担当区分：最終著者,　責任著者   記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：SPRINGER  

Key message CAP biosynthesis in the pericarp of chili pepper fruits occurs with an ambiguous boundary in the placental septum and pericarp. Capsaicinoid (CAP) is a pungent ingredient of chili pepper fruits. Generally, CAP biosynthesis is limited to the placental septum of fruits, but it has been reported that its biosynthesis occurs even in the pericarp of some extremely pungent varieties, resulting in a substantial increase in total content. To examine the mechanism of CAP biosynthesis in the pericarp, comparative transcriptome analysis of a variety that produces CAP in the pericarp (MY) and a variety that does not (HB) was carried out. RNA-seq revealed that 2264 genes were differentially expressed in the MY pericarp compared with the HB pericarp. PCA analysis and GO enrichment analysis indicated that the MY pericarp has a gene expression profile more like placental septum than the HB pericarp. The gene expression of CAP biosynthesis-related genes in the MY pericarp changed coordinately with the placental septum during fruit development. In most Capsicum accessions including HB, the distribution of slender epidermal cells producing CAP was limited to the placental septum, and the morphological boundary between the placental septum and pericarp was clear. In some extremely pungent varieties such as MY, slender epidermal cells ranged from the placental septum to the pericarp region, and the pericarp was morphologically similar to the placental septum, such as the absence of large sub-epidermal cells and abundant spaces in the parenchymal tissue. Our data suggest that CAP biosynthesis in the pericarp occurred with an ambiguous boundary in the placental septum and pericarp. These findings contribute to further enhancement of CAP production in chili pepper fruits.

DOI： 10.1007/s00299-021-02750-0

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：ELSEVIER  

Seedlessness is a desirable trait to improve eases of processing and fresh consumption of sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). Genetic resources for seedless pepper breeding are limited, compared with other Solanaceae crops. A new seedless mutant named tn-1, was identified by screening an ethylmethane sulfonate mutagenized population derived from ornamental chili pepper. Wild-type fruit contained about 40 seed; tn-1 contained no, or a few seed. Ninety-nine individuals in the F-2 population derived from a cross between tn-1 and other cultivars were classified into the groups: Normal with more than 3 seed in each fruit, and Seedless with less than 3 seed in each fruit. The Seedless group had smaller fruit compared with the Normal group. The average values of fruit weight, length, and width of Normal group were 2.94 g, 3.64 cm and 1.40 cm, respectively. On the other hand, mean values for the Seedless group were 0.64 g, 2.11 cm, and 0.90 cm, respectively. Genetic analysis indicated that seedlessness was determined by a single recessive gene. Bulk segregant analyses combined with genotyping-by-sequencing were conducted to identify the genomic region responsible for seedlessness in tn-1. It appears the gene responsible for seedlessness may be located near the end of chromosome 12. The tn-1 mutant will be a useful breeding material to develop seedless sweet pepper.

DOI： 10.1016/j.scienta.2020.109729

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：JAPAN SOC HORTICULTURAL SCI  

By using a stable isotope method, partitioning of photosynthates was examined in a modified arching (MA) technique that achieved a high cut flower productivity to clarify how photosynthates produced by bent shoots are distributed within a plant at different developmental stages of harvest shoots. The translocation ratios from bent shoots at four days after harvest, eight days after harvest, for 10 cm-shoots, flower budding, and blooming were 44.0, 40.2, 51.0, 38.3, and 23.4%, respectively, and plants at the blooming stage had lower translocation ratios compared to those at the other developmental stages. The distribution of photosynthates produced by the bent shoot parts varied with the plant stage of the harvest shoots. The partitioning ratios of roots and crowns at four days, eight days, for 10 cm-shoots, flower budding, and blooming were 63.9, 53.5, 17.5, 26.6, and 81.0%, respectively. From these results, it was revealed that in the period from blooming to the next sprouting, roots and crowns were strong sinks. The partitioning ratios of mother stems were 36.2, 46.4, 7.2, 15.0, and 8.2%, respectively. We estimate that the mother stems are a strong sink right after harvest and absorb the photosynthates for the new sprouting. At the 10 cm-shoot and flower budding stages, photosynthates were partitioned to harvest shoots at 75.2% and 58.4%, respectively, indicating that they were distributed preferentially to vigorously growing harvest shoots. A total of 11.4% of the photosynthates were partitioned to harvest shoots at the blooming stage, suggesting that the photosynthates from the bent shoots were not involved directly in flower blooming. This study will contribute to improving the MA technique and cut rose production.

DOI： 10.2503/hortj.UTD-116

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：JAPAN SOC HORTICULTURAL SCI  

The translocation of calcium (Ca) within the tomato plant and the causes of Ca deficiency, a factor associated with blossom-end rot (BER) in fruit, are still a matter of conjecture. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of defoliation on BER incidence and Ca transport into different size tomato fruit cultivars. Four experiments were conducted. The start and end dates for each experiment were; 14 March-2 May, 22 July-23 August, 30 August-7 October 2017, and 20 May-25 June 2018, for experiments 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. Five tomato cultivars including one large ('Momotaro fight (MF)', >= 200 g), three medium ('Lui60 (L60)', 'Flo cook (TC)', and 'Cindy sweet (CS)', 30-80 g), and one small ((Pepe (PP)', <= 20 g) fruit cultivars, respectively, were grown under moderate water stress controlled by a combination of root zone restriction and solar mediated fertigation. Leaf area of plants was reduced by 20-30% by removing alternate leaflets on all leaves. Defoliation significantly reduced BER in all experiments. In experiment 4, no BER was observed in defoliated plants of L60 and PP, and in MF and TC, BER incidence decreased to a quarter of the control. Defoliation increased the fruit growth rate (FGR) in experiment 1, in which the temperature was the lowest, by a ratio of 1.42 and by 1.39 in experiment 4, in which the radiation was strongest and day length longest. Defoliation increased the rate of daily Ca transport into fruit (CTR) in MF, L60, TC, CS, and PP by average ratios of 1.64, 1.55, 1.35, 1.30, and 1.13, respectively. The increase in CTR in defoliated plants was highest in experiment 4 with a ratio of 1.68 followed by 1.37, 1.33, and 1.28 in experiments 1, 3, and 2, respectively. Defoliation increased both FGR and CTR and there were significant linear relationships between them. However, the degree of increase was larger in CTR than that in FGR, especially in the BER-sensitive large fruit cultivar MF, and defoliation increased the total Ca concentration in fruit accordingly. We conclude that under moderate water stress by root zone restriction and certain other BER inductive conditions, defoliation could be a promising approach to reduce BER incidence by improving Ca nutrition in susceptible large fruit cultivars.

