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Composting facilities are habitats where biological materials are bio-oxidized. Biological waste represents a source of plant species diaspores and may promote changes in the species composition of the surrounding. The studied composting facility is situated in the Bohemian-Moravian Highlands, Czech Republic. Four sites, the composting pile and three habitats nearby were chosen of different use and disturbance conditions. Phytosociological plots were recorded in each of the habitat and the results were processed using multivariate analyses of ecological data. The information about plant species indication values was also analysed: (i) the relationship between soil disturbance and plant species occurrence, (ii) seed dormancy, (iii) seed bank, and (iv) vector of seed dispersion. During the research, 119 plant taxa were found in total. Conditions of the composting process (frequent disturbances, excessive available nutrients, enough water, and supply of new diaspores) represent a challenge for plant species. The presence of plant diaspores in the biowaste is a reason why the fundamental principle of appropriate composting process has to be adhered to. Another important task is to give attention to the methods determining the share of living diaspores in the final compost, which is still missing in practice. Compost might become a vehicle for spreading weeds. The capacity of vegetation to survive and multiply on the premises of composting facilities increases the importance of vegetation monitoring and control of the adjacent areas. The usual occurrence of rural brownfields near composting facilities increases the risk of diaspores being transmitted into biowaste or compost, thus increasing the share of undesirable viable diaspores. Composting facilities generate specific synanthropic conditions for the vegetation. Therefore, the composting facility projects should take into consideration the surrounding areas and vegetation management. It is recommended that the project should include semi-natural vegetation, which can create efficient barriers to the spreading of undesirable ruderal plant species. The novelty of this study is the confirmation that composting facilities and compost become a new factor affecting vegetation, which has been disregarded so far. The link between composting facilities and vegetation has to be included in the legislation related to parameters of compost quality. Moreover, the issue of weeds, their reproductive organs and their spread should be considered in the guidelines for the design, location, construction, and operation of composting facilities.

DOI： 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160160

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Recycling is one of the priority solutions for reducing the amount of waste entering landfills. To achieve high rates of recycling, citizens are encouraged to participate in waste separation at home. Behavior prediction has been used to understand the factors that promote participation in recycling activities. This study focused on predictive models of waste separation behavior and their application in estimating the effect of promotion measures on behavior. Data were collected from 600 households in Da Nang, Vietnam. Logistic regression was used to develop predictive models of separation behavior for 14 recyclable categories. Sensitivity analyses of the models were carried out to predict changes in participation rates and waste amount caused by the implementation of various promotion measures. Provision of information was the most effective promotion measure, with the highest predicted increase in recycling participation rates (6.1-49.0%) and the amount of separated recyclables (up to 9.6% of total waste generated), followed by provision of collection services, with a predicted increase of 1.6-7.7% in participation rates and 7.7% in the amount of separated recyclables. For further improvement, promotion of environmental awareness should be considered. This study is beneficial to authorities looking for ways to motivate citizens to recycle.

DOI： 10.1007/s10163-021-01300-w

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This study focused on the waste separation behavior of households in areas with a waste separation at source (WSS) program to understand the effect of the program and identify suggestions for improving the participation rate. A questionnaire survey was conducted through face-to-face interviews with 402 households in Da Nang City, Vietnam. To measure the effect of the WSS program on waste separation behavior, the authors conducted a comparison between waste separation behavior before and after implementing the program. The authors developed a model of waste separation behavior to clarify the factors. The differences in participation rates and influencing factors as they related to respondents' level of involvement in the WSS program were also examined by Chi-squared test and ANOVA. The participation rate before the WSS program was 70.0% for plastic bottles, 70.1% for cardboard, and 71.4% for aluminum cans. After the WSS program, these rates significantly increased by 14.2% for plastic bottles, 12.6% for cardboard, and 12.3% for aluminum cans. Through behavior modeling, the factors influencing waste separation behavior were clarified. The attendance of respondents at an explanatory meeting and the recognition of the leaflets would positively promote the participation rate and the factors influencing waste separation behavior.

DOI： 10.1007/s10163-020-00975-x

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This study focused on household solid-waste recycling in Da Nang city, Vietnam to assess the existing separation behavior and clarify the factors influencing the separation behavior. The authors conducted a questionnaire survey for 150 households in 6 urban districts, which consisted of household attributes, separation behavior, and the household's attitude on recycling and the environment. The waste separation rates were determined for leftover food and 13 recyclable items and the recyclable disposal habit was also assessed. The separation rate of leftover food was 77.3%. Among 13 surveyed recyclable items, plastic bottles and metal cans were two popular items with higher separation rate (72.5% and 63.8%, respectively). To identify the conscious structure and determinants of separation behavior, the authors developed a predictive model on the separation behavior of leftover food and recyclables by logistic and multiple linear regression analyses. The positive factors included behavior intention, sympathy for the collector, incentive brought by recycling, goal intention, internal norm, and perception of responsibility and seriousness. The negative factor was evaluation of trouble. The authors also analyzed the differences in separation rates among attributes. Based on the significant influence factors and attributes, the authors suggested how to promote separation behavior.

DOI： 10.1007/s10163-019-00899-1

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The authors focused on the major alternatives towaste collection and transport practices used in Da Nang city. GPS devices and a GIS software<br />
were usedto survey andanalyze the detailed tracking data on 3 currentpractices; “Door-to-door collection by tricycle and transport by truck”, “Door-to-door<br />
collection and transport by truck”, and “Fixed time dustbin collection and transport by truck”.The operation efficiency indicators, such as unit operation time,<br />
person-hours/t and operation velocity were calculated usingadetailed operation category: moving forward and backward, waste collection waste, unloading<br />
and other activities. Usingmulti-regression analysis, the authors estimated the unit loading time and the unit waste amount for 4 types of containers, 240-L<br />
dustbin, 280-L dustbin, 660-L dustbin and Handcart.<br />
Usingscenario analysis in Hoa Cuong Nam ward in the Hai Chau district, the operation efficiency of “Door-to-door collection by was 4.39 person-hours/t,<br />
which was lowest among the current 3 practices, and that of “Door-to-door collection and transport by truck” was 3.70 person-hours/t. “Fixed time dustbin<br />
collection and transport by truck” achieved the highest efficiency of 2.15 person-hours, which was less than half of “Door-to-door collection and transport<br />
by truck”. The operation efficiency of a separate collection of bio-waste by plastic bag was 3.49 person-hours/t. It was better than thedoor-to-door collection<br />
scenarios, which means it would be a feasible alternative that can replace door-to-door collection practices.<br />
The authors also conducted sensitivity analysis to clarify the impacts of policy factors such as truck capacity, collection frequency, and separation rate of<br />
bio-waste. The variation range of efficiency by collection frequency was larger than the range by truck capacity. The authors also found some conditions for<br />
the separate collection of bio-waste by plastic bag with better efficiencies than “Fixed time dustbin collection and transport by truck”, e.g., “7 times per week<br />
for bio-waste and once per week for other waste”. The variation range of efficiency by separation rate was largest among the influence factors considered<br />
in this study.

