Authorship：Lead author,　Last author,　Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

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Authorship：Last author,　Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：SPRINGER  

Information related to geographical distribution and local strain composition is essential to an understanding of the dynamics of harmful algae in the environment. Previously, we identified a highly variable segment on the mitochondrial genome of Heterosigma akashiwo, a bloom-forming noxious unicellular algal species. Here, we assessed the utility of the mitochondrial hypervariable region for the phylogeographic study of the alga for different distance ranges. The sequences of H. akashiwo strains obtained from different geographic origins were successfully amplified and sequenced. We found differences among the sequences of the strains obtained from high-latitude regions of Northern Pacific/Atlantic; lower latitude regions of North America West Coast; and other regions including Brazil, Japan, Singapore, and North America East Coast. On the other hand, no strong geographic patterns for the sequences among Japanese strains were observed. Therefore, the hypervariable segment may be useful to distinguish H. akashiwo strains originated from distant regions (Atlantic/Pacific, high/low latitudes), rather than regions separated by shorter distances. The sequence contains an open reading frame coding for a protein with unknown function, and the transcription of the gene was confirmed by RNA-seq analysis. Despite the sequence variations observed among H. akashiwo strains originating in different parts of the world, three domains of the protein were highly conserved among all of the strains, suggesting that they may be important to the function of the protein.

DOI： 10.1007/s10811-017-1142-2

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Authorship：Last author,　Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ROYAL SOC  

Geographical distributions of phytoplankton species can be defined by events on both evolutionary time and shorter scales, e.g. recent climate changes. Additionally, modern industrial activity, including the transport of live fish and spat for aquaculture and aquatic microorganisms in ship ballast water, may aid the spread of phytoplankton. Obtaining a reliable marker is key to gaining insight into the phylogeographic history of a species. Here, we report a hypervariable mitochondrial gene in the cosmopolitan bloom forming alga, Heterosigma akashiwo. We compared the entire mitochondrial genome sequences of seven H.. akashiwo strains from Japanese and North American coastal waters and identified a hypervariable segment. The region codes for a hypothetical protein with no defined function, and its variations between Japanese and North American isolates were prominent, while the sequences were more conserved among Japanese strains and North American isolates. Comparison of the sequence in isolates obtained from different geographical points in the Northern Hemisphere revealed that the sequence variations largely correlated with latitude and longitude (i.e. Pacific/Atlantic oceans). Our results demonstrate the usefulness of the sequence in determining the phylogeographic history of H. akashiwo.

DOI： 10.1098/rsbl.2016.0976

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Authorship：Last author,　Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：American Society for Microbiology  

We report here the complete chloroplast genome sequences of seven strains of the bloom-forming raphidophyte Heterosigma akashiwo. These ~160-kb sequences contain 124 protein-, 6 rRNA-, and 34 tRNA-coding sequences. Notable sequence variations were observed among these seven sequenced and two previously characterized strains.

DOI： 10.1128/genomeA.01030-17

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Authorship：Last author,　Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV  

Algal bloom is typically caused by aberrant propagation of a single species, resulting in its predomination in the local population. While environmental factors including temperature and eutrophication are linked to bloom, the precise mechanism of its formation process is still obscure. Here, we isolated a bacterial strain that promotes growth of Heterosigma akashiwo, a Raphidophyceae that causes harmful algal blooms. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence, the strain was identified as Altererythrobacter ishigakiensis, a member of the class Alphaproteobacteria. When added to culture, this strain facilitated growth of H. akashiwo and increased its cell culture yield significantly. Importantly, this strain did not affect the growth of other raphidophytes, Chattonella ovate and C. antiqua, indicating that it promotes growth of H. akashiwo in a species-specific manner. We also found that, in co-culture, H. akashiwo suppressed the growth of C. ovate. When A. ishigakiensis was added to the mixed culture, H. akashiwo growth was facilitated while C ovate propagation was markedly suppressed, indicating that the presence of the bacterium enhances the dominance of H. akashiwo over C ovate. This is the first example of selective growth promotion of H. akashiwo by a marine bacterium, and may exemplify importance of symbiotic bacterium on algal bloom forming process in general. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.hal.2016.11.009

