for estimation of common-mode radiation, is extended to apply to the differential signaling systems. The authors focus on a differential transmission line with asymmetric property, which consists of an adjacent return plane and two signal lines which are placed close to an edge of the return plane. Three orthogonal transmission modes, a normal mode, a primary common mode and a secondary common mode, are defined. Among these transmission modes, the secondary common mode is dominant in radiation, and a mechanism of the secondary common-mode generation is explained. The radiated emission which was calculated using the imbalance difference model was in good agreement with that obtained by full wave calculation.

DOI： 10.1587/transcom.E93.B.1739

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A Linear equivalent circuit model of inverter was proposed for applying to designing EMC filters to reduce the conducted emission from electrical appliances with switched-mode power supplys as inverters and converters. We employed a microwave oven as the equipment under test(EUT)and measured the conducted emission voltage at mains port with a line impedance stabilizing network(LISN). Measured disturbances contained both the differential and common modes and we determined the proposed model to have a circuitry structure composed of differential- and common-mode blocks. We, then, described a simple method to determine model parameters from measurements and decided the parameters with the method. With the proposed model, the conducted emission voltage of the EUT was estimated through circuitry simulation and compared to measurement. The comparison showed that the model predicted performance of the EMI filter in reduction of the conducted emission in practical accuracies at frequencies in which model parameters determined had been reasonable.

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Slit pattern formed on return plane of printed circuit boards behaves like a passive element. A defected ground structure (DGS) is one of them. The characteristics of DGS easily varies with the slit pattern so that it is expected for various applications. Since a design method has not been developed, however, we need to establish the method to design a slit pattern. Some equivalent circuit models have been used but they consist of lumped elements and require full-wave simulation. In addition, value of the lumped elements have no relation to a physical parameters. So it is not useful for filter designing. In this report, we proposed equivalent circuit model with transmission line model for DGS with filter function. Transmission characteristic was calculated by both full-wave simulator and circuit simulator with the proposed equivalent circuit model and the first stop-band width calculated by circuit simulator was in agreement with full-wave simulator.

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DOI： 10.1109/ISEMC.2010.5711310

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The noise suppression effect after interposing a ferrite film of several microns in thickness between the power and ground planes is discussed in this paper. In particular, we focused on the combination of a planar electromagnetic bandgap structure with a ferrite film deposited by using spin spray ferrite plating at a low temperature. In this paper, the stopband characteristics are discussed through the use of both simulation and measurement results. First, a full-wave electromagnetic simulation revealed that a test board with a dielectric as thin as a few hundreds of microns has the stopband characteristics of the frequency shift towards the lower frequencies (miniaturization effect) and stopband expansion with the removal of the passband, which was not observed in the case of a thick-dielectric test board. The simulation results also demonstrated that these improvements mainly resulted from the complex permeability of the ferrite film. Next, we found that the measurements are very similar to the simulation results.

DOI： 10.1109/APEMC.2010.5475608

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The slit pattern formed on the return plane of printed circuit boards (PCBs) acts like a passive element and a defected ground structure (DGS) is one of them. In this paper, we propose an equivalent circuit model with a transmission line model for use in DGS with a filter characteristics. The characteristics of DGS are easily varied with the slit pattern. Thus, DGS is expected to be used for various applications such as a common-mode filter in differential signaling systems. Since a design method has yet to be developed, however, we need to establish a design method for the slit pattern. Some equivalent circuit models have been used, but the models that consist of lumped elements require a full-wave simulation. In addition, the values of the lumped elements do not relate to the physical parameters. Therefore it is not useful for designing filters. In contrast, the equivalent circuit model we propose in this paper will have a great contribution to designing filters with optimum performances and fit for size reduction on PCBs because the transmission line model relates to the physical parameters. As a result, by comparing the transmission characteristics calculated with both a full-wave simulator and a circuit simulator with the proposed equivalent circuit model, the first stop-band width calculated by using the circuit simulator was in agreement with the full-wave simulator.