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waste recycling. The authors conducted a waste measurement survey, a waste composition survey, and a questionnaire survey of 103 target facilities<br />
for ten consecutive days. The waste generation rates (WGRs) by worker, table, and business area were assessed by business sources (café (CF), small<br />
restaurant (SR), and large restaurant (LR)) using the following three waste categories in consideration of informal waste collection: general waste (GW),<br />
separated recyclables (SRe), and separated food residue (SFR). WGRs by worker were highest at SRs (5,208 g/worker/day), followed by LRs (3,839 g/<br />
worker/day) and CFs (1,446 g/worker/day). The major waste compositions in GW were kitchen waste (37.1-49.8%), paper (11.4-34.0%), and plastic (8.3-<br />
11.4%). The recycling potential and composting potential remaining in GW were 17.0-20.2% and 30.9-61.6%, respectively. For recycling potential, paper<br />
containers and packaging accounted for a large portion, with 10.6% at CF. In contrast, plastic containers and packaging was the major portion at SR (10.6%)<br />
and LR (7.4%). The total waste amount was estimated to be 38.56 tons/day (34.46-46.35 tons/day, 95% CI); of which 18.96 tons/day (49.17%) was SFR,<br />
18.50 tons/day (47.99%) was GW, and 1.10 tons/day (2.84%) was SRe. The recycling and composting potentials remaining in GW were 3.52 tons/day<br />
(9.14%) and 10.84 tons/day (28.12%), respectively. The SR should be considered as the highest potential target for a 3R promotion campaign in the future,<br />
with recycling and composting potential estimated to be 1.67 tons/day (4.34%), and 6.53 tons/day (16.93%), respectively.

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This study focuses on Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions and reductions of Municipal Solid Waste<br />
(MSW) incineration. The authors aim to estimate the detailed composition of GHG emissions and<br />
reductions from the waste incineration facility and their influence factors using two Japanese<br />
databases on the operation of incinerators from Japan Ministry of the Environment (1,243 facilities)<br />
and Japan Waste Research Foundation (814 facilities). The databases cover detailed data on MSW<br />
amount and characteristics, specifications of the facility, annual utility consumption, and annual<br />
energy/material recovery. The authors analyze the correlations among them and develop predictive<br />
models for the detailed components of GHG emissions and reductions.<br />
Japan Ministry of the Environment intended to group small municipalities for replacing small-scale<br />
incinerators to large-scale Waste-to-Energy (WtE) facilities with a higher energy recovery efficiency.<br />
Based on the abovementioned data and models, the authors estimate the expected effects of the block<br />
formation and major technological alternatives for GHG mitigation by the national level.<br />
The current net GHG emission rate from 1,243 operating waste incineration plants in Japan in 2009<br />
was estimated to be 653 kgCO2e/t. In the block formation, 1,007 plants were assumed to be closed; 236<br />
kept operating; and 286 facilities would be newly built. The net GHG emission rate could be cut off to<br />
454 kgCO2e/t by applying the block formation and technological alternatives with a higher energy<br />
recovery efficiency (stalker furnace with power generation by extraction condensing turbine providing<br />
steam higher than 3MPa and 300 C). Ash melting caused a larger GHG emission by the increase in<br />
http://www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/se Sustainability in Environment Vol. 3, No. 1, 2018<br />
60<br />
Published by SCHOLINK INC.<br />
energy consumption. The GHG reduction by slag recycling was limited.<br />
Furthermore, the net GHG emission rate could be reduced to 242 kgCO2e/t by applying the Best<br />
Available Technique (BAT) for combined heat and power plants. When compared with the current<br />
status, BAT can reduce 185 kgCO2e/t by improving the power generation efficiency and 187 kgCO2e/t<br />
by expanding heat utilization. At present, heat utilization is very limited in Japan, but heat utilization<br />
should be more focused and promoted for GHG mitigation decisions.

DOI： 10.22158/se.v3n1p59

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Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：Japanese   Publisher：全国都市清掃会議  

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This study was undertaken to characterize the solid waste generation at educational facilities in Hue, Vietnam. The authors surveyed 35 educational<br />
facilities within six categories of schools for seven consecutive days. The waste generation rates by facility, student, classroom, staff member, and floor area<br />
were assessed by school category using the following three waste categories: general waste (GW), separated recyclables (SR), and separated food residue<br />
(SFR). To determine the potential for composting and recycling from the disposal amount, GW was classified and measured by 10 physical categories and 77<br />
sub-categories. Plastic, paper, and food waste were dominant in most of the school categories. The total waste generated from educational facilities in Hue<br />
was determined by extrapolating the total number of facility/student in Hue and the waste generation rate by facility/student. The total waste generated was<br />
estimated to be 5.76 tons/day, of which 3.29 tons/day (57.2%) was GW, 0.15 tons/day (2.6%) was SR, and 2.33 tons/day (40.5%) was SFR. The authors also<br />
revealed a considerable potential to recycle and compost remaining in GW, at rates of 1.11 tons/day (19.3%) and 1.29 tons/day (22.4%), respectively. The<br />
total amount sent to a landfill could be reduced from 3.29 tons/day (57.2%) to 0.89 tons/day (15.5%). A detailed breakdown of the recycling and composting<br />
potential is also analyzed and discussed for use in policy making decisions. Through the Monte Carlo simulation, the 95% confidence interval of the total<br />
waste amount was estimated to be 4.85-7.71 tons/day.