DOI： 10.2503/hortj.UTD-079

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：JAPAN SOC HORTICULTURAL SCI  

In the present study, we evaluated the effects of intermittent low temperature storage (ILTS) following cold imbibition of Eustoma seeds as a low-cost method. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of the total number of cold storage days and the lengths of ILTS cycles for seedlings on the subsequent growth and flowering of three cultivars with different susceptibilities to rosetting: 'Nancy', 'Exe Lavender', and 'Bolero White'. Before sowing, the seeds were imbibed with water at 10 degrees C under a dark condition for 35 days. A cycle of 6D/6D (6 days in a refrigerator kept at 10 degrees C in the dark/6 days in a greenhouse kept at a high ambient temperature) was repeated 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 times to attain 0, 6, 12, 18, 24, and 30 days of cold storage (DCS), respectively. Using a cycle of 6D/6D at least one time (6 DCS) increased the bolting and flowering percentages and accelerated the bolting date by 6-10 days and the flowering date by 4-9 days in 'Nancy', a high-rosetting cultivar. The percentage of harvesting was above 80% only in seedlings subjected to 24 and 30 DCS in ILTS. In addition, under equal 30 DCS of ILTS, cycles of 3D/3D x 10 times, 6D/6D x 5 times, and 15D/15D x 2 times were investigated by exposing the seedlings to a high ambient temperature for 3, 6, and 15 days and then transferring them to a refrigerator (10 degrees C) for 3, 6, and 15 days, respectively. ILTS cycles of 3D/3D and 6D/6D resulted in earlier bolting and flowering dates than cycles of 15D/15D. The cycle of 15D/15D resulted in a lower percentage of marketable harvesting and an increased number of nodes to the first flower. These results suggest that applying ILTS with a cycle of 6D/6D at least four times can be an efficient method to promote the bolting and flowering of Eustoma without applying air conditioning to the entire greenhouse.

DOI： 10.2503/hortj.UTD-145

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：WILEY  

Capsaicinoids are unique compounds that give chili pepper fruits their pungent taste. Capsaicinoid levels vary widely among pungent cultivars, which range from low pungency to extremely pungent. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this quantitative variation have not been elucidated. Our previous study identified various loss-of-function alleles of the pAMT gene which led to low pungency. The mutations in these alleles are commonly defined by Tcc transposon insertion and its footprint. In this study, we identified two leaky pamt alleles (pamt(L1) and pamt(L2)) with different levels of putative aminotransferase (pAMT) activity. Notably, both alleles had a Tcc transposon insertion in intron 3, but the locations of the insertions within the intron were different. Genetic analysis revealed that pamt(L1), pamt(L2) and a loss-of-function pamt allele reduced capsaicinoid levels to about 50%, 10% and less than 1%, respectively. pamt(L1) and pamt(L2) encoded functional pAMT proteins, but they exhibited lower transcript levels than the functional type. RNA sequencing analysis showed that intronic transposons disrupted splicing in intron 3, which resulted in simultaneous expression of functional pAMT mRNA and non-functional splice variants containing partial sequences of Tcc. The non-functional splice variants were more dominant in pamt(L2) than in pamt(L1). This suggested that the difference in position of the intronic transposons could alter splicing efficiency, leading to different pAMT activities and reducing capsaicinoid content to different levels. Our results provide a striking example of allelic variations caused by intronic transposons; these variations contribute to quantitative differences in secondary metabolite contents.

DOI： 10.1111/tpj.14462

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：JAPAN SOC HORTICULTURAL SCI  

Blossom-end rot (BER) in tomato has been generally reported as a calcium (Ca)-related physiological disorder influenced by cultivar and environmental factors. In our previous works, we found that different fruit-sized cultivars could share a similar threshold value of water-soluble Ca. In addition, seasonal susceptibility to BER was closely related to fruit growth rate. This study aimed to clarify the effect of fruit growth rate as a dominant factor determining the susceptibility in different fruit-sized tomato cultivars. A large-sized cultivar, 'Momotaro Fight', and medium-sized 'Cindy Sweet', with different susceptibility to BER disorder, were hydroponically grown with modified Hoagland nutrient solutions consisting of a range of Ca: K (potassium) ratios in four cropping seasons. In spring and summer, BER incidence was more than 60 and 10% in 'Momotaro Fight' and 'Cindy Sweet', respectively, when plants were fed with low Ca. BER was rarely observed when water-soluble Ca exceeded 0.30 mu mol.g-1 FW, and the rate of BER incidence increased with a decrease in water-soluble Ca concentration in both cultivars. Fruit growth rate was much more vigorous in 'Momotaro Fight' than 'Cindy Sweet', especially in summer. It was significantly favored by the increased temperature and solar radiation in both cultivars. The multiple regression analyses detected a significant effect of fruit growth rate on BER incidence, exclusively in 'Momotaro Fight'. Together with water-soluble Ca, fruit growth rate explained over 50% of the variation of BER incidence. A vigorous rate of fruit growth can play a more important role in decreasing water-soluble Ca in 'Momotaro Fight', and result in severe and frequent BER incidence, compared to 'Cindy Sweet'. Thus the cultivar difference in the susceptibility to BER is likely explained by the difference in the growth rate of young fruit affecting water-soluble Ca in the distal part of tomato fruit.