DOI： 10.1109/ISEMC.2010.5711287

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The slit pattern formed on the return plane of printed circuit boards (PCBs) acts like a passive element and a defected ground structure (DGS) is one of them. In this paper, we propose an equivalent circuit model with a transmission line model for use in DGS with a filter characteristics. The characteristics of DGS are easily varied with the slit pattern. Thus, DGS is expected to be used for various applications such as a common-mode filter in differential signaling systems. Since a design method has yet to be developed, however, we need to establish a design method for the slit pattern. Some equivalent circuit models have been used, but the models that consist of lumped elements require a full-wave simulation. In addition, the values of the lumped elements do not relate to the physical parameters. Therefore it is not useful for designing filters. In contrast, the equivalent circuit model we propose in this paper will have a great contribution to designing filters with optimum performances and fit for size reduction on PCBs because the transmission line model relates to the physical parameters. As a result, by comparing the transmission characteristics calculated with both a full-wave simulator and a circuit simulator with the proposed equivalent circuit model, the first stop-band width calculated by using the circuit simulator was in agreement with the full-wave simulator.

DOI： 10.1109/ISEMC.2010.5711287

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The noise suppression effect after interposing a ferrite film of several microns in thickness between the power and ground planes is discussed in this paper. In particular, we focused on the combination of a planar electromagnetic bandgap structure with a ferrite film deposited by using spin spray ferrite plating at a low temperature. In this paper, the stopband characteristics are discussed through the use of both simulation and measurement results. First, a full-wave electromagnetic simulation revealed that a test board with a dielectric as thin as a few hundreds of microns has the stopband characteristics of the frequency shift towards the lower frequencies (miniaturization effect) and stopband expansion with the removal of the passband, which was not observed in the case of a thick-dielectric test board. The simulation results also demonstrated that these improvements mainly resulted from the complex permeability of the ferrite film. Next, we found that the measurements are very similar to the simulation results.

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An IC macro model for power current analysis, called linear equivalent circuit and current source (LECCS) model, is applied to a bypass circuit design. In the bypass circuit design, since requirements to improve electromagnetic interference (EMI) and power integrity (PI) performances are becoming more and more important, improving methods are considered using the LECCS model. The LECCS model, consisting of a linear equivalent circuit and current sources, the former is closely related to EMI performance and the latter is connected to PI performance. Therefore, each idea for better performance is different. Actually examples of bypass circuits based on the idea are shown, and it is verified that the circuits work out by using a SPICE model.

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An IC macro model for power current analysis, called linear equivalent circuit and current source (LECCS) model, is applied to a bypass circuit design. In the bypass circuit design, since requirements to improve electromagnetic interference (EMI) and power integrity (PI) performances are becoming more and more important, improving methods are considered using the LECCS model. The LECCS model, consisting of a linear equivalent circuit and current sources, the former is closely related to EMI performance and the latter is connected to PI performance. Therefore, each idea for better performance is different. Actually examples of bypass circuits based on the idea are shown, and it is verified that the circuits work out by using a SPICE model.

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In the field of designing printed circuit boards (PCBs), EMC macro-models become increasingly useful to verify EMI performance of PCB with integrated circuits (ICs). This report discussed on estimations of RF currents due to the IC switching by using an IC EMC macro-model, LECCS-I/O, which had been developed to simulate RF power currents of ICs. We focused on not only the RF power current but also the output current of a CMOS I/O gate, since the EMI is caused by RF currents on both power distribution networks and signal lines. We constructed a LECCS-I/O model, with two current sources from measurements and verified the RF currents at power and output pins, comparing to another LECCS-I/O model with a single current source. Results showed that the both models estimate the power current with errors less than 5dB compared to measurements up to 500MHz. Considering the output current, the two-sources model also predicted accurately up to 500MHz, while the single-source model increased errors.

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Placing a guard trace next to a signal line is the conventional technique for reducing the common-mode radiation from a printed circuit board. In this paper, the suppression of common-mode radiation from printed circuit boards having guard traces is estimated and evaluated using the imbalance difference model, which was proposed by the authors. To reduce common-mode radiation further, a procedure for designing a transmission line with guard traces is proposed. Guard traces connected to a return plane through vias are placed near a signal line and they decrease a current division factor (CDF). The CDF represents the degree of imbalance of a transmission line, and a common-mode electromotive force depends on the CDF Thus, by calculating the CDF, we can estimate the reduction in common-mode radiation. It is reduced not only by placing guard traces, but also by narrowing the signal line to compensate for the variation in characteristic impedance due to the guard traces. Experimental results showed that the maximum reduction in common-mode radiation was about 14 dB achieved by placing guard traces on both sides of the signal line, and the calculated reduction agreed with the measured one within 1 dB. According to the CDF and characteristic impedance calculations, common-mode radiation can be reduced by about 25 dB while keeping the characteristic impedance constant by changing the gap between the signal line and the guard trace and by narrowing the width of the signal line.