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In Vietnam, most of municipal solid waste (MSW) is disposed of at open dumping and landfill sites, and the methane gas from waste is the un-ignorable source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emission. It is indispensable to explore the possibility for GHG mitigation in MSW management. The objective of this study was to estimate alternative waste treatment practices towards the GHG emission mitigation, energy consumption and generation, reduction of landfill volume, and various benefits for proposing the appropriate selection by scenario analyses for representative Vietnam's cities. Impacts were calculated by utilizing life cycle assessment (LCA) method. A literature review survey on the current applicability of LCA database for assessing impacts from waste sector in developing countries, especially for Vietnam, was carried out. This study assessed the contribution of alternative solid waste treatment practices. The result showed that, except investment and operation costs, incineration with energy recovery seems the suitable alternative for treating waste from representative cities of Vietnam according to reduction of GHG emission and waste burden to landfill sites and energy recovery and generation. Besides, MSW composition was identified as an important factor directly influencing to impacts as well as other products and benefits of waste treatment alternatives. Reliable data on waste composition are indispensable for assessing to choose, improve, or plan the waste treatment practices towards sustainable development. © 2013 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht.

DOI： 10.1007/s10661-013-3149-8

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Waste disposal is an important part of the life cycle of a product and is associated with environmental burdens like any other life-cycle stages. In this study, an integrated assessment for solid waste treatment practices, especially household solid waste, was undertaken to evaluate the impact contribution of household solid waste treatment alternatives towards the sustainable development by using Life Cycle Inventory Assessment method. A case study has been investigated under various possible scenarios, such as (1) landfill without landfill gas recovery, (2) landfill with landfill gas recovery and flaring, (3) landfill with landfill gas recovery and electric generation, (4) composting, and (5) incineration. The evaluation utilized the Life Cycle Inventory Assessment method for multiple assessments based on various aspects, such as greenhouse gas emission/ reduction, energy generation/consumption, economic benefit, investment and operating cost, and land use burden. The results showed that incineration was the most efficient alternative for greenhouse gas emission reduction, economic benefit, energy recovery, and land use reduction, although it was identified as the most expensive for investment and operating cost, while composting scenario was also an efficient alternative with quite economic benefit, low investment and operating cost, and high reduction of land use, although it was identified as existing greenhouse gas emission and no energy generation. Furthermore, the aim of this study was also to establish localized assessment methods that waste management agencies, environmental engineers, and environmental policy decision makers can use to quantify and compare the contribution to the impacts from different waste treatment options. © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2011.

DOI： 10.1007/s10661-011-2205-5

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The aims of this study were to explore and assess the household behavior towards recyclable waste discard and household attitudes towards good waste management in the Mekong delta region - southern Vietnam. A questionnaire survey was carried out in 100 households in Can Tho city. The existing household habits for waste discard, storage, collection, and recycling activities were clarified in order to identify the priority problems of these activities. Regarding household behavior towards recycling activities and the purchase behavior of households for avoidable wastes (e.g., plastic carry bags, container and packaging, expired/residual food waste) were explored. The household behavior for reusing the used valuable things instead of discarding and for consuming the products or goods made from recycling materials was also examined. Besides, household attitudes towards good waste management were partly explored; the results found that the neighbor's view and social norms seemed to work for keeping order in waste collection and discard activities. Moreover, the authors also analyzed the interrelationships among the household behavior towards recycling activities, the household attitudes towards good waste management, and individual attributes such as the education level, urbanization level, income, age, gender, and working status. It was found that household attitudes towards good waste management correlated to household behavior towards recycling activities; education level and urbanization level were identified as relevant factors for enhancing waste recycling activities and good environmental attitudes of households.

DOI： 10.30638/eemj.2012.180

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Plastic solid waste has become a serious problem when considering the disposal alternatives following the sequential hierarchy of sound solid waste management. This study was undertaken to assess the quantity and composition of household solid waste, especially plastic waste to identify opportunities for waste recycling. A 1-month survey of 130 households was carried out in Can Tho City, the capital city of the Mekong Delta region in southern Vietnam. Household solid waste was collected from each household and classified into ten physical categories; especially plastic waste was sorted into 22 subcategories. The average household solid waste generation rate was 281.27 g/cap/day. The compostable and recyclable shares respectively accounted for high percentage as 80.74% and 11%. Regarding plastic waste, the average plastic waste generation rate was 17.24 g/cap/day; plastic packaging and plastic containers dominated with the high percentage, 95.64% of plastic waste. Plastic shopping bags were especially identified as the major component, accounting for 45.72% of total plastic waste. Relevant factors such as household income and household size were found to have an existing correlation to plastic waste generation in detailed composition. The household habits and behaviors of plastic waste discharge and the aspects of environmental impacts and resource consumption for plastic waste disposal alternatives were also evaluated. © 2010 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.

DOI： 10.1007/s10661-010-1490-8

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In Vietnam, municipal solid waste (MSW) has being become increasing complex due to variety of reasons as the increasing quantity, changing composition of MSW, rising public awareness and municipal administration policies among different cities and surrounding communities. There is not currently an efficient management system in place for facilities such as storage, collection, transfer, transportation and disposal of MSW. Against this backdrop, this paper attempts to analyze the present system of MSW addressing variety of aspects such as quantity and composition of MSW generation, operational management, legal system as well as financial aspect. The systematic assessment has revealed the problems like lack of legal framework, low coverage, improper waste storage, less encouragement for composting, and lack of proper disposal practices. Finally, an action plan is proposed suggestion for current and future addressing the issues as the operational management, institutional, financial aspect, public participation, environmental education, and legal and policies.

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD  

A number of waste life cycle assessment (LCA) models have been gradually developed since the early 1990s, in a number of countries, usually independently from each other. Large discrepancies in results have been observed among different waste LCA models, although it has also been shown that results from different LCA studies can be consistent. This paper is an attempt to identify, review and analyse methodologies and technical assumptions used in various parts of selected waste LCA models. Several criteria were identified, which could have significant impacts on the results, such as the functional unit, system boundaries, waste composition and energy modelling. The modelling assumptions of waste management processes, ranging from collection, transportation, intermediate facilities, recycling, thermal treatment, biological treatment, and landfilling, are obviously critical when comparing waste LCA models.This review infers that some of the differences in waste LCA models are inherent to the time they were developed. It is expected that models developed later, benefit from past modelling assumptions and knowledge and issues. Models developed in different countries furthermore rely on geographic specificities that have an impact on the results of waste LCA models. The review concludes that more effort should be employed to harmonise and validate non-geographic assumptions to strengthen waste LCA modelling. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.