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Authorship：Last author,　Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：FRONTIERS MEDIA SA  

Nucleocytoplasmic DNA viruses are a large group of viruses that harbor double stranded DNA genomes with sizes of several 100 kbp, challenging the traditional concept of viruses as small, simple 'organisms at the edge of life.' The most intriguing questions about them may be their origin and evolution, which have yielded the variety we see today. Specifically, the phyletic relationship between two giant dsDNA virus families that are presumed to be close, Mimiviridae, which infect Acantharnoeba, and Phycodnaviridae, which infect algae, is still obscure and needs to be clarified by indepth analysis. Here, we studied Mimiviridae Phycodnaviridae phylogeny including the newly identified Heterosigma akashiwo virus strain HaV53. Gene-to-gene comparison of HaV53 with other giant dsDNA viruses showed that only a small proportion of HaV53 genes show similarities with the others, revealing its uniqueness among Phycodnaviridae. Phylogenetic/genomic analysis of Phycodnaviridae including HaV53 revealed that the family can be classified into four distinctive subfamilies, namely, Megaviridae (Mimivirus-like), Chlorovirus-type, and Coccolitho/Phaeovirus-type groups, and HaV53 independent of the other three groups. Several orthologs found in specific subfamilies while absent from the others were identified, providing potential family marker genes. Finally, reconstruction of the evolutionary history of Phycodnaviridae and Mimiviridae revealed that these viruses are descended from a common ancestor with a small set of genes and reached their current diversity by differentially acquiring gene sets during the course of evolution. Our study illustrates the phylogeny and evolution of Mimiviridac Phycodnaviridae and proposes classifications that better represent phyletic relationships among the family members.

DOI： 10.3389/micb.2016.01942

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Authorship：Last author,　Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：American Society for Microbiology  

We report the complete genome sequence of Heterosigma akashiwo virus strain 53. The virus is a member of the Phycodnaviridae, one of the families regarded as giant double-stranded DNA viruses. The 274,793-bp genome contained 246 protein-coding and 3 tRNA-coding sequences.

DOI： 10.1128/genomeA.01279-16

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Authorship：Last author,　Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：American Society for Microbiology  

We report here the complete mitochondrial genome sequences of four strains of bloom-forming raphidophytes from Heterosigma akashiwo. These 39-kb sequences contain 42 protein-, two rRNA-, and 26 tRNA-coding sequences. Notable sequence variations were observed among these four newly sequenced and three previously characterized strains, suggesting their potential usage as strain-specific markers.

DOI： 10.1128/genomeA.01288-16

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Authorship：Lead author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Landes Bioscience  

Encased in rigid cell walls, plant cells have evolved unique channel structures, plasmodesma (Pd), to create a pathway for molecular exchange between adjacent cells. Pd are basically cytoplasmic channels through the cell wall, which are lined by plasma membrane, and contain a modified strand of ER that spans them. These structures provide cytoplasmic and membrane continuity between connected cells, and that continuity is utilized for short and long distance molecular trafficking. Pd sphincters, made from constricting the Pd openings by outer layers of callose, together with the ER strand that occludes the Pd lumen set the upper limit for the size of molecules that can freely diffuse through the cytoplasmic component of the Pd channel. This limit, called the size exclusion limit (SEL), is a major factor that restricts macromolecular transport through Pd. © 2014 Landes Bioscience.

DOI： 10.4161/psb.27899

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Mirafiori lettuce big-vein virus (MiLBVV) is a member of the genus Ophiovirus, which is a segmented negative-stranded RNA virus. In microprojectile bombardment experiments to identify a movement protein (MP) gene of ophioviruses that can trans-complement intercellular movement of an MP-deficient heterologous virus, a plasmid containing an infectious clone of a tomato mosaic virus (ToMV) derivative expressing the GFP was co-bombarded with plasmids containing one of three genes from MiLBVV RNAs 1, 2 and 4 onto Nicotiana benthamiana. Intercellular movement of the movement-defective ToMV was restored by co-expression of the 55 kDa protein gene, but not with the two other genes. Transient expression in epidermal cells of N. benthamiana and onion showed that the 55 kDa protein with GFP was localized on the plasmodesmata. The 55 kDa protein encoded in the MiLBVV RNA2 can function as an MP of the virus. This report is the first to describe an ophiovirus MP. © 2013 SGM.