DOI： 10.1587/transcom.E92.B.2193

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A guard trace placed near a signal line reduces common-mode radiation front a printed circuit board. The reduction effect is evaluated by the imbalance difference model, which was proposed by the authors, when the guard trace has exactly the same potential as the return plane. However, depending on interval of ground connection of the guard trace, the radiation can increase when the guard trace resonates. In this paper, the authors show that the increase of radiation is caused by the common mode, and extend the imbalance difference model to explain a mechanism of increase of common-mode radiation. Additionally, the effective via location of the guard trace is proposed to reduce the number of vias. The guard trace voltage due to the resonance excites the common mode at the interface where the cross-sectional structure of the transmission line changes since the common-mode excitation is expressed by the product of the voltage and the difference of current division factors. To suppress the common-mode excitation, the guard trace should be grounded at the point where the cross-sectional structure changes. As a result, the common-mode radiation decreases even when the guard trace resonates.

DOI： 10.1587/transcom.E92.B.1929

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Applying the electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) structure to power/ground planes of printed circuit boards (PCBs) helps prevent electromagnetic waves from propagating between them at frequencies of interest. We experimentally demonstrated that interposing noise suppression sheet (NSS) into power bus of PCBs is effective for not only miniaturizing the EBG structure but also expanding the stopband towards higher frequencies. This paper clarifies the mechanism of the phenomenon that appears when applying the NSS to the power bus. To distinguish the effects due to permittivity and permeability of the NSS, the S-parameter measurement with the strong magnetic field applied was carried out. The measurement results showed the stopband shift towards lower frequencies results from the effect of the anisotoropic permittivity of the NSS on the electric field around the slit of the EBG pattern. The phenomenon was validated by the full-wave simulation by Microwave Studio. Also, an effective approach of applying the NSS to the EBG pattern was experimentally investigated.

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EMI measurement over 1GHz must be operated in a free-space, open area test site. The validation method of free-space condition is called "Site Voltage Standing-wave Ratio" method, which is standardized by CISPR 16-1-4. The standard defines a new procedure for validation of EMC test sites by the ratio of maximum and minimum of transmitted voltages measured at the only 6 locations within a range of 400mm length. The small number of measurement points can cause larger uncertainty. Although the standard requires the measurement at a frequency interval of 50MHz or less, the measurement is usually performed at the largest frequency interval of 50MHz. In this paper, we propose a new approach to reduce the measurement uncertainty with a narrower frequency interval. The approach was validated by measurement as well as simulation. Also the approach was found to reduce the uncertainty caused by the location error in the measurement setup.

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers  

In this paper, we apply a connector model with an inductance to the common-mode antenna model. The common-mode antenna model is able to estimate common-mode radiation from a printed circuit board (PCB) fast and with low calculation cost. The previous report described that the model estimated radiation from PCBs with interconnections, depending on pin configurations of the connector. However, the calculation did not follow the frequency shift depending on pin configuration. The shift seems to result from the effective inductance of connector pins. Therefore, we developed the model considering the inductance. It was found that the modified common-mode antenna model with the connector inductance followed the frequency shift of radiation spectrum. As a result, the radiation spectrum obtained from the modified common-mode antenna model has good agreement with the measured spectrum within an error of 2dB.

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We have proposed an EMC macro model, LECCS, to achieve fast simulations of RF power currents in IC/LSIs. The model consists of linear equivalent circuits with internal equivalent current sources. In this report, we discussed on the LECCS-core model of a 16-bit microcontroller with multiple power pins. RF power currents were measured with a model-evaluation board that is different from model-construction boards in terms of power traces. The measured currents were compared to simulated ones with the LECCS-core model and agreed within 4dB of error. The LECCS model was confirmed when in a condition that decoupling capacitors were removed. Power currents were still well simulated at each power pins as well as at a junction point where power lines meet in such decoupling conditions. We presented that the model simulates the RF power currents in good accuracy.