DOI： 10.1016/j.wasman.2010.06.004

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ACADEMIC PRESS LTD- ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD  

This study was undertaken to evaluate the quantity and composition of household solid waste to identify opportunities for waste recycling in Can Tho city, the capital city of the Mekong Delta region in southern Vietnam. Two-stage survey of 100 households was conducted for dry season and rainy season in 2009. Household solid waste was collected from each household and classified into 10 physical categories and 83 subcategories. The average household solid waste generation rate was 285.28g per capita per day. The compostable and recyclable shares respectively accounted for 80.02% and 11.73%. The authors also analyzed the relations between some socioeconomic factors and household solid waste generation rates by physical categories and subcategories. The household solid waste generation rate per capita per day was positively correlated with the population density and urbanization level, although it was negatively correlated with the household size. The authors also developed mathematical models of correlations between the waste generation rates of main physical categories and relevant factors, such as household size and household income. The models were proposed by linear models with three variables to predict household solid waste generation of total waste, food waste, and plastic waste. It was shown that these correlations were weak and a relationship among variables existed. Comparisons of waste generation by physical compositions associated with different factors, such as seasonal and daily variation were conducted. Results presented that the significant average differences were found by the different seasons and by the different days in a week; although these correlations were weak. The greenhouse gas baseline emission was also calculated as 292.25g (CO2 eq.) per capita per day from biodegradable components. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.

DOI： 10.1016/j.jenvman.2010.06.016

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This paper presents an economic evaluation of three typical recycling processes for the five main types of waste electronic home appliances (EHA) (TV set, refrigerator, washing machine, air conditioner and personal computer) in Beijing, the capital of China. The main purpose is to identify the formal management framework with economic feasibility for the waste EHA generated in large municipalities of China. It is found that the advanced technologies, which have mechanical processing units, should be introduced to recover more valuable materials from the waste appliances. Net revenues with a range of 90-240 RMB (Chinese currency unit, 1.0 USD ≈ 8.0 RMB) per unit, depend on the type of appliance, could be expected in case of using the most complicated procedures which can separate both metals and plastics from the shredded mixtures. However, the recycling of waste refrigerator and waste washing machine will, respectively, spend about 100 and 6 RMB per unit if solely by simple manual dismantling. Revenues from recycling of the other three types of appliances are positive but quite low in this case. Although positive revenues could be achieved from the isolated evaluation of recycling, the entire management system, which also covers the phases of collection and transportation, is economically infeasible if the waste appliances are bought from the households still at current prices. Based on a survey of the householder's attitude to the cost for waste EHA management, which was conducted earlier, the practical way to construct a formal management system for waste EHA in Beijing is to reduce the citizen's traditional expectation to the values of waste appliances and encourage their transfer to the formal collection system at lower prices. © 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.jclepro.2008.03.005

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Serious adverse impacts on the environment and human health from the recycling and disposal of electronic waste have occurred in the past and continue to occur in China today, due to the lack of a national management strategy. With aiming to support the management strategy development, a study was carried out to plan and quantitatively evaluate the optional management frameworks for the selected five main types of large electronic home appliances in Beijing, the capital city and a typically big municipality in China. This paper outlined the main findings yielded from the series of assessment studies which started from the generation amount prediction and material flow analysis of the used electronic appliances, planning and optimization of the collection & transportation frameworks and ended at the economic evaluation of the optional recycling processes for the waste appliances. Although the revenue could be expected from the result of isolated evaluation of the recycling processes, the entire system will be economically unavailable if the used appliances are still collected from the owners at current prices. The traditional understanding of householders on the values of their used appliances should be changed in Beijing and China as a whole. Establishment of a formal collection system that could take back the used appliances at lower prices (less than 40% of the current level) is the key for the construction of a formal management framework with sustainability.

DOI： 10.18926/fest/11434

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To assist in the efficient surveillance against illegal dumping, this study examined and evaluated two methods to illustrate the illegal dumping potential of sites using GIS (Geographic Information System) data. One approach focused on the occurrence of illegal dumping sites; the other on the size of the illegal dumping. Both approaches to zoning were implemented for the Kanto region of Japan, utilizing seven or eight major geographical attributes most closely related to illegal dumping. The zoning results revealed the areas requiring patrols against illegal dumping. Evaluation of the zoning results using the ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic) curve showed the number of illegal dumping sites detectable under certain surveillance conditions and that the size-based zoning was superior, but this superiority was insignificant for revealing sites with higher potential for large illegal dumping, for which it would be sufficient to use the occurrence-based zoning. The evaluation also showed the contribution of each geographical attribute. Finally, application of the ROC curve to the surveillance planning process was examined, which enables the total social cost of pollution by illegal dumping, rehabilitation of dumping sites, and illegal dumping surveillance to be minimized. © 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.wasman.2006.01.018

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Obtaining the cooperation of citizens to participate in separate waste collection is essential to create a recycling-oriented society. In this research, the degree of change in the citizen participation rate, which occurs when the contents of political measures such as the raising of awareness, provision of information, and the conditions of collection services were changed, was estimated together with the effect on the reduction in environmental load. A questionnaire survey was conducted, targeted at residents of Itabashi Ward, while logistic regression analyses were also conducted to create predictive models for recycling behavior, and sensitivity analyses of the models were carried out to estimate the increase in citizen participation rate achievable through the implementation of various political measures. It was found that the effect of "thorough perception of information" was the largest, followed by "minimization of evaluation of trouble" and "thorough perception of efficacy of measures." The effect of the improvement in the citizen participation rate on the reduction in environmental load was also evaluated quantitatively by life cycle inventory analyses. It was indicated that "maximization of perception of information" had the greatest effect. However, the reduction effect with "paper packs" and "PET bottles" was relatively small compared with that of "bottles/cans.". © 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.wasman.2007.02.014

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The draft legislation on e-waste prepared by the Chinese national government assigns management responsibility to local governments. It is an urgent task for the municipal government to plan an effective system as soon as possible to divert the e-waste flow from the existing informal e-waste recycling processes. This paper presents a case study implemented in Beijing, the capital city of China, with the purpose of predicting the amount of obsolete equipment for five main kinds of electronic appliances from urban households and to analyse the flow after the end of their useful phase. The amount to be handled was 885 354 units in 2005 and is predicted to double by 2010. Due to consumption growth and the expansion of urbanization it is estimated that the amount will increase to approximate 2 820 000 units by 2020: 70% of the obsolete appliances will be awaiting collection for possible recycling, 7% will be stored at the owner's home for 1 year on average and 4% will be discarded directly and enter the municipal solid waste collecting system. The remaining items will be reused for about 3 years on average after the change of ownership. The results of this study will assist the waste management authorities of Beijing to plan the collecting system and facilities needed for management of e-waste generated in the near future. Copyright © ISWA 2006.