DOI： 10.2503/hortj.OKD-114

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掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

A program library for use on open-source hardware was developed in order to construct a low-cost environmental control system for greenhouses. The library facilitated the development of environmental sensing and control devices that conform to the protocols of the Ubiquitous Environment Control System (UECS). The open-source hardware used was the “Arduino Ethernet” and the “Arduino Mega 2560 with Ethernet Shield” microcontroller boards. UECS is a system for controlling greenhouse environments that communicates information via a local area network, and devices utilizing the library that we developed can perform the UECS defined communication tasks automatically. With the help of this library, device developers no longer need to program the communications aspects of the device and can concentrate on programming setting and control logic of the device. The library occupies about 29 kilobytes of the read only memory area of the target board. The library and associated open-source microcontroller boards are powerful tools for developing low-cost environmental control systems.

DOI： 10.2525/ecb.56.107

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：JAPAN SOC HORTICULTURAL SCI  

Capsinoids are low-pungent capsaicinoid analogues in chili pepper fruits. They exhibit various bioactivities in humans similar to capsaicinoids, but do not produce a nasty burning sensation, encouraging their application in foods and supplements. Previous reports demonstrated that loss-of-function of putative aminotransferase (pAMT) leads to low-pungency and capsinoid accumulation. Therefore, the pamt allele is a useful gene in chili pepper breeding programs to enhance health-promoting properties. Eight loss-of-function alleles have been identified in the Capsicum genus, but the variation in paint alleles remains to be fully elucidated. In this study, we identified one novel loss-of-function allele from the analysis of low-pungent chili pepper 'No. 4034' (C. chinense). 'No. 4034' contained mainly capsinoid with an undetectable level of capsaicinoid. A genetic complementation test was conducted by crossing 'No. 4034' with other accessions. The results indicated that 'No. 4034' possessed a loss-of-function pamt allele. Sequence analysis showed that the novel mutant allele contained a 7-bp insertion (TCGGTAC) in the 16th axon region, which we designated as pamt(9). The insertion caused a frameshift mutation and resulted in a truncated protein. Gene expression analysis showed that the expression level of pAMT specifically decreased among biosynthetic genes tested here in 'No. 4034', compared with that of pungent accession. pamt(9) will be useful for low-pungency and capsinoid breeding, and will provide additional information for variations in pAMT mutants.

DOI： 10.2503/hortj.OKD-115

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：SPRINGER  

This research reveals that the up-regulated expression of multiple capsaicinoid biosynthetic genes in pericarp tissue leads to the elevation of total capsaicinoid content in chili pepper fruit.Capsaicinoids are health-functional compounds that are produced uniquely in chili pepper fruits. A high capsaicinoid level is one of the major parameters determining the commercial quality and health-promoting properties of chili peppers. To investigate the mechanisms responsible for its high contents, we compared an extremely pungent cultivar 'Trinidad Moruga Scorpion Yellow' (MY) with other cultivars of different pungency levels (Fushimi-amanaga, Takanotsume, Red Habanero). Capsaicinoid concentrations were markedly higher in MY fruit (23.9 mg/g DW) than in other pungent cultivars including 'Red Habanero' (HB) fruit (14.3 mg/g DW). Comparative analysis of MY and HB reveals that both cultivars accumulated similar capsaicinoid concentrations in the placental septum, with that in the HB pericarp (1.8 mg/g DW) being markedly lower than that in the placental septum (69.1 mg/g DW). The capsaicinoid concentration in HB fruit is dependent on the placental septum, as reported in other accessions. Therefore, even though placental septum tissue contains high capsaicinoid concentrations, those in the pericarp and seeds attenuated its total content. In contrast, the MY pericarp exhibited a markedly higher concentration (23.2 mg/g DW). A qRT-PCR analysis revealed that multiple capsaicinoid biosynthetic pathway genes (Pun1, pAMT, KAS, and BCAT) were strongly up-regulated in placental septum of pungent cultivars. The genes were expressed exclusively in the MY pericarp, but were barely detected in the pericarps of other pungent cultivars. Collectively, the present study indicates that the up-regulated expression of these genes not only in placental septum but also in pericarp plays an important role in driving capsaicinoid accumulation in the whole fruit.

DOI： 10.1007/s00299-016-2078-8

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

DOI： 10.2503/hortj.MI-148

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：農業情報学会  

本研究ではArduinoを利用して構築したUECS（ユビキタス環境制御システム）ノードにおけるUDPパケットの受信処理能力について調査を行った．調査の結果，実験で使用したATmega系16 MHzのCPUで動作する機種間に性能差はなく，搭載するEthernetコントローラーICがパケット処理能力を決定していた．約200 byteのUDPパケットを与え，全てのCPUリソースをパケット受信に費やす場合，W5100，W5500搭載機でそれぞれ最大327，576 packets/secの受信が可能だった．HTTPサーバーの応答，SHT75温湿度センサとの通信などを同時に行うと，パケット処理能力は低下したが，即応性の要求されるノードにCPUの拘束時間が長い処理を実装しなければ，中小規模温室で使用するには十分な処理能力があり，パケットの到達範囲を限定すれば大規模温室でも利用できると考えられた．また，未利用ポートにパケットを送信してもパケット処理能力は影響を受けず，利用ポートの棲み分けにより，さらに多くのノードが1つのLANを共有できる可能性が示された．