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers  

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Language：English   Publisher：IEEE  

We investigated the effects of noise suppression by interposing magnetic materials between the power and ground planes of a printed circuit board and focused on RF transmission through and radiation from the power bus. To reduce power bus resonance and radiation, we used a commercial noise suppression sheet, which is commonly used to suppress RF noise generated from electronic devices. We also examined a thin Ni-Zn ferrite film for practical use in the future. We found that power bus resonance and radiation could be mitigated owing to the imaginary part of complex permeability of magnetic materials. The thin ferrite film with a planar electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) structure helped suppress transmission and radiation in the EBG passband.

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An EMC macro-model of a 16-bit microcontroller with multiple-power-supply pins has been proposed for estimating the conducted EMI from a power-supply network. The macro-model, called the linear equivalent circuit and current sources (LECCS) model, is composed of multiple circuit blocks and multiple current sources corresponding to the composition of the chip circuits in the microcontroller, i.e., a current source for a circuit block. A current source statistically expresses the total RF current occurring in the corresponding circuit block. We confirmed that the proposed model could correctly estimate the RF power-supply currents under different decoupling conditions up to 300 MHz. We also found that a linear circuit of the regulator between the I/O and core circuit blocks could express the RF coupling between the two blocks.

DOI： 10.1109/EDAPS.2008.4736018

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Language：English   Publisher：IEEE  

In this paper, the common-mode antenna model, which can estimate the amount of common-mode radiation quickly and accurately, was applied to a board-to-board interconnection structure with a connector. The inductor model is introduced as the connector model for improving accuracy of the common-mode antenna model. By using the inductance, which was calculated with the commercial electromagnetic field simulator, the radiated emissions estimated by the model agreed with the measurement results within an error of 3 dB around the peak emission levels.

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Language：English   Publisher：IEEE  

The authors investigated an EMC macro-model of the CMOS logic inverter gate, named LECCS-I/O that consists of linear equivalent circuit and current sources. This paper modifies the macro-model by adding another current source to express the short-circuit current in the inverter. The macro-model was determined from SPICE calculations of impedance and power current by using a device model of an inverter IC. The modified model was tested with several load capacitances in SPICE simulation. The results showed that the macro-model predicts the power current with good accuracy in the range up to 3 GHz except for frequencies at which inductances of the package and of traces on printed circuit board and capacitance of the load caused resonances.

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We have proposed a common-mode antenna model that is designed specifically for estimating common-mode radiation from printed circuit boards (PCBs) very quickly. The model is composed of an antenna that has the same geometry as the adjacent ground plane of the PCB and an excitation source based on an imbalance difference model. The excitation source is provided by the product of Delta h and V-N, where Delta h is the difference in current division factors related to the cross-sectional structure of the transmission line, and VN is the voltage between the signal line and return plane of the transmission line. Here, we describe an experimental validation of the common-mode excitation carried out by measuring the reduction in radiation due to a guard trace placed close to a signal line with a narrow return plane. As a result, it was found that the total common-mode excitation can be given by a superposition of two excitation sources. The results also suggest that when designing the PCB, the guard trace should be grounded at the interface between different ground-plane widths to suppress noise.

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Language：English   Publisher：IEEE  

This paper describes an electromagnetic interference (EMI) simulation of radiated emissions caused by simultaneous switching noise in an irregular power/ground plane structure. For quick simulation of the radiated emissions from the power-bus edges, we used a series of analytical approaches: power-bus resonance characterization by a fast algorithm based on a cavity-mode model and a segmentation method and radiation calculation using equivalent magnetic current based on the field equivalent principle. The analytically based radiation calculation is achieved within a few minutes on a single personal computer and agrees with the actual measurements. Furthermore, this paper demonstrates an EMI simulation with and without decoupling capacitors by using a linear macro model of an integrated circuit as a noise source. We found a fair agreement between the simulation and measured results.

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers  

High frequency currents flowing in power supply networks of an IC/LSI has been estimated by an EMC macro model. The high frequency currents due to the simultaneous switching noise of IC/LSI involving large amount of CMOS transistor is modeled with a linear equivalent circuit and current sources. The linear equivalent circuit decreased its accuracy in impedance due to parasitic capacitances causing anti-resonances in the power supply networks. This paper shows with results of experimental and numerical analysis that the parasitic capacitances on the package and printed circuit board cause the anti-resonance. The power supply network impedance were obtained experimentally by use of three evaluation boards with different parasitic capacitances. The parasitic capacitances of the boards were calculated numerically by high-frequency electromagnetic analysis software Sonnet. Impedance simulations by considering the parasitic capacitance shows that an appropriate connection of parasitic capacitances to the LECCS model can expand an available frequency range of the model beyond 1 GHz.