DOI： 10.1177/0734242X06067449

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Serious adverse impacts on the environment and human health from e-waste recycling have occurred in the past and continue to occur in China today, due to a lack of national management strategies. China has made great efforts to face the challenges of the approaching peak increase in the domestic generation of e-waste and the illegal shipment of e-waste from other countries. This study examined recent progress and analysed the main problems associated with this issue in China. It was found that the material and the financial flows of e-waste in China had their own specific characteristics. Nearly 60% of the generated e-wastes were sold to private individual collectors and passed into informal recycling processes. More than 90% of Chinese citizens are reluctant to pay for the recycling of their e-waste. This is due to their traditional understanding that there remained value in these end-of-life products. Regulations concerning e-waste in China have been drafted but their deficiencies are obvious. The extended producer responsibilities (EPR) have been introduced but are not well defined. Eight formal facilities have been planned and are under construction or are in operation along the eastern coast of China but it will be difficult for them to compete with the informal processes for the reasons identified during the study. Copyright © ISWA 2006.

DOI： 10.1177/0734242X06062499

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Japan Society of Material Cycles and Waste Management  

Understanding of the inefficiency of waste transportation is needed in order to take substantial measures necessary to establish material recovery systems for demolition and construction wastes over a wide area. We made a flow model that can estimate flows of such wastes between cities and towns. This model uses an algorithm based on the assumption that waste flow is controlled by spatial distribution factors, including the amount of waste discharged, the intermediate treatment capacity and the road distance between two points in the Kanto region. In addition, we developed spatial and quantitative indicators of regional waste imbalances caused by facility distribution. We suggest ways to apply these indicators to decision-making processes from the perspectives of material recovery promotion and improper waste disposal prevention.

DOI： 10.3985/jswme.16.151

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Japan Society of Material Cycles and Waste Management  

Conflicts have frequently arisen in the process of facility siting for industrial waste management facilities (IWMFs) which are undesirable to residents who are living nearby. Since, from the viewpoint of environmental justice, it would not be appropriate for these sites to have disproportionate spatial distribution, their spatial distributions were examined quantitatively. In addition to the IWMFs, the spatial distribution of illegal industrial waste dumping sites, also causing social problems, was also analyzed. This paper concerns landfill sites, intermediate processing facilities (incineration facilities, shredding/crushing facilities, dewatering facilities), and illegal dumping sites for nine prefectures in the Kanto region, which were counted by municipality units, and investigates trends for each locality using the Geographical Information System (GIS) . Our results showed that through a statistical analysis for positive spatial autocorrelation, the significant level of 1% existed in the distribution which therefore indicates that there are spatially uneven distributions. In addition, a similarity between the spatial distribution of landfill and illegal dumping sites was observed at a significant level of 1 %. This finding makes it clear that similar factors could possibly exist, and result in uneven siting for both of these types of facilities.

DOI： 10.3985/jswme.15.121

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Japan Society of Material Cycles and Waste Management  

In order to support effective patrolling for illegal dumping, we analyzed possible related geographic attributes and their probabilities of illegal dumping using Geographic Information System (GIS) data. We collected data on 608 illegal dumping sites at the regional level in units of municipality, as well as data on 421 sites at the site level in units of 25 -m mesh. We then calculated the relative probabilities of illegal dumping for 31 geographic attributes which may affect illegal dumping, and hence clarified which sites are likely to be frequently used for illegal dumping. Finally, from among the geographic attributes we identified the main ones which would be related to illegal dumping, based on the results of correlation analysis, factor analysis, and explanatory adequacy. There were seven main geographic attributes: population density, income per capita, unemployment rate, topographic features, distance from roads, distance from main roads, and depth from forest edge.

DOI： 10.3985/jswme.15.1

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Japan Society of Material Cycles and Waste Management  

This study was intended to predict effects on citizens'participation rates in recycling programs according to administrative actions such as promoting environmental consciousness, providing information, and changing of collection service.<BR>Questionnaires designed to measure factors that are relevant to recycling behavior were sent to residents of Itabashi Ward, Tokyo. The authors developed logistic regression models for predicting recycling behaviors of: &ldquo;Curbside Collection of Cans and Bottles&rdquo;, &ldquo;Drop-off Collection of Paper Packages&rdquo;, and&ldquo;Drop-off Collection of PET Bottles&rdquo;. We selected predictors for recycling behaviors on three collection programs as: &ldquo;Perception of Information&rdquo;, &ldquo;Evaluation of Trouble&rdquo;, and&ldquo;Perception of Coping Efficacy&rdquo;.<BR>The authors also conducted sensitivity analyses of the developed models. Participation rates were calculated for three conditions: &ldquo;Maximization of Perception of Information&rdquo;, &ldquo;Minimization of Evaluation of Trouble&rdquo;, and&ldquo;Maximization of Perception of Coping Efficacy&rdquo;. Results suggested that&ldquo;Maximization of Perception of Information&rdquo;had the greatest effect, followed by&ldquo;Minimization of Evaluation of Trouble&rdquo;, and&ldquo;Maximization of Perception of Coping Efficacy&rdquo;.<BR>In addition, the authors suggested policy prescriptions for improving citizens'participation rates through analyses of the current status of citizens'utilization of PR media of the municipality and through analyses of the relationships between&ldquo;Evaluation of Trouble&rdquo;and relevant factors.