DOI： 10.3173/air.25.19

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：SPRINGER  

Capsicum chinense is a domesticated hot pepper species in the Capsicum genus that originated in the Amazon and is consumed in USA, the Caribbean and South America. Although a characteristic of this species is high pungency, some non-pungent or low-pungent strains, called "Aji Dulce'' (sweet pepper in Spanish), exist in the Caribbean region. In the present study, low-pungent C. chinense accessions were analyzed in order to elucidate the genetic mechanisms responsible for low pungency. All low-pungent C. chinense accessions in this study carried non-functional alleles of putative aminotransferase (pAMT), which catalyzes the formation of vanillylamine from vanillin in the capsaicinoid biosynthetic pathway. These low-pungent accessions produced capsinoids, low-pungent capsaicinoid analogs. The pamt mutation in each strain was characterized using allele-specific markers, and one novel pamt allele (pamt(7)) was identified. The pamt(7) had a new hAT family transposon insertion in the second exon region, which caused the loss of pAMT expression. pamt(7) is apparently an ancestral allele for pamt(6) because the 7-bp insertion in pamt(6) can be regarded as a footprint of the transposon. A phylogenetic analysis of pamt alleles was performed to examine their relationships. Combined with previously reported pamt alleles, the Tcc family transposon insertion and its excision were involved in the generation of various pamt alleles in C. chinense. A phylogenetic analysis of pamt alleles showed that at least five occurred within C. chinense after speciation of the Capsicum genus. In conclusion, the results of the present study identified pamt as the main and most frequent gene controlling low pungency in C. chinense. Allelic variations in loss-of function pamt and their wide distribution demonstrated the potential of C. chinense bioresources for genetic improvements to pungency and metabolic profiles in hot pepper breeding programs.

DOI： 10.1007/s11032-015-0339-9

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：JAPAN SOC HORTICULTURAL SCI  

To investigate the mechanism of yield increase by elevated carbon dioxide (CO2) and fogging in Japanese tomato cultivars (Solanum lycoperskum), total above-ground dry matter (TDM), fraction of dry matter distribution to fruit (FDF), and photosynthetic characteristics were measured in 3 Japanese cultivars grown in elevated CO2 with fogging and ambient CO2 without fogging. Fresh fruit yield and TDM were improved by the elevated CO2 and fogging in the 3 Japanese cultivars. Light use efficiency (LUE) was also increased by the elevated CO2 and fogging. No significant decrease in FDF was observed by the elevated CO2 and fogging in 2 Japanese cultivars, 'Asabiyori 10' and 'Junkei Aichi Fast'. Thus, the increase in TDM by higher LUE contributed directly to the yield increase in these 2 cultivars. However, FDF in 'Momotaro York' was decreased significantly by the elevated CO2 and fogging. Thereby, the yield increase by the elevated CO2 and fogging was diminished in 'Momotaro York' in spite of the increase in TDM. The number of trusses having immature fruit in 'Momotaro York' under elevated CO2 and fogging was significantly higher than those of the others, although no increase in the number of trusses having immature fruit was observed in the other 2 cultivars. Although vegetative growth characteristics such as leaf area, LAI, and fresh and dry weights of leaves and stem were increased by the elevated CO2 and fogging, no negative effects such as a change in light-extinction coefficient and a decrease in maximum photosynthetic rate were observed. The elevated CO2 and fogging increased the number of harvested fruit but decreased weight per fruit, namely, fruit size, in the 3 cultivars.

DOI： 10.2503/hortj.MI-010

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：JAPAN SOC HORTICULTURAL SCI  

To understand the factors affecting the incidence of blossom-end rot (BER), the effect of the Ca/K ratio (4/12-12/4, in me.L-1) in nutrient solutions and Ca concentration in fractions in the distal part of young tomato fruits immediately before BER symptoms appear were investigated for three seasons. The rate of BER incidence increased with a decrease in the Ca/K ratio in the supplied solutions in the summer and spring, but little difference was observed in the winter. Ca concentration was highest in winter and lowest in summer, and the concentration in fractions decreased with a decrease in the Ca/K ratio of the solutions. When the results of all three experiments were pooled, among the fractions, water-soluble Ca concentration was found to have the highest significance in the relationship to BER incidence. The risk of BER incidence in rapidly growing tomato increased to a critical level when water-soluble Ca in the distal part of the fresh fruit decreased to less than 0.20 mu mol.g(-1) FW. Multiple-regression analysis revealed that the concentration of water-soluble Ca, which is predominantly recovering apoplastic or cytoplasmic Ca2+, and total Ca, which has been translocated during fruit development, are significantly affected by solar radiation and Ca concentration in the supplied solution rather than air temperature.

DOI： 10.2503/jjshs1.CH-107

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：JAPAN SOC HORTICULTURAL SCI  

To improve the yield of a Japanese tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) cultivar and determine how fruit yield changes as a result of grafting, we investigated the effects of a Dutch rootstock ['Maxifort' (S. lycopersicum x S. habrochaites): Mx] on the dry matter (DM) production and fruit yield of Dutch and Japanese cultivars. The Japanese cultivar ('Momotaro York': My) grafted onto Mx (My/Mx: scion/rootstock) had significantly higher fresh and dry weights of fruits per unit area than My/My. Fruit fresh weight yield per unit area was highly correlated with fruit dry weight (DW) yield (r=0.96-0.97, P<0.001), and DW yield was significantly correlated with total aboveground DM (r=0.71-0.96,P<0.001) and with DM allocation to the fruits (r=0.52-0.75,P<0.01). Total aboveground DM (TDM) was significantly and highly correlated with light-use efficiency (r= 0.98, P<0.001). However, there was no significant correlation between light-use efficiency and the maximum photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, or the light-extinction coefficient. Although stomatal conductance significantly (P<0.05) differed between the rootstocks at 57 and 119 days after transplanting (DAT), there was no significant difference in the maximum photosynthetic rate between the scion/rootstock combinations at 57 and 119 DAT. These results indicated that the fruit yield of My could be improved by grafting onto Mx, and that the increases in yield and TDM were mainly determined by the increase in light-use efficiency.