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers  

A common-mode antenna model proposed by the authors is able to predict common-mode radiation from printed circuit boards (PCBs). The model consists of a common-mode excitation source and segmented antenna elements. This repeat discusses the superposition of common-mode sources, the superposition helps to calculate the radiated emissions due to the common-mode excitation in a PCB containing several MSLs. For the evalution, several PCBs with a MSL bent at a right angle were designed and fabricated. Through the experiments and numerical simulation with FDTD method, it was found that the superposition of excitation sources is available to build the common-mode antenna model.

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers  

The amount of radiated emission from the connector between the motherboard and the daughterboard depends on the number of ground pins. This paper discusses the prediction of the amount of radiated emission from printed circuit boards with a connector using the common-mode antenna model proposed by the authors. the effect of reflection of an unmatched interface such as the connector-board was taken into account by using the measurement result of normal mode voltage in simulation. Common-mode emission is reduced by decreasing imbalance between the conn ector and the board.

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers  

Common-mode current was measured for a four-conductor system that is electrically floating above the reference ground. A parallel cable is used to connect a imtative common-mode transmitter and a receiver. Common-mode current was measured for different height of the devices above the ground as well as the length of the cable. The transmitter was driven with an optical fiber in order to isolate the devices from the ambient electromagnetic field. Experimental results showed that the current was almost constant for the height over 10cm, and for the lower it was increased with decreasing the height from the reference ground due to the effect of the ground. The effect of the number of ground cables was examined and it was confirmed that the common-mode current along the cable decreases with the number of ground cables in the parallel cable. The trend is explained by the relationship of common-mode current with the difference of the current divison factor between devices and the cables.

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Language：English   Publisher：ETH FOUNDATION ZURICH  

A motherboard-daughterboard structure with a connector is known to have another source of common-mode radiated emissions, and the emissions depend on the connector's signal/ground pin configuration. In order to estimate the amount of radiated emissions from the structure, a common-mode antenna model is described. The model consists of an excitation source and an antenna element, and it calculates radiated emissions from PCBs not only quickly but accurately for practical use. In modeling the board interconnection via a connector, we added two common-mode excitation sources at each end of the connector. The electromagnetic emissions estimated by the model agreed with the measurements within an error of 6 dB around peak emission levels between 300 and 600 MHz.

DOI： 10.1109/EMCZUR.2007.4388207

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Language：English   Publisher：IEEE  

In order to estimate. the amount of common-mode radiation from a printed circuit board with low calculation cost, a common-mode antenna model has been developed. This paper demonstrates the application of the model to a board interconnection via a connector that is known to be a possible source of common-mode radiation. The radiated emissions estimated by the model agreed with the measurements for practical use.

DOI： 10.1109/ELMAGC.2007.4413451

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Language：English   Publisher：IEEE  

Electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) structures in a pair of parallel planes are quite effective for suppressing simultaneous switching noise, but they are too large to be applied to compact electronic devices. To miniaturize the EBG structures, we investigated an approach to interpose a high-permeability magnetic metal sheet between the parallel planes. The experimental results show that high permeability of the sheet shifts the stopband towards lower frequencies. This suggests that such sheets contribute to the miniaturization of the EBG structures. In addition, it is demonstrated that the imaginary part of the permeability can expand the stopband.

DOI： 10.1109/ISEMC.2007.19

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The authors investigated common-mode potential distribution on printed circuit boards and propose a common-mode antenna model that consists of a common-mode excitation source and a common-mode antenna element. The antenna model is able to predict common-mode radiation from PCBs quickly and accurately because it focuses only on common-mode radiated emissions. This paper applies the model to a rectangular printed circuit board with a signal trace bent at a right angle and discusses the superposition of common-mode excitation sources that result from common-mode potential distribution. In the model, the trace is divided into two straight elements at the corner to obtain the common-mode excitation source separately for each straight element. Superposing each source at each position enables a set of common-mode sources of the entire common-mode antenna model to be obtained. Simulations and measurements showed that the superposition of common-mode sources accurately predicts radiated emissions.

DOI： 10.1109/ISEMC.2007.138