DOI： 10.3985/jswme.15.325

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Farm Management Society of Japan  

DOI： 10.11300/fmsj1963.39.4_7

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：地方自治研究機構  

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Authorship：Lead author   Language：Japanese   Publisher：Japan Society of Civil Engineers  

The object of this study is to evaluate quantitatively environmental burdens of the night soil treatment. Energy consumption and CO₂ emission were calculated for the night soil treatment facilities and the sludge recycling/treatment center in operation. Averages of 19 facilities for night soil treatment were 1, 099MJ/kl and 74kg-CO₂/kl on energy consumption and CO₂ emission, respectively. Energy consumption and CO₂ emission of a sludge recycling/treatment center were 944MJ/kl and 63kg-CO₂/kl, respectively. The reduction effects by applying power generation and composting were accounted for 3% of total environmental burdens. The authors also examined the influence of the design variables such as the scale of facility, the constituent processes and the treatment level of the water quality on environment burdens. In addition, the authors tried to compare the night soil treatment facilities with the sludge recycling/treatment center and the sewerage treatment facility.

DOI： 10.2208/jscej.2002.706_19

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Japan Society of Civil Engineers  

The object of this study is to construct a structural model of citizens' consciousness on recycling behavior. Questionnaires designed to quantitatively grasp factors relevant to the recycling behavior were sent for residents living in Itabashi Ward. Referring a model previously proposed on environmental behavior, the authors designed the hypothetical model on the recycling behavior focusing on the separation by the residents. According to the path analysis, an improved model was proposed and factors that must determine the behavior were clarified. The ratio of participation and the determinant factors in the proposed model were also analyzed by demographic factors. The authors made suggestions on PR for recycling based on the obtained results.

DOI： 10.2208/jscej.2001.692_73

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本リスク研究学会  

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Event date： 2022.9.20 - 2022.9.22

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Event date： 2022.1.25 - 2022.1.27

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Event date： 2021.10.25 - 2021.10.27

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Event date： 2021.1.20 - 2021.1.21

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Event date： 2020.9.16 - 2020.9.18

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Event date： 2020.1.22 - 2020.1.24

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Event date： 2009

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A one-month survey focused on 100 households was conducted in Can Tho City. The household solid waste was collected from each household and classified into 83 categories. The results showed that the average household solid waste generation in Can Tho City was 0.29 kg per capita per day with high compostable portion and recyclable as 82% and 10%, respectively. The household solid waste generation rate (kg/cap/day) was positively correlated with the population density, while it was negatively correlated with the household size. Moreover, the discharge amount per capita per day of household solid waste by each fraction is positively correlated with the urbanization level.

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Event date： 1998.10.10

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Event date： 1995.10.1

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Event date： 1992

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In Da Nang City, GPS loggers are mounted on a part of the waste collection vehicles for the purpose of improving work management and collection efficiency, and the tracking data is constantly accumulated. In this research, with the aim of obtaining knowledge useful for improving the waste collection efficiency of Da Nang City, the author decided to examine collection efficiency and its influencing factors using these tracking data. In addition, for the waste discharged in the 5 central wards of Da Nang city, the author conducted interval estimation of total working time of the day using the work efficiency indices obtained in this study, and also analyzed the uncertainty of the model parameters to verify the reliability of them.

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Retail companies like supermarkets discharge food losses by the differences between their order amounts and sales amounts within freshness/expiration dates of foods. Because the minimization of the differences by accurate prediction of daily sales would directly link to the reduction of food loss, the sophistication of sales amount by the application of weather information and AI is considering.
This study focused on the daily sales of rice balls that were difficult to be predicted because of its wide variation, and studied to improve the accuracy of prediction by the application of Deep Learning, which attracts rising attention on the helpfulness for prediction and classification purposes.

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本研究では、分別収集に係る基礎データを収集・整備することを目的として、デジタルタコグラフ、GISソフトウェアを使用し、A市Y地区及びX地区を対象としてごみの収集･運搬の作業実態に関する基礎データを収集・解析した。松井は、A市X地区のデータを用いた解析結果を既報¹で報告しているが、本研究では解析対象をA市Y地区に拡大し、X地区のデータと合わせて作業効率と地域要因との関連を検討するとともに、運搬・積込・地点間移動・積み下ろし等の工程別の収集効率指標の原単位・推定モデルを構築した。またA市Y地区の可燃ごみを対象に最適巡回ルートを求め、本研究で得られた原単位・推定モデルを用いて一日の総作業時間を区間推定した。

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This study focused on the household solid waste characteristics and recycling behavior modeling. The authors surveyed 150 households in 6 urban districts of Da Nang city, Vietnam. Three surveys were carried out by household; a questionnaire survey, a measurement survey, and a composition survey. The questionnaire included attribute, participation in recyclables/leftover food separation, environmental attitude. The waste amount was separately measured by 66 categories daily for 10 days. <br> The average of HSW generation rate was 231.5 g/cap/day. Compostable waste accounted for 73.0% of total, and recyclable accounted for 13.8% of total. The participation rates of leftover and recyclable separation were 77.3% and 84.1%, respectively. Plastic bottle and Metal can were two popular items with higher recycling rates (72.5% and 63.8%, respectively). The leftover food was recovered mainly by pig farmer (64.1%). Leftover food collection by pig farmer was more popular in suburb districts. For the purpose of recyclable separation, citizens gave recyclables to junk-buyers or waste collection workers for free (53.6%). The structural models for leftover food separation and recyclable separation were developed to clarify the positive and negative factors. From the obtained results, some suggestions were given in order to improve the participation rate on recycling.

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This study focused on the&nbsp;return behavior and relevant factors for reusable bottle at home delivery service by Palsystem Consumers' Co-operative Union. The author conducted a hearing survey and a questionnaire survey on the awareness, attitude, and behavior for the COOP members.<br>The participation rate for the return of reusable bottle was 72.6%. The author analyzed the participation rate by attributes, and clarified the top 5 categories with high priority for promotion: 30s, regular employee, membership for less than 1 year, membership for 1-3 years, and weekly purchase. The authors developed a structure model of return behavior with 3 steps: return behavior (return of reusable bottles), preparatory behavior (preparatory behavior and attitudes for return), and behavioral intention (motivation for return).