DOI： 10.2503/jjshs1.CH-048

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE  

In recent years, efforts have been made to utilise carbon dioxide (CO2) enrichment and reduce the emissions of CO2 from greenhouses. In this study, efficiency of CO2 enrichment in an unventilated greenhouse was investigated based on balance measurements of CO2 in the short-term and an estimate of CO2 leakage in the medium-term. A greenhouse covered with plastic film (floor area 178 m(2)) was used. Pure CO2 was supplied to a tomato crop trained to a high-wire system, maintaining a CO2 concentration nearly 1000 mu mol [CO2] mol(-1) [air] during daylight. For CO2 balance measurements, the leakage rates, the amount of CO2 leakage and crop uptake were derived hourly from a CO2 balance equation of greenhouse air and leakage measurements using a tracer gas technique. The leakage rate of the unventilated greenhouse was within similar ranges found in literatures investigating other types of greenhouses. The amount of CO2 leakage was comparable to crop uptake in windy or overcast conditions. The efficiency of CO2 enrichment in the medium-term was estimated using the regression equation of the leakage rate, measurements of outside wind velocity, amount of CO2 supply, and CO2 concentrations inside and outside. The estimated results in the medium-term showed an average efficiency of 45.5%; the highest efficiency was around 50%. Higher efficiencies were achieved when it was less windy and there was higher solar radiation. (C) 2014 IAgrE. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2014.01.007

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掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

A nondestructive measurement system for continuously counting the average number of leaf layers (ANL) of a crop canopy was developed to evaluate the vegetative growth instead of the leaf area index (LAI). A virtual near-infrared light sensor with a peak between 700 and 800 nm was developed by calculating the difference in electrical current outputs of two low-cost Si photodiodes for detecting visible light and visible plus near-infrared light. Two virtual sensors were placed on the top and bottom of the crop canopy each, and apparent ANL as the value of the light path length was calculated from the measured values using the Beer-Lambert Law. The far red light transmittance of the leaves of most greenhouse fruit vegetables is approximately 60%. The ANL may be measured in up to approximately six leaves when a near-infrared light sensor with a 13.3 dB dynamic range is used. To measure more accurately the amount of received light from leaves that spreads in various directions, the virtual sensor was covered by a diffusion hemisphere made from a half of a Ping-Pong ball. The sensing system was installed in a device based on a ubiquitous environment control system (UECS), a type of decentralized autonomous computer measurement and control system for crop production in greenhouses. The measurement system was located and tested in muskmelon, cucumber, and tomato production greenhouses in Japan. The calculated ANL from measured daily cumulative optical sensing data for muskmelons was highly correlated (R 2=0.90) with LAI obtained manually. The correlation between ANL and LAI of the other tests was relatively high.

DOI： 10.17660/ActaHortic.2014.1037.80

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掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

Carbon dioxide is a serious contributor to climate change processes, and fundamental measures to reduce its emission are sought worldwide. The authors have previously proposed a method for separating carbon dioxide from industrial exhaust gases. On the other hand, many horticultural growers artificially elevate the concentration of carbon dioxide within greenhouses in 600 to 1,000 ppm during the daytime to boost growth and yields. Here, we propose a system that takes carbon dioxide gas captured from exhaust gases using our technique, stores it as carbon dioxide hydrate, and supplies it to a greenhouse. We describe the system and its energy-use efficiency. We conducted an experiment with small plant growth chambers equipped with a heatexchange unit. The chambers were placed in an air conditioned room with lighting provided by a metal-halide lamp. Four cucumber seedlings were placed in each of two chambers. Carbon dioxide from liquefied carbon dioxide was mixed with cold water in a high-pressure vessel (1.0 L volume) at 2.0 MPa and stored at -20°C overnight. Carbon dioxide from the carbon dioxide hydrate was directed into the chambers via a tube to maintain the concentration above 1,000 ppm. Cold thermal energy from the hydrate was transferred to the chamber via a heat-exchange unit which maintained the air temperature below 25°C. We demonstrated that cucumber seedlings could be grown using carbon dioxide hydrate as a source of carbon dioxide and to supplement cooling. Larger trials are needed to demonstrate the feasibility of commercial-scale operation and the potential for capturing carbon dioxide from industrial emissions.

DOI： 10.17660/ActaHortic.2014.1037.73

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：農業情報学会  

ユビキタス環境制御システム（UECS）を導入した園芸施設において，栽培管理や労務管理を環境計測制御と同じ情報プラットホームで実施する，「施設植物生産支援のためのワンストップサービスシステム」を提案し，開発を進めている．この開発の中で，UECS機器間での情報交換に用いる共用通信子（UECS-CCM）の通信規約が拡張され，数値情報のほかに，文字情報や画像情報も扱えるようになった．本研究では，作物栽培における野帳の電子化を目的に，作物栽培に関する文字と画像による情報を配信し，それらの情報を作業員同士で共有できるAndroid用アプリケーションを開発した．拡張されたUECS-CCMを用いた初の開発である本アプリケーションは，携帯情報端末のカメラで作物等を撮影し，画像をサーバに保存する．そして，その画像に関するメモと画像保存場所のURIをUECS-CCMとして施設LANに配信することで，作物栽培情報を環境計測情報などと同じ情報プラットホームで扱うことができた．携帯情報端末で動作するので，農作業中でも随時容易に情報が記録でき，SNSのように作業員と迅速な情報共有ができる．本アプリケーションにより，作物栽培情報と他の情報を一体的に扱えるようになった．これらは栽培管理の検証や生産技術の向上に有益と考える．

DOI： 10.3173/air.22.96

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：日本植物工場学会  

農研機構植物工場つくば実証拠点の技術開発の特徴は3つの主要ターゲットにある．(1)養液栽培に適した品種の評価：トマト，キュウリ，パプリカの養液栽培における多収性の検証，(2)低炭素型の高度環境制御システムの開発：次世代型のユビキタス環境制御システム(UECS)を全面的に導入し統合環境制御の効果を実証，(3)作業環境の快適・自動化と高度情報利用：作業者の快適性の確保や自動搬送システム等による作業の合理化を追求し，作物情報，作業者情報の利用技術を開発．<br>これらを開発ターゲットとして，具体的には4つのコンソーシアムが運営されている．養液栽培適応品種によるトマト中長期栽培(コンソーシアム1)および，極早生品種を利用したトマト低段密植周年多回転栽培(コンソーシアム2)は，タキイ種苗(株)をリーダー機関として運営されている．パプリカの多収・減農薬生産(コンソーシアム3)，キュウリ多回転栽培における環境に優しい低コスト多収生産(コンソーシアム4)は，カネコ種苗(株)をリーダー機関として運営されている．これらのターゲットと実施体制により，植物工場を含めた日本のグリンハウスイノベーションに取り組んでいる．