DOI： 10.1099/vir.0.050005-0

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Transient gene expression is a useful approach for studying the functions of gene products. In the case of plants, Agrobacterium infiltration is a method of choice for transient introduction of genes for many species. However, this technique does not work efficiently in some species, such as Arabidopsis thaliana. Moreover, the infection of Agrobacterium is known to induce dynamic changes in gene expression patterns in the host plants, possibly affecting the function and localization of the proteins to be tested. These problems can be circumvented by biolistic delivery of the genes of interest. Here, we present an optimized protocol for biolistic delivery of plasmid DNA into epidermal cells of plant leaves, which can be easily performed using the Bio-Rad Helios gene gun system. This protocol allows efficient and reproducible transient expression of diverse genes in Arabidopsis, Nicotiana benthamiana and N. tabacum, and is suitable for studies of the biological function and subcellular localization of the gene products directly in planta. The protocol also can be easily adapted to other species by optimizing the delivery gas pressure. © 2013 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.

DOI： 10.1007/978-1-62703-110-3_2

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Authorship：Lead author   Language：English   Publisher：OXFORD UNIV PRESS  

Cell-to-cell signal transduction is vital for orchestrating the whole-body physiology of multi-cellular organisms, and many endogenous macromolecules, proteins, and nucleic acids function as such transported signals. In plants, many of these molecules are transported through plasmodesmata (Pd), the cell wall-spanning channel structures that interconnect plant cells. Furthermore, Pd also act as conduits for cell-to-cell movement of most plant viruses that have evolved to pirate these channels to spread the infection. Pd transport is presumed to be highly selective, and only a limited repertoire of molecules is transported through these channels. Recent studies have begun to unravel mechanisms that actively regulate the opening of the Pd channel to allow traffic. This macromolecular transport between cells comprises two consecutive steps: intracellular targeting to Pd and translocation through the channel to the adjacent cell. Here, we review the current knowledge of molecular species that are transported though Pd and the mechanisms that control this traffic. Generally, Pd traffic can occur by passive diffusion through the trans-Pd cytoplasm or through the membrane/lumen of the trans-Pd ER, or by active transport that includes protein-protein interactions. It is this latter mode of Pd transport that is involved in intercellular traffic of most signal molecules and is regulated by distinct and sometimes interdependent mechanisms, which represent the focus of this article.

DOI： 10.1093/mp/ssr060

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Authorship：Lead author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：JOURNAL OF VISUALIZED EXPERIMENTS  

Validating interactions between different proteins is vital for investigation of their biological functions on the molecular level. There are several methods, both in vitro and in vivo, to evaluate protein binding, and at least two methods that complement the shortcomings of each other should be conducted to obtain reliable insights.
For an in vivo assay, the bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) assay represents the most popular and least invasive approach that enables to detect protein-protein interaction within living cells, as well as identify the intracellular localization of the interacting proteins 1,2. In this assay, non-fluorescent N-and C-terminal halves of GFP or its variants are fused to tested proteins, and when the two fusion proteins are brought together due to the tested proteins' interactions, the fluorescent signal is reconstituted3-6. Because its signal is readily detectable by epifluorescence or confocal microscopy, BiFC has emerged as a powerful tool of choice among cell biologists for studying about proteinprotein interactions in living cells 3. This assay, however, can sometimes produce false positive results. For example, the fluorescent signal can be reconstituted by two GFP fragments arranged as far as 7 nm from each other due to close packing in a small subcellular compartment, rather that due to specific interactions7.
Due to these limitations, the results obtained from live cell imaging technologies should be confirmed by an independent approach based on a different principle for detecting protein interactions. Co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) or glutathione transferase (GST) pull-down assays represent such alternative methods that are commonly used to analyze protein-protein interactions in vitro. However, iIn these assays, however, the tested proteins must be readily soluble in the buffer that supportsused for the binding reaction. Therefore, specific interactions involving an insoluble protein cannot be assessed by these techniques.
Here, we illustrate the protocol for the protein membrane overlay binding assay, which circumvents this difficulty. In this technique, interaction between soluble and insoluble proteins can be reliably tested because one of the proteins is immobilized on a membrane matrix. This method, in combination with in vivo experiments, such as BiFC, provides a reliable approach to investigate and characterize interactions faithfully between soluble and insoluble proteins. In this article, binding between Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) movement protein (MP), which exerts multiple functions during viral cell-to-cell transport8-14, and a recently identified plant cellular interactor, tobacco ankyrin repeat-containing protein (ANK) 15, is demonstrated using this technique.