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本研究では、岡山市（岡山友の会の会員世帯）における家庭ごみ発生原単位の影響要因を明らかにすることを目的として、岡山市を対象にごみの計量モニター調査、家計調査、アンケート調査を行った。調査データを用い、ごみの種類別発生原単位と個人属性・ライフスタイル・Reduce・Reuseに関する行動・家計消費との関連性を検討した。また、家計消費区分別の金額を用いたごみの種類別発生量の推定モデルを構築し、これら発生量予測モデルに、平成25年度の世帯あたりの平均家計消費金額を代入してごみの種類別発生量を算出するとともに、これに岡山市の総世帯数を乗じて岡山市全体のごみの種類別発生量を推定した。その際、予測モデルの偏回帰係数の標準誤差に基づいて確率分布を設定し、モンテカルロシミュレーション（試行回数100000回）によってごみの種類別発生量の95%信頼区間を推定し、モデルの妥当性を検討した。

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今日の日本は、大量生産・大量消費型の経済社会活動により大量廃棄型の社会を形成しており、市民の3R推進に向けた取り組みが必要である。現在は本来優先すべきReduce/Reuseの2Rの取り組みがRecycleよりも立ち遅れているのが現状である。また、先行研究において、若年層・学生等のリサイクル参加率が低いことが明らかとなっており、2R・若年層の普及啓発が課題となっている。本研究は、4Rにあまり参加していない若年層に焦点を当て、4Rの認知度・理解度の向上や意識・行動の変化を図ることを目的として岡山市において4R体験イベントを開催した。また、イベント参加者を対象としたイベント直後のアンケート調査、イベント3ヵ月後の追跡アンケート調査を実施し、4R行動・態度に対するイベントの啓発効果を検討した。また、啓発効果と属性・イベント内で体験・提供した情報との関連を検討し、4R推進に向けた課題を整理した

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国の定める第四次環境基本計画・第三次循環型社会形成推進基本計画においては、2Rの推進を重点課題として位置づけており、今後各地域で社会実験的な2Rの取り組みを実践し、試行錯誤しながら成功事例を蓄積し、これを社会に広げていくことが必要である。<br>本事業では、リユースの認知度のさらなる向上を図ることを狙い、岡山県産フルーツのトップブランドである「清水白桃」の果汁を使用して市民への訴求力の高い飲料を開発・販売した。リユースの環境負荷削減効果についての市民の理解を促進するため、温室効果ガスの排出量をCO₂に換算して「見える化」（表示）する仕組みであるCFPマークを取得したリユースびんを使用した。開発した飲料は預り金を上乗せ（50円デポジット）して販売しており、リユースの普及啓発に努めるとともに、ヒアリング調査等を通じてリユースびんに関する認知・態度、普及・回収を推進する上での課題を明らかにした。

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This study focused on the 3R promotion for younger generation. The authors collaborated with the drinking event "Harenomi-no" in Okayama city, and implemented the 3R experiential event. The authors also conducted a questionnaire survey for participants and analyed the effect of event on participants' recognition, participation, and behavior intention for 3R.

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Traditional markets&nbsp;are known as a considerable source contributing to waste generation amount in developing countries. This study aims to estimate the waste generation amount from market. The composition survey is conducted to identify the recycling potential, composting potential and to contribute to decision support in planning and establishing municipal solid waste management system.&nbsp;The results of this study showed the detailed information of waste generation rate by category. The estimated amount of market by kiosk block and floor area are 2646.6 kg and 2635.7 kg respectively. This is the first step for developing predictive models and total estimation of waste from market in Hue city.

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The objectives of this study were to estimate the total waste generation and recycling potential on commercial and institutional sector in Hue city, Viet nam. This study focused on various commercial and institutional sectors including hotels, restaurants, traditional markets/supermarkets, schools/educational institutions, medical institutions, offices, households with business activities, etc. The target samples kept their waste into 4 categories; &ldquo;General waste,&rdquo; &ldquo;Recyclables,&rdquo; &ldquo;Food residues,&rdquo; and &ldquo;Garden waste,&rdquo; and the daily waste generation amount was measured for 7 consecutive days. The authors also surveyed the waste composition by 10 physical categories and 54 detail sub-categories. A questionnaire survey was also conducted on relevant factors influencing waste generation such as business scale indicators, and the current status of recycling activities. The waste generation rate (kg/unit/day) was calculated by various business scale indicators such as number of workers, area, and the mean difference of waste generation rate among business category was also analyzed by ANOVA. Based on the estimated waste generation rate by business category, the authors estimated the confidence interval of the total waste generation for each business category in Hue city by Monte Carlo simulation. The 95% confidence interval of total waste generation in Hue was estimated as 144.77 &ndash; 190.92 tons/day.&nbsp; <br>

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In Vietnam, the waste collection is a labor intensive task in MSW management, and the improvement of collection efficiency would be one of the important problems. Da Nang city has a good practice in waste collection system and various collection systems, e.g. dustbin collection, tricycle collection, truck collection, and waste transfer stations. The objectives of this study were to get the basic data on waste collection operation on different collection systems as the basis of planning rational waste collection system by GPS and GIS applications, and to estimate the collection resources and compare the operational efficiency by collection system.&nbsp;

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This study focused on the potential for waste reduction and recycling by 3R promotion measures such as raising information awareness, raising pro-environmental attitudes, upgrading collection service, and strengthening external pressure for citizens. The authors implemented a questionnaire survey in Okayama city, and surveyed the status of citizens' behavior, attitudes, and information awareness relevant to 3R of municipal solid waste (MSW). The authors found that 4 major factors, "Information awareness," "Pro-environmental attitude," "Recognition of Burden," and "External Pressure," were predictors on 3R behavior, and sensitivity analyses of the models were carried out to estimate the increase in citizen participation rate achievable through the implementation of various political measures. The authors also conducted a monitor survey for households in Okayama city on waste generation amount, and calculated the unit waste generation amount per person by detail waste/recyclable categories. By the integration of results on the increase in citizen participation rate by 3R promotion measures and the unit waste generation amount by detail waste/recyclable categories, the authors estimated the expected increase in recycled amount and the expected waste reduction amounts by each promotion measure.

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A survey of 150 households in Hue city was conducted in Hue city, Vietnam. Household solid waste (HSW) was collected and classified into 90 subcategories according to the physical composition, the shape and the usage. The HSW generation rate was 258.86 g/cap/day with the largest portion of food waste (80.55%). Correlations between the waste generation and the relevant factors such as population density, household income and household size were estimated. The correlation between the waste generation rate and the household expenditure was also estimated, and the authors found the significant correlations between "food, beverage and cigarette" expenditure and waste generations of plastic, paper and metal.