DOI： 10.2525/shita.24.219

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その他リンク： http://agriknowledge.affrc.go.jp/RN/2010850087

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE  

The yield of greenhouse tomatoes in Japan has not increased since the 1980s and remains much less than 30 kg.m(-2) per year. To investigate the cause of this low yield, we compared six Japanese tomato cultivars that were commonly grown or released during the past 80 years to see whether fruit yield (fruit fresh weight per area) and dry matter (DM) content per fruit improved under current cultivation conditions. Fruit yield in 'Momotaro' (released in 1985) was lower than that in older cultivars. Total DM was determined mainly by light use efficiency and photosynthetic rate, and light use efficiency was correlated with maximum photosynthetic rate. The more modern cultivars did not show improved DM content per fruit. The DM content per fruit was strongly correlated with the soluble solids content in fruits except in 'Momotaro' and 'Momotaro colt', but soluble solids in fruits of the 'Momotaro'-type cultivars were higher than in other cultivars for a given DM content per fruit. Thus, tomato breeding in Japan appears to have focused on fruit soluble solids content per unit DM rather than fruit yield or DM content; as a result, only the former parameter has improved greatly.

DOI： 10.21273/HORTSCI.47.10.1408

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：園芸学会  

キュウリ短期栽培においてつる下ろし法および摘心法が乾物生産や収量に及ぼす影響を収量構成要素から解析した．太陽光利用型植物工場内で噴霧耕方式の養液栽培により，3品種のキュウリについて，4本の側枝を伸ばしてつる下ろしを行う場合と，主枝を第20節および側枝を第2節で摘心する場合とを比較した．2011年7～10月に比較実験を行ったところ，果実生体収量は，すべての品種でつる下ろし区に比べて摘心区の方が多かった．収量の多少の原因について収量構成要素から解析すると，果実生体収量が多かった摘心区および品種では果実乾物収量が多かった．果実乾物収量が多い理由は，果実への乾物分配率およびTDMがともに多いためであった．実験期間全体のTDMの違いは光利用効率の違いに関係していた．ただし，定植後40日までは積算受光量の違いがTDMや収量に影響していた．<br>

DOI： 10.2503/hrj.11.523

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV  

The aim of the present study was to elucidate how fruit growth was limited by the source and sink capacities in a Japanese ('Momotaro York') and a Dutch ('Dundee') tomato cultivar. The two cultivars were grown hydroponically with a high-wire system in greenhouses for 25 weeks, and the growth characteristics and sink strength of fruit were determined. Fruits were pruned to four (4F) or one (1F) per truss. The latter were used to determine potential fruit growth, an indicator of fruit sink strength. Growth was also determined under normal (LC) and enriched (HC, 700 mu mol mol(-1)) CO2 concentrations to examine the effect of source enhancement on fruit production. In both cultivars under normal CO2, the growth rate of fruit pruned to 4F per truss was lower than that in 1F, indicating that maximum potential fruit growth was not achieved. Under HC conditions, fruit growth rate of 'Dundee' achieved in 4F trusses was lower than that in 1F. In 'Momotaro York' in HC, fruit growth in 4F trusses was close to potential. This implies that fruit growth was source-limited irrespective of CO2 concentrations in 'Dundee' cultivar while fruit growth in 'Momotaro York' under normal and enriched CO2 conditions was limited by source and sink strengths, respectively. Adjustments of cultural practices including increasing fruit number per truss and/or genetic approaches to enhancing fruit sink strength by breeding may improve fruit yields of Japanese cultivars under high source/sink conditions. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.scienta.2010.12.009

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担当区分：筆頭著者,　責任著者   記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

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記述言語：英語   出版者・発行元：園藝學會  

トマトの果柄に2, 3, 5-トリヨード安息香酸(TIBA)を含むラノリンペーストを塗布し, 振動受粉で着果させて, 幼果の生育とIAAレベルを調査した.TIBA処理によって幼果内のIAAレベルは高くなった.果実の重量増加はTIBA処理に影響されなかったが, 空洞の大きさと尻腐れ果の発生がTIBA処理で増加した.また, 種子の発育はTIBA処理によって抑制された.

DOI： 10.2503/jjshs.67.210

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その他リンク： http://dl.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/10469143

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総ページ数：vi, 569p   記述言語：日本語

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総ページ数：270p, 図版4p   記述言語：日本語

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総ページ数：xiii, 399p   記述言語：日本語

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総ページ数：3, 11, 517, 15p, 図版16p   記述言語：日本語

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総ページ数：xvii, 326p, 図版1枚   記述言語：日本語

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：書評論文，書評，文献紹介等   出版者・発行元：JAPAN SOC HORTICULTURAL SCI  

Agricultural lands in the Kesen area, which is located in the coastal area of Iwate Prefecture, were severely damaged by the Great East Japan Earthquake on March 11, 2011. Empirical research was undertaken to promote agricultural restoration and reconstruction. This project was conducted to realize low-cost protected horticulture utilizing local resources effectively. In this area, where forestry was popular, there was abundant unnecessarily thinned timber. Three types of low-cost greenhouses were developed, including a wooden frame house built using lumber derived from thinning. A stove to use thinned timber as a fuel was also developed. To establish protected horticulture at a low cost, greenhouses that could be constructed with accessible materials were developed along with a device for sterilizing nutrient solutions using charged plasma. An environmental control program was developed based on a "ubiquitous environment control system (UECS)" for small-scale facilities. Disease control using hot water for long-term cultivation was carried out. Strawberry and tomato production was conducted to demonstrate the use of these developed elements and resulted in yields significantly higher than those obtained for these crops before the disaster.