DOI： 10.3791/2961

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Language：English   Publisher：SPRINGER WIEN  

The turnover of callose (beta-1,3-glucan) within cell walls is an essential process affecting many developmental, physiological and stress related processes in plants. The deposition and degradation of callose at the neck region of plasmodesmata (Pd) is one of the cellular control mechanisms regulating Pd permeability during both abiotic and biotic stresses. Callose accumulation at Pd is controlled by callose synthases (CalS; EC 2.4.1.34), endogenous enzymes mediating callose synthesis, and by beta-1,3-glucanases (BG; EC 3.2.1.39), hydrolytic enzymes which specifically degrade callose. Transcriptional and posttranslational regulation of some CalSs and BGs are strongly controlled by stress signaling, such as that resulting from pathogen invasion. We review the role of Pd-associated callose in the regulation of intercellular communication during developmental, physiological, and stress response processes. Special emphasis is placed on the involvement of Pd-callose in viral pathogenicity. Callose accumulation at Pd restricts virus movement in both compatible and incompatible interactions, while its degradation promotes pathogen spread. Hence, studies on mechanisms of callose turnover at Pd during viral cell-to-cell spread are of importance for our understanding of host mechanisms exploited by viruses in order to successfully spread within the infected plant.

DOI： 10.1007/s00709-010-0247-0

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Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：PUBLIC LIBRARY SCIENCE  

Plasmodesma (PD) is a channel structure that spans the cell wall and provides symplastic connection between adjacent cells. Various macromolecules are known to be transported through PD in a highly regulated manner, and plant viruses utilize their movement proteins (MPs) to gate the PD to spread cell-to-cell. The mechanism by which MP modifies PD to enable intercelluar traffic remains obscure, due to the lack of knowledge about the host factors that mediate the process. Here, we describe the functional interaction between Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) MP and a plant factor, an ankyrin repeat containing protein (ANK), during the viral cell-to-cell movement. We utilized a reverse genetics approach to gain insight into the possible involvement of ANK in viral movement. To this end, ANK overexpressor and suppressor lines were generated, and the movement of MP was tested. MP movement was facilitated in the ANK-overexpressing plants, and reduced in the ANK-suppressing plants, demonstrating that ANK is a host factor that facilitates MP cell-to-cell movement. Also, the TMV local infection was largely delayed in the ANK-suppressing lines, while enhanced in the ANK-overexpressing lines, showing that ANK is crucially involved in the infection process. Importantly, MP interacted with ANK at PD. Finally, simultaneous expression of MP and ANK markedly decreased the PD levels of callose, beta-1,3-glucan, which is known to act as a molecular sphincter for PD. Thus, the MP-ANK interaction results in the downregulation of callose and increased cell-to-cell movement of the viral protein. These findings suggest that ANK represents a host cellular receptor exploited by MP to aid viral movement by gating PD through relaxation of their callose sphincters.