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Can Tho city (CTC) is a capital city of the Mekong delta region - Vietnam, including 12 provinces and 1 capital city with a population of 1,189,600 (2009), and area of 1401.60 square kilometers. CTC was considered as a representative model for the Mekong delta region; because it has similar socioeconomic characteristics, urban structure, customs, and standards of living to those of other cities in this region. As other provinces in the Mekong delta, the municipal solid waste (MSW) collection system in CTC is mainly door-to-door collection by handcarts. The MSW in CTC includes residential waste (waste generated from household with/without business activities), road sweeping waste (waste generated by sweeping pavement or road surface), public dustbin waste (waste discharged into dustbins put along the main street), and contract waste (waste generated from large point source generators such as restaurants, hotels, bakery, etc.). This paper describes a new approach for monitoring and managing MSW, generation, collection and transfer system, which using geographical information system (GIS). The objectives of this study were to estimate and clarify the unit waste generation amount (kg/capita or household/day) of a part of MSW - residential solid waste - generated from household with/without business activities. This study also surveyed the current status of the popular collection system, door-to-door collection by handcart, in CTC by using GIS/GPS.

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The waste fee system on household solid waste was introduced in Okayama City on February 1, 2009 in order to promote the reduction and recycling of household solid waste and to ensure the fairness of the equality with regards to the beneficiaries of the waste discharge. This study aimed to conduct the questionnaire surveys for citizens in Okayama city before and after the introduction of the discharge fee system, and to clarify the changes of citizens' behaviors and consciousness by this system.

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Two-stage survey of 100 households was conducted for dry season and rainy season in 2009. Household solid waste was collected from each household and classified into 10 physical categories and 83 subcategories. The average household solid waste generation rate was 283.10 and 287.46 g/cap/day as dry season and rainy season, respectively. The authors also analyzed the differences of waste generation by physical compositions associated with different factors, such as seasonal and daily variation. Results show that the significant average differences were found by the different seasons and by the different days in a week.

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This study focused on separate collection of waste containers/packaging and kitchen waste, door-to-door collection. The authors collected working time data and tracking data by using GPS and GIS software, and developed the prediction models for waste collection and estimated the costs and CO2 emissions on some waste management scenarios; recycling scenarios, door-to-door collection scenario, etc. For the estimation of the whole waste management process, the authors applied the decision support tool "Strategic Solid Waste Management Supporting Software (SSWMSS, Japan)" developed by Okayama University, and conducted interval estimations by Monte Carlo simulation based on the distribution of the model coefficients.

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To achieve citizens' behavior modification on 3R, the authors provided information to the residents in selected areas of Tsuyama city. Questionnaire surveys and waste composition analyses were conducted to estimate the effects before and after the PR activities. The focuses of PR activities were recycling of paper packaging/ containers, kitchen waste disposal at-home, and waste reduction such as bringing own bags. The authors held explanatory meetings for the target residents, and distributed leaflets and durable bags to the residents who didn't participated in the meetings. The results indicated that the participation rates for these 3R behaviors were improved and the PR effects on the participants of explanatory meetings were the largest. Regarding unit waste discharge, paper packaging/ containers was decreased to 17.3g/person/day after the PR activities compared to 20.8g/person/day before the PR activities.

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循環型社会構築に向け、市民のリサイクル行動の促進は重要な課題であり、従来の使い捨て型ライフスタイルからリサイクル行動への変容を効果的に促すことが必要である。従来の研究1)において、リサイクル行動については「情報認知（資源収集日・排出場所を知っている)」、「負担感（リサイクルに参加するのが面倒である）」、環境意識等が関連することが示唆されていることから、これらの知見を元に市民に対する啓発・広報を実施することで、その行動変容を促進できるものと期待される。本研究では、津山市在住の住民を対象として試験的に資源分別回収に関する情報提供を実施し、情報提供実施前後2回のアンケートを実施してその行動・情報認知・意識の実態・変化を把握したので、結果を報告する。

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As the largest city in China, Shanghai is a representative of the eastern coastal municipalities with high population densities in the field the municipal solid waste (MSW) management. The integrated MSW management framework is developed quite fast in recent years, especially on the construction of new intermediate treatment and final disposal facilities. This paper presents the current status quo and trend of MSW management in Shanghai city.

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This paper presents a survey study on the consumption pattern of five main types of electronic home appliances (Color TV, refrigerator, washing machine, air conditioner and personal computer) and the attitudes of householders to obsolete them after utilization in Beijing, the capital of China. There is still space for consumption growth of air conditioner and personal computer while other three kinds have reached saturation. The average life spans of the appliances are found shorter than the anticipated life time. Half of the householders are willing to sell their used appliances to the private collectors due to the convenience and competitive price. Few of them (7%) would like to store the used appliances because of limit living space. 47% of the surveyed people thought the producer should pay for the possible recycling cost. About 85% of them are reluctant to pay more than 50 RMB for per unit of the appliance if required. This study is helpful for the waste electronic appliances generation amount estimation and flow analysis in Beijing and also can be used for the assessment of management frameworks there.

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To establish sustainable society, it is indispensable to evaluate cost and environmental emissions associated with several technical options of waste management. This paper described the current status of cost and environmental emissions of major intermediate treatment technologies in Japan according to the database and the predictive models developed by authors. The authors also conducted uncertainty analyses of the models and suggested how to improve.

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To support decision makers, the authors have been developing the planning tool "Strategic Solid Waste Management Supporting Software (SSWMSS, Japan)" based on WLCC and WLCA (Waste LCA and LCC) and completed the first version. This paper introduces the framework of the tool and presents process models developed.

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Award type：Award from Japanese society, conference, symposium, etc. 

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Award type：Award from international society, conference, symposium, etc.  Country：United States

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Award type：Award from Japanese society, conference, symposium, etc. 

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Award type：Award from Japanese society, conference, symposium, etc. 

researchmap

Award type：Award from Japanese society, conference, symposium, etc. 

researchmap

Award type：Award from Japanese society, conference, symposium, etc. 

researchmap

Award type：Award from Japanese society, conference, symposium, etc. 

researchmap