DOI： 10.2503/hortj.OKD-SI01

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記述言語：英語   出版者・発行元：岡山大学農学部  

The chili pepper (Capsicum) is both an important spice and fresh vegetable worldwide. C. baccatum is a lesser known domesticated species that is native to the Andean region. Fruit traits such as color, shape, and pungency markedly vary in this species. C. baccatum has potential as a bioresource for future chili pepper breeding programs. Although extensive studies have been conducted on the pungency of C. annuum, that of C. baccatum has not been examined in as much detail. In the present study, capsaicinoid contents were analyzed in 36 C. baccatum accessions. Capsaicinoid contents ranged between 0 and 4,258 μg/gDW. Furthermore, a negative relationship was observed between capsaicinoid contents and fruit weights. Although the pungency of C. baccatum is regarded as low-mild, very few non-pungent accessions were detected ; only one non-pungent accession ('Kaleidoscope') was identified among the C. baccatum accessions examined. In order to validate the stability of non-pungency in the accession, capsaicinoid contents were determined at different harvest dates, along with other accessions with different pungencies. Although capsaicinoid contents in other C. baccatum accessions changed with the picking date, capsaicinoid was not detected in 'Kaleidoscope' at any date. The non-pungent accession reported here may be useful for future C. baccatum pepper breeding programs. トウガラシ（Capsicum 属）は世界的に重要な香辛料および野菜である．C. baccatum は南米原産のマイナーな栽培種であるが，果色，果形や辛味など果実形質に多様性が認められることから，トウガラシ遺伝資源として注目されている．トウガラシの辛味性についてはC. annuum 種において多くの研究が行われているが，C. baccatum 種においては十分研究されていない．<br> 本研究では，C. baccatum 36系統について辛味成分カプサイシノイドの含量を調査した．カプサイシノイド含量の幅は0 ～4,258 ㎍ /gDW であった．また果実重と辛味成分含量の間に負の相関が認められた．C. baccatum の辛味は低〜中程度であるが，非辛味系統はほとんど認められず，唯一1 系統（'Kaleidoscope'）が非辛味であった．この非辛味の安定性を調査するために，辛味程度の異なる系統とともに異なる収穫時期におけるカプサイシノイド含量を調査した．<br> 他のC. baccatum 系統ではカプサイシノイド含量は収穫時期で変化したが，'Kaleidoscope' ではいずれの収穫時期でもカプサイシノイドは検出されなかった．本研究で見出された非辛味系統は将来のC. baccatum の育種において有用であろう．

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：農業情報学会  

情報通信によって環境制御を実施するユビキタス環境制御システム（UECS）用のJavaクラスライブラリの開発を行った．ライブラリはUECSの通信規約を実装しており，開発者は複雑なUECSの通信規約を意識することがない．本ライブラリを用いて気温のデータを自動的に受信して換気扇を操作するプログラムを作成したところ，45行で記述できた．ライブラリを使用しない場合の3.6％のプログラム行数で制御可能であったことから，本ライブラリはUECSのプログラム作成に係る労力を大幅に削減可能であった．また，Javaは様々なプラットフォームでサポートされているため本ライブラリの利用範囲は広く，UECSを利用した機器の開発や制御システムの構築を容易にすると考えられた．

DOI： 10.3173/air.25.12

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記述言語：英語   出版者・発行元：農業技術研究機構野菜茶業研究所  

建築基準法および消防法に準拠して建設された植物栽培施設(つくば植物工場拠点)における施設内への光透過特性を調査した。大きさや位置の異なる区画内の日射を測定し，屋外日射と比較した。その結果，屋外日射に対して施設内に入った日射の割合を示す日射透過率は，約50～60%であった。日射透過率において区画の大きさや南北の位置による大きな違いは確認できなかった。雲のない晴天日に測定点が骨材などの陰になる場合とそうでない場合に分けて計測したところ，施設内の光成分は，散乱光が20%以上，直達光が60～70%であった。施設による日射の減衰は，10～15%がフィルムとその留め具によるものであり，20～30%が骨材等の構造によるものと推定された。したがって，この施設の日射透過率の向上には，施設の強度を維持したままで骨材等の構造を改良することが効果的であると考えられる。

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その他リンク： http://agriknowledge.affrc.go.jp/RN/2010871337

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：園芸学会  

トマトの裂果発生抑制対策として,果梗部をペンチで強く捻枝し,果実への水分流入を阻止する技術がある。物理的処理が果梗部位の維管束などの組織形態に及ぼす変化について不明であるため,処理後の内部構造の変化について観察した。捻枝処理1日後,果梗内部では二次木部と形成層が乖離し,髄の部位,皮層の繊維細胞周辺なども空隙が観察され,形成層部位は細胞の配列が乱れており,破壊されたことが伺えた。処理3日後,師部周辺では,新しい細胞壁が形成され,細胞質が密となりカルス化した。形成層付近の剥離した部位の細胞は肥大していた。カルス化した内部では,傷道管が形成された。処理5～9日後に,カルス化し増殖した組織中には,多くの傷道管や,新たな形成層,師管が形成され,正常部位と維管束との連絡が観察された。以上の結果から,果梗を物理的に処理することで維管束は破壊され,果実への水の流れは一旦阻害されるが,新たな維管束連絡ができることで,果実への養分の供給は復活すると思われた。

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その他リンク： http://agriknowledge.affrc.go.jp/RN/2010833776

記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：養賢堂  

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：農業技術研究機構野菜茶業研究所  

CO2施用および細霧による昇温抑制と湿度制御実施温室での温室内環境とトマトの収量の推移を明らかにすることを試みた．2008年7月28日にトマト'桃太郎ヨーク', '朝日和10''Dundee' を播種し，8月29日に軒高4mの温室に定植した. 2009年7月19日まで栽培を行った. 1日のうち最初に換気が始まるまでは，ヒートポンプ冷房を利用して換気抑制を行い，CO2を1000ppmまで施用した. 栽培開始直後の高温期には日中，細霧の噴霧により昇温抑制を行い，夜間はヒートポンプ冷房を実施した. 10月以降の換気開始後には，気温23℃相対湿度80%を目標として、細霧噴霧と換気窓の開閉の制御を行った. その結果，温室内の飽差は2009年の5月以前はほぼ1kPa以下となり， 高湿度条件を保つことが可能であった. 日中の気温は栽培終了直前までは20℃～25℃となった. 温室内のCO2濃度は，低温期には，800～900ppmを維持できる日が多かったが，高温期には400ppm以下となった. '朝日和10'の重度の障害果を除く収量は40kg m2となった. わが国の気象環境条件においても，多収性品種を用いてCO2施用や湿度制御，高温期の昇温抑制を実施していくことで，高収量を実現可能であると考えられた.