DOI： 10.1371/journal.ppat.1001201

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DOI： 10.3791/2208

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Authorship：Lead author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP  

Transient gene expression is an indispensable tool for studying functions of gene products. In the case of plants, transient introduction of genes by Agrobacterium infiltration is a method of choice for many species. However, this technique does not work efficiently in Arabidopsis leaf tissue, the most widely used model system for basic plant biology research. Here we present an optimized protocol for biolistic delivery of plasmid DNA into the epidermis of Arabidopsis leaves, which can be easily performed using the Bio-Rad Helios gene gun system. This protocol yields efficient and reproducible transient expression of diverse genes and is exemplified here for use in a functional assay of a transcription repressor and for the subcellular localization and cell-to-cell movement of plant viral movement protein. This protocol is suitable for studies of biological function and subcellular localization of the gene product of interest directly in planta by utilizing different types of activity-based assays. Using this procedure, the data are obtained after 2-4 d of work.

DOI： 10.1038/nprot.2008.217

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Authorship：Lead author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：NATL ACAD SCIENCES  

Cadmium-induced glycine-rich protein (cdiGRP) is a cell wall-associated factor that increases callose levels in plant vasculature. To better understand the cdiGRP/callose regulation system, we identified a tobacco protein, GrIP (cdiGRP-interacting protein, GrIP), that associates with cdiGRP and localizes at the plant cell wall. Constitutive overexpression of GrIP enhanced the accumulation of the cdiGRP protein and callose in vasculature-associated cells with or without treatment with cadmium ions. That GrIP gene expression was not affected by cadmium ions indicated that GrIP does not directly modulate the callose levels induced by the treatment. Instead, GrIP most likely functions by further elevating the accumulated amount of cdiGRP, the expression of which is up-regulated by the cadmium ions. Interestingly, the levels of cdiGRP mRNA were not affected by constitutive expression of GrIP, demonstrating that the enhancement in cdiGRP protein accumulation by GrIP overexpression occurs posttranslationally. Collectively, these observations suggest that GrIP interacts with cdiGRP and increases its level of accumulation; in turn, the elevated amounts of cdiGRP induce callose deposits in the plant cell walls. Therefore, GrIP and cdiGRP represent sequentially acting factors in a biochemical pathway that regulates callose accumulation in the plant vasculature.

DOI： 10.1073/pnas.0505927102

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Language：English   Publisher：NATL ACAD SCIENCES  

DOI： 10.1073/pnas.0409785102

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Authorship：Lead author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP  

Systemic movement is central to plant viral infection. Exposure of tobacco plants to low levels of cadmium ions blocks the systemic spread of turnip vein-clearing tobamovirus (TVCV). We identified a tobacco glycine-rich protein, cdiGRP, specifically induced by low concentrations of cadmium and expressed in the cell walls of plant vascular tissues. Constitutive cdiGRP expression inhibited systemic transport of TVCV, whereas suppression of cdiGRP production allowed TVCV movement in the presence of cadmium. cdiGRP exerted its inhibitory effect on TVCV transport by enhancing callose deposits in the vasculature. So cdiGRP may function to control plant viral systemic movement.

DOI： 10.1038/ncb806

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Authorship：Lead author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：COMPANY OF BIOLOGISTS LTD  

Although long-distance movement of endogenous mRNAs in plants is well established, the functional contributions of these transported RNA molecules has remained unclear. In a recent report, Kim et al.((1)) showed that systemically transported mRNA is capable of causing phenotypic change In developing tissue. Here, this finding and its significance are reviewed and discussed In detail. In addition, in order to give proper perspective, long-distance transport of other types of RNAs, e.g., RNA elicitors of post-transcriptional gene silencing and RNA genomes of plant viruses, and its possible regulation are discussed. (C) 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

DOI： 10.1002/bies.10027

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Authorship：Lead author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD  

Post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) is an important mechanism for regulation of plant gene expression and virus-plant interactions. To better understand this process, the heavy metal cadmium was identified as a specific inhibitor in two different PTGS systems, constitutive and inducible. The pattern of cadmium-induced inhibition of PTGS allowed several insights into PTGS development. First, cadmium treatment prevented only systemic but not local onset of PTGS, uncoupling between these two modes of PTGS. Second, non-toxic, but not toxic, levels of cadmium inhibited PTGS, suggesting induction of a pathway that interferes with PTGS. Third, cadmium effects on PTGS closely paralleled those on the movement of tobamoviruses, suggesting that both processes may share common steps in their systemic transport pathways. Interestingly, these effects of cadmium do not represent a general property of toxic metal ions because two other such elements, that is zinc and aluminum, did not interfere with PTGS and viral systemic movement.

DOI： 10.1046/j.1365-313X.2001.01145.x

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：URBAN & FISCHER VERLAG  

Transglutaminases (TGases) are enzymes which catalyze cross-link formation between glutamine residues and lysine residues in substrate proteins. We have previously reported that one of the TGases, blood coagulation factor XIIIa (FXIIIa), is capable of mediating adhesion of various cells. In this paper, we report for the first time that tissue-type transglutaminase (TGc) also has cell adhesion activity TGc-coated plastic surface promoted adhesion and spreading of cells in a TGc concentration-dependent manner. However, there are some obvious differences between cell adhesion mediated by TGc and FXIIIa, As was reported previously, the adhesion to FXIIIa is dependent on its TGase activity In contrast, the TGc-mediated cell adhesion is independent of its TGase activity: 1) The modification of the active center cysteine with iodoacetamide blocked the enzyme activity without any effect on cell adhesion; 2) the addition of Mg2+ did not induce the enzyme activity, but it was as effective as Ca2+ for cell adhesion; 3) the addition of NH4+ inhibited the enzyme activity but did not affect the cell adhesion significantly. The integrins involved in these cell adhesions are quite different. In the case of FXIIIa, av()3 and alpha 5 beta 1 integrins are involved and consequently the RGD peptide substantially inhibited the adhesion. On the other hand, the cell adhesion to TGc is mediated by alpha 4 beta 1 integrin but not alpha 5 beta 1; a CS-1 peptide, which represents the binding site of fibronectin to alpha 4 beta 1 integrin, completely inhibited the cell adhesion to TGc, It is possible that TGc and FXIIIa mag mediate cell adhesion under different physiological and pathological situations.

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Authorship：Lead author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：WILEY-LISS  

We report here that the 12-lipoxygenase metabolite of arachidonic acid, 12-hydroxy-5Z, 8Z, 10E, 14Z, eicosatetraenoic acid (12-HETE), stimulates cAMP production in human fibroblasts among various cultured cell lines tested. Although 12-HETE seemed to stimulate the phospholipase C (PLC)-protein kinase C (PKC) system, inhibitors against PLC and PKC did not reduce the cAMP production induced by 12-HETE, indicating that the activation of PLC-PKC system is not positively coupled with the stimulation of cAMP production. On the other hand, the cAMP production induced by 12-HETE was dependent on the Ca2+/calmodulin system in the cells. The results suggest that 12-HETE specifically stimulates Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent adenylyl cyclase to increase cAMP level in the fibroblasts. (C) 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

DOI： 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4652(199901)178:1<63::AID-JCP8>3.0.CO;2-J

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：COMPANY OF BIOLOGISTS LTD  

Integrin heterodimers undergo a conformational change upon the binding of ligand to their extracellular domains. An anti-beta 1 integrin monoclonal antibody AG89 can detect such a conformational change since it recognizes a ligand-inducible epitope in the stalk-like region of beta 1 subunits, The binding of a I-125-labeled AG89 Fab fragment to alpha 5 beta 1 integrins on K562 cells was assessed and analyzed by the Scatchard method. High affinity binding sites for AG89 are present on cells treated with ligand peptide. In addition, results revealed that cells treated with EDTA also express AG89 binding sites with the same affinity although the number of binding sites is 4-fold lower. AG89 immunoprecipitated alpha 5 beta 1 complexes from surface-labeled K562 cells treated with ligand peptide. By contrast, it immunoprecipitated only beta 1 chains when the ligand peptide was absent, suggesting that high affinity binding sites on EDTA-treated cells are associated with nonfunctional beta 1 monomer. Additional studies show that the epitope for AG89 is constitutively exposed on mutant pi that cannot complex with alpha 5. These data suggest that the AG89 epitope is masked by the alpha 5 subunit. Ligand binding and integrin activation may uncover the beta 1 stalk region by triggering a conformational shift of alpha 5 relative to beta 1.