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その他リンク： http://agriknowledge.affrc.go.jp/RN/2010812273

記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：農業技術研究機構野菜茶業研究所  

クッキングトマトの周年供給を目的に，2007年度に心止まり性品種'にたきこま'をパイプハウス内で定植日を変えて栽培し，定植時期と収穫時期との関係を明らかにした。栽培期間中の気温と定植から開花, 定植から収穫開始，定植から収穫終了までの日数は負の回帰式で示された. 2008年度，2009年度に燃料削減と冬季の収穫期間延長を目的に，無加温ガラス室と空気膜ハウスで栽培を行った. 空気膜ハウスでは1重膜ハウスに比べ約4割の燃料が削減できた. それらのハウスでは11月から6月まで果実が収穫可能であった. 定植後の栽培気温を人為的に変化させることで，冬季の収穫期間が制御できる可能性を示唆した.

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その他リンク： http://agriknowledge.affrc.go.jp/RN/2010812276

記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：農業技術研究機構野菜茶業研究所  

温室における夜間冷房負荷を軽減するため，マルチ敷設による地表伝熱や温室内環境の変化が，空気熱源式ヒートポンプの夜間冷房における動作特性に与える影響と，日中の半閉鎖環境におけるヒートポンプの冷房動作特性を解析した．夜間冷房開始後約1～1.5時間でヒートポンプは定常運転状態となり，冷房開始2時間後の室内温度は23℃前後まで抵下した. 定常運転時の室内温度と地温は白色不織布でマルチしたTy区が最も低かった.マルチの敷設により，地表伝熱は小さくなった. 定常運転中の2時間における地表伝熱，エンタルピ，絶対湿度および相対湿度の減少幅は白黒ダブルマルチをしたWB区が最も大きかった. この時のヒートポンプの吸込口と吹出口におけるエンタルピ差と絶対湿度差はTy区>対照区>WB区であり，温度差はWB区>対照区>Ty区であった. 夜間冷房開始直前の地温と地表伝熱は，対照区>WB区>Ty区であり，またTy区とWB区の地表伝熱は日中の日射量に関係なくほぼ一定であった. マルチの敷設により，日中の地温上昇が抑制されることで，夜間の室内へ向かう地表伝熱が抑制され冷房負荷を軽減できると考えられた. 日中における冷房運転時のヒートポンプの消費電力は，エンタルピ除去量(Δhhp) の増加とともに緩やかに上昇し，Δhhpが約14kJ・kg'-1以上になると急激に上昇した．連続運転中には，地表伝熱と日射量がそれぞれおよそ-20～-40W.m-2と260～330W・m-2の間, 室内温度は設定温度の23℃に保たれた. この時の室内エンタルピは約58kJ・kg'-1でほぼ一定であった. 換気が始まる室内温度が27℃の時，室内エンタルピは約71kJ・kg'-1でありこの範囲が本実験で使用したヒートポンプの冷房能力と考えられた.

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その他リンク： http://agriknowledge.affrc.go.jp/RN/2010812274

記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：農業技術研究機構野菜茶業研究所  

周年で40kg・m-2のトマト生産が行なわれた場合，11.6kg・m-2の葉，8.7kg・m-2果実残渣，合計20.3kg・m-2のトマト残渣が発生すると推定された。品種によりばらつきはあるものの，トマトの場合，生産期間中で総生産量のおよそ3分の1が廃棄物となり，残渣のうち6割は葉，4割は果実と推定された。堆肥化によりオガクズを含めて容積としては約半減し，投入総重量は17%に減少できた。なお，2次発酵に伴う大きな発熱は認められなかった。コマツナを用いた発芽率などの評価では，いずれの時期に採取した堆肥においても発芽・生育阻害は認められなかった。生産された残渣堆肥の性質は水分保持の性質および無機元素組成から，ほぼバーク堆肥に類似した性質であり，土壌改良材や培地等への使用が考えられた。周年生産した場合，この堆肥化過程で発生するNとCO2は49g N・m-2，5.5kg CO2・m-2と試算され，生産向上に活用できる量であると考えられた。またリンについても，21g P・m-2と生産に活用できる量がまとまって堆肥として回収できる。

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その他リンク： http://agriknowledge.affrc.go.jp/RN/2010791691

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：Japanese Society for Root Research  

トマトのロックウール養液栽培において, 根域を加温することにより葉の黄化を抑制できた. 葉の黄化には品種間差があり, 供試した2品種 (&#039;麗容&#039;と&#039;桃太郎はるか&#039;) のうち, &#039;麗容&#039;では無加温でも顕著な黄化は生じなかった. 無加温により黄化した&#039;桃太郎はるか&#039;の葉では, 二価のカチオンであるカルシウム (Ca) とマグネシウム (Mg) と, 微量要素である銅 (Cu) と亜鉛 (Zn) の濃度が有意に低下した. 特に無加温によるMg濃度の低下は著しく, 加温区の55%の濃度となった. 葉緑素濃度との相関はMgが最も高く, 葉緑素濃度の低下の原因が根域の低温により引き起こされたMg欠乏である可能性が示唆された.

DOI： 10.3117/rootres.17.41

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：日本農業気象学会  

DOI： 10.14877/agrmet2.08sp.0.105.0

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：日本応用動物昆虫学会  

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：日本施設園芸協会  

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