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We compared the effects of two anti-beta 1 integrin activating antibodies, TS2/16 and AG89, on K562 cell adhesion to fibronectin. Though both antibodies effectively induced cell adhesion, the EC50 for AG89 was more than 200-fold higher than that for TS2/16, Scatchard analysis of the data from [I-125]Fab fragment binding to the cells revealed that the TS2/16 epitope is exposed constitutively on all the beta 1 integrin molecules, while only 3% of the beta 1 integrins on resting K562 cells bear the AG89 epitope. Calculation of the actual number of each antibody bound to the cell during the cell adhesion assay revealed that induction of cell adhesion can be accomplished by binding much fewer AG89 molecules compared to TS2/16. Thus, AG89 and TS2/16 represent distinct classes of anti-integrin activating antibodies that show completely different binding characteristics as well as different activation effects on the integrin molecule upon binding. (C) 1997 Federation of European Biochemical Societies.

DOI： 10.1016/S0014-5793(97)01206-4

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Authorship：Lead author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：COMPANY OF BIOLOGISTS LTD  

Transglutaminases (TGases) are enzymes which catalyze cross-link formation between glutamine residues and lysine residues in substrate proteins, In the present study, we report for the first time that a representative enzyme, blood coagulation factor XIIIa (FXIIIa), is capable of mediating adhesion of various cells, When coated on plastic surfaces FXIIIa promoted adhesion and spreading of various cells of both normal and tumor origin, in a concentration-dependent manner, The adhesion was not inhibited by antibodies against possible contaminants in the enzyme preparation such as fibronectin and vitronectin, but was completely inhibited by a polyclonal antibody against the enzyme, Therefore, if there were any contaminating cell adhesive substrates in the enzyme preparation, they cannot account for the observed cell adhesion to the enzyme; FXIIIa itself mediates the cell adhesion, Furthermore, phosphorylation of tyrosine residues in 120 kDa and 70 kDa proteins was clearly shown in human fibroblasts adhering to the enzyme, Formation of actin stress fibers was also unambiguously observed in the adhering cells, These biochemical reactions, which are also observed when cells adhere to a typical cell adhesion protein, fibronectin, are believed to be of importance in the process of cell adhesion, This adhesion activity of FXIIIa was dependent on its TGase activity, because both a modification of the active center cysteine with iodoacetamide and the addition of ammonium ion abolished the cell adhesion activity along with the enzyme activity, The cell adhesion to fibronectin, however, was not affected by these treatments, The effects of various anti-integrin antibodies suggested that both alpha v beta 3 and beta 1 family integrins participated in the cell adhesion to FXIIIa, Taken together, these data demonstrate for the first time that there is a unique TGase activity-mediated cell adhesion, This novel function of the enzyme may be of physiological importance.

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DOI： 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1995.773zz.x

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Event date： 2019.12.21 - 2019.12.22

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Poster presentation  

Venue：岡山大学津島キャンパス自然科学研究科棟 大講義室  

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Event date： 2019.12.3 - 2019.12.6

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Poster presentation  

Venue：福岡国際会議場  

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Event date： 2018.12.6 - 2018.12.8

Language：English   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：Pucon, Chile  

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Event date： 2018.10.21 - 2018.10.26

Language：English   Presentation type：Poster presentation  

Venue：Nantes, France  

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Event date： 2017.8.29 - 2017.8.31

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Venue：東北大学  

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Event date： 2016.7.10 - 2016.7.12

Language：English   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：Plymouth, Devon, UK  

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Event date： 2015.8.27 - 2015.8.28

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Venue：京都国際会議場  

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Event date： 2015.5.24 - 2015.5.25

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

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Event date： 2014.10.26 - 2014.10.31

Language：English   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

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Event date： 2014.8.20 - 2014.8.21

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Poster presentation